迷宫堰的特点及优越性

<正>迷宫堰亦称"折线型堰"是堰顶平面形状为锯齿形的一种特殊堰型,它的溢流前沿宽度比直线形堰长几倍,在较低水头时具有较大的过流能力,加上它的经济、高效、方便布置和便于管理等特点,非常适合于泄水宽度受限,但又需提高泄流能力的泄水建筑物中。迷宫堰在我国水利工程中应用较晚,但国内在水库溢洪道改造中应用迷宫堰,积累了很多经验,取得了巨大的效益。1.迷宫堰的特点迷宫堰平面上是由一串首尾相接     

山东枣庄石嘴水库建成溢洪道迷宫堰

迷宫堰堰顶轴线呈折线形,状似锯齿或迷宫,故名为锯齿堰或迷宫堰。在控制段宽度相同条件下,迷宫堰比一般的直线堰溢流宽度增加许多,因而泄流能力比直线堰大很多。石嘴水库于1989年将原溢洪道无间控制改为迷宫堰以增加兴利库容,投资比替代方案(建闸控     

基于溢流前缘长度变化的迷宫堰过流能力拟合分析

即便是山区峡谷水库,迷宫堰在低水头情况下的超泄能力也比较大,但随堰顶水头增加,其过流能力降低明显。依托既有试验研究成果,结合过堰水流随流量增大,其流态从薄壁堰流逐渐过渡到真空实用堰流的现象,对比分析W型迷宫堰流量系数的变化;进而运用Origin软件对试验数据进行数学方法回归分析,给出迷宫堰溢流前缘长度随堰顶水头增加而减小的拟合公式。在此基础上,得到基于溢流前缘长度变化的W型和V型迷宫堰过流能力拟合公式。其成果能够很好说明迷宫堰溢流前缘长度以及过流能力随水头增加而变化的现象。     

观音阁引水工程迷宫堰水力设计及泄流能力分析

结合观音阁大峪分洞迷宫堰的设计实例,分析了迷宫堰水力设计、水流流态以及泄流能力,并通过理论计算和水力模型实验分析了迷宫堰的泄流能力。分析表明,在同等的水头下,迷宫堰的泄流能力明显强过宽顶堰和实用堰的泄流能力,特别是低水头下,迷宫堰的泄流优势更加明显。     

迷宫堰在仕源水库加固中的应用

迷宫堰是在平面上按齿状折线形布设的薄壁堰,它的溢流前沿宽度比直线形堰长几倍,在较低水头时具有较大的过流能力,适宜于溢流宽度受限而需加大下泄能力的溢洪道改造工程.仕源水库原溢洪道为有闸宽顶堰控制,对于小型水库,给管理带来了极大的不便,现将其改建为无闸控制迷宫堰,在经济、高效、便于管理等方面取得显著效果.     

迷宫堰及阶梯式泄水陡槽在六道河水电站中的应用

六道河水电站前池布置单侧溢流堰,由于前池长度较小,采用常规堰型不能满足泄流要求,迷宫堰可延长溢流长度,当堰上水头较低时,泄流能力较直线型堰明显增大,工程中采用了迷宫堰形式。迷宫堰后的泄水陡槽由于受到已有建筑物与当地地形条件的限制,采用常规泄水陡槽无法满足泄流消能要求,因此在空间有限的前提下采用了阶梯式泄水陡槽。本文介绍了六道河水电站中迷宫堰和阶梯式泄水陡槽的水力设计和结构设计方法,在阶梯式消能工的计算中采用了数值计算方法进行验证。     

小型水库迷宫式溢洪道简明设计

迷宫堰是一种新型而有效的能提高溢洪道泄量的建筑物。在小型水库除险加固中,通过将溢洪道宽顶堰、实用堰改造成迷宫堰,可满足溢洪道设计泄流要求,同时可增加兴利库容。本文通过对相关资料的分析、归纳和总结,整编出迷宫堰水力设计简明要点,对其设计具有参考价值。     

峡谷型水库溢洪道V型迷宫堰过流能力分析

低水头条件下,迷宫堰超泄能力相对较大。对于山区峡谷型水库枢纽布置,溢洪道控制段宽度受地形地质条件限制,迷宫堰宫数多为单宫或两宫。通过水工模型试验,研究单宫(V型)迷宫堰不同布置方案的过流能力,并结合过堰水流流态分析其流量变化的原因。在此基础上,对试验研究成果进行数学回归拟合分析,得到可直接用于工程设计的V型迷宫堰过流能力计算公式。同时,对比分析了单宫(V型)和两宫(W型)迷宫堰过流能力、水流流态的异同。     

迷宫堰技术在小型水库除险加固中的应用

迷宫堰是一种兼挡水和泄水的水工建筑物,其泄流能力比一般直线堰大得多,用来改建已建水库无闸溢洪道,既可提高兴利水位,又能满足泄洪要求.介绍了迷宫堰的结构设计和水力设计要点.实践证明,迷宫堰在河东水库的应用中,兴利库容可增加80%以上,效益十分明显.     

一种无闸溢洪道泄流型式──迷宫堰

迷宫堰具有过流能力强，堰前宽度小，结构简单，可广泛应用于枢纽布置受限、泄洪前沿不足无问控制的中低水头溢洪道中、但堰型的水流流态极为复杂，水力计算有其困难。本文借助于水工模型试验手段，对迷宫堰的水流流态；泄流能力，设计等问题进行了初步探讨，可供工程设计参考。     

Call for Papers

正As the eldest and most distributed professional journal of water industry,Water Wastewater Engineering(W WE)gained very wide acceptance from the colleagues working in this field in this country since start publication in 1964.Now it is administrated by the Ministry of Construction of the People’s Republic of China and sponsored by the China Civil Engineering Society etc.     

Serial discontinuities in a Rocky mountain river. I. Distribution and abundance of plecoptera

Samples were taken year-round at eleven sites along the altitudinal profile (2900-1400 m a.s.l.) of the Gunnison River, a 329 km tributary of the Colorado River, to document the distribution of the Plecoptera and to evaluate responses to hypolimnial-release dams in the headwaters and middle reaches. Twenty-two species were present, with the greatest species richness occurring in an unregulated segment upstream of the middle reach dams; average nymphal biomass over the study period (175 organisms, 395 mg dry mass m^?2) was also greatest in this segment. Only four species (58 organisms, 48 mg m^?2) were present in the tailwaters of the headwater dam and values were greatly reduced (nine species; 35 organisms, 180 mg m^?2) below the middle reach dams. The stonefly community recovered ca. 80 km downstream from the last dam (15 species; 244 organisms, 250 mg m^?2), apparently in response to natural resetting of environmental conditions corresponding to those above the middle reach dams. At the most downstream site (11) only four species (four organisms, 16 mg m^?2) were present. The observed distributional pattern is a classic serial discontinuity in response to hypolimnial stream regulation in a temperate latitude river.     

地下厂房施工过程的三维非线性数值模拟分析

根据冗各电站地下厂房开挖支护的施工顺序,以隐式杆单元模拟锚杆,以壳单元模拟混凝土喷层,采用三维非线性有限元技术,对洞室群的开挖支护动态过程进行了模拟计算。通过三维非线性有限元计算分析得到:洞室群动态开挖过程中围岩应力变形的分布规律,围岩塑性区的发展规律,锚杆受力变化情况。计算结果表明:整个开挖过程中,洞周围岩位移变化规律正常,量值较小,塑性区主要分布在洞室周边,围岩稳定性较好;但在洞室交叉口处围岩的变形较大,出现较大范围的塑性区,在此基础上提出了支护措施优化方案,并对优化方案的效果进行了评价。     

Impacts of Microcystis on algal biodiversity and use of new technology to remove Microcystis and dissolved nutrients

Cyanobacteria often dominate eutrophic lakes, outcompeting green algae that are required by fish and zooplankton. This study was undertaken to ascertain the impact of the cyanobacterium, Microcystis, on algal biodiversity. Under laboratory conditions, we found that the presence of Microcystis decreased phyla richness by 58%, phyla evenness by 47%, genera richness by 66% and genera evenness by 51%. Analysis by mixed anova s demonstrated a significant interaction between treatment and time and confirmed a significant reduction in richness and evenness of phyla and genera. We also conducted a phosphate restriction assay on the algae in Mason Lake (Irvine, CA, USA) and found that the threshold needed for algal growth there was 0.02 mg L^?1 PO₄. A pilot study was then conducted to test the effectiveness of the Blue Pro? water treatment facility in removal of this colonial organism from Mason Lake, in addition to removal of dissolved nutrients required for its growth. We measured a 97% reduction in Microcystis cells, a 72% reduction in chlorophyll‐a, and a 96% reduction in phosphate after just one 10 min cycle through the unit. Our study demonstrated that removal of Microcystis colonies may allow green algae to increase in numbers. This may improve algal biodiversity, which will benefit zooplankton and fishes.     

Evaluation of freshwater mussel relocation as a conservation and management strategy

The relocation of unionacean mussels is commonly used as a conservation and management tool in large rivers and streams. Relocation has been used to recolonize areas where mussel populations have been eliminated by prior pollution events, to remove mussels from construction zones and to re-establish populations of endangered species. More recently, relocation has been used to protect native freshwater mussels from colonization by the exotic zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. We conducted a literature review of mussel relocations and evaluated their relative success as a conservation and management strategy. We found that 43% of all relocations were conducted because of construction projects that were forced to comply with the Endangered Species Act 1973 and that only 16% were monitored for five or more consecutive years. Most (43%) relocation projects were conducted from July to September, presumably a period when reproductive stress is relatively low for most species and the metabolic rate is sufficient for reburrowing in the substrate. The mortality of relocated mussels was unreported in 27% of projects; reported mortality varied widely among projects and species and was difficult to assess. The mean mortality of relocated mussels was 49% based on an average recovery rate of 43%. There is little guidance on the methods for relocation or for monitoring the subsequent long-term status of relocated mussels. Based on this evaluation, research is needed to develop criteria for selecting a suitable relocation site and to establish appropriate methods and guidelines for conducting relocation projects.     

基于模型试验的河床砂砾石层基本特性研究

为了经济可靠地确定深厚覆盖层的基本特性参数,以大渡河双江口水电站坝基河床砂砾石层基本特性研究为工程背景,进行大尺寸模型试验,研究河床砂砾石层的旁压模量和动探击数随密度、级配以及上覆压力的变化规律。根据室内模型试验结果,结合现场旁压试验及钻孔试验成果,推断出坝址区河床砂砾石相关层位的密度,并依此进行砂砾石室内力学试验,获得设计所需力学参数。研究成果可为深厚覆盖层基本特性测试提供新的方法。     

SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL WATER QUALITY VARIABILITY IN AQUATIC HABITATS OF A CULTIVATED FLOODPLAIN

The floodplains of lowland rivers contain diverse aquatic habitats that provide valuable ecosystem services but are perturbed when intensively cultivated. Hydrologic, water chemistry and biological (fish) conditions in five aquatic habitats along the Coldwater River, Mississippi, were measured for more than 4 years: the river, two severed meanders that functioned as backwaters, a managed wetland and an ephemeral channel draining cultivated fields. Off‐channel habitats were connected to downstream regions 0.10% to 32% of the dry season and 24% to 67% of the wet season. The median temperatures for the five monitored sites ranged from 18°C to 23°C, the median total solids concentration for all sites was 135 mg L^?1, the median total phosphorus was 0.29 mg L^?1 and the median total nitrogen was 1.56 mg L^?1. Chemical and physical water quality displayed strong seasonal differences between the wet winter/spring and the dry summer/fall periods so that temporal variation consisted of gradual seasonal trends superimposed on strong diurnal variations. All off‐channel habitats exhibited periods of hypoxia and temperatures >30°C during the dry season. Between‐site gradients of water and habitat quality were strongly coupled to water depth and runoff loading. The rehabilitation of one backwater by increasing water depth and diverting agricultural runoff was associated with improved water quality and fish species richness relative to an adjacent untreated backwater. The diversion of polluted runoff and the use of water control structures to maintain greater water depth were observed to be effective management tools, but the former reduces the water supply to habitats that tend to dry up and the latter reduces connectivity. Published in 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

库水波动下库岸边坡地下水浸润线解析解及误差分析

解析法是库岸边坡地下水浸润线计算中便于实际应用的方法,但该方法须基于若干假定并对潜水运动基本方程线性化后才能求解。针对各假定和线性化过程建立不同的地下水渗流数学模型,用解析法和有限元法解答上述数学模型,分析各误差大小及其规律。结果表明：库岸垂直处理带来的误差要小于方程线性化处理和不考虑非饱和渗流带来的误差,而且它们都随渗透系数变大而减小;在三峡库区库水调度情况下,假定库水位等速变化带来的误差对大多岸坡而言可以忽略;计算库岸边坡地下水浸润线时,解析法只适用于水位变化幅度相比含水层厚度较小,且几何边界规则、岩土结构简单、岩土体渗透性较好时的情况。     

Changes in Summer Irrigated Crop Area and Water Use in Southeastern Turkey from 1993 to 2002: Implications for Current and Future Water Resources

Changes in summer irrigated cropland acreage and related water use are estimated from satellite remote sensing and ancillary data in semi-arid Southeastern Turkey where traditionally dry agricultural lands are being rapidly transformed into irrigated fields with the help of water from the Euphrates-Tigris Rivers. An image classification methodology based on thresholding of Landsat NDVI images from the peak summer period reveals that the total area of summer irrigated crops has increased three-fold (from 35,000 ha to over 100,000) in the Harran Plain between 1993 and 2002. Coupled analysis of annual irrigated crop area from remote sensing and potential evapotranspiration based estimates of irrigation water requirements for cotton indicate a corresponding increase in agricultural water use from about 370 million cubic meters to over one billion cubic meters, a volume in accordance with the state estimates. These estimates have important implications for understanding the rapid changes in current agricultural withdrawals in Southeastern Turkey and form a quantitative basis for exploring the changes in future water demands in the region. For example, expansion of irrigated lands have led to a steady decrease in potential evaporation due to increased roughness and decreased humidity deficit in the Harran Plain. Assuming that the changes in future evaporation conditions will be of similar nature, water use for irrigation is expected to decrease over 40 percent in future irrigation sites. Incorporating this decrease in overall planning of the irrigation projects currently under construction should lead to improved management, and by extension, sustainability of water resources in the region.     

簸箕李引黄灌区水沙分布及优化调度的经验

灌区利用水沙观测所取得的资料和试验数据，运用水沙运动力学理论，总结分析和揭示了灌区水沙分布的规律和特点。在此基础上，结合灌区的实际运行情况，围绕减少骨干渠道的淤积进行探讨、研究，进而，优化水沙调度方案。该方案实施后，骨干渠道减旅伴效果明显，取得了成功的经验。