无醇微乳化柴油的研究

采用无醇复配乳化剂,在常温下制备油包水(W/O)型微乳化柴油,并绘制柴油-乳化剂-水的拟三元相图,通过对拟三元相图分析,考察亲水亲油平衡(HLB)值对无醇微乳化剂增溶性的影响;对微乳液中的水滴粒径、表面张力进行测试,考察HLB值与掺水量对微乳液水滴粒径、表面张力的影响,并对微乳液的稳定性进行分析。结果表明:无醇复配乳化剂微乳化性能较好,乳化剂用量为10.2%时,微乳体系的增溶水量为22.1%;当复配乳化剂的HLB=7.5时,体系拟三元相图的面积最大,且制得微乳液的水滴平均粒径与表面张力最小;当乳化剂用量为5%时,含水量为12%的微乳液能保持180 d外观透明。     

环氧树脂乳液的制备及其性能测定

使用复合型乳化剂,以不同亲水亲油平衡值(HLB)及不同乳化剂浓度制备了618~#环氧树脂乳液。测定其密度、粘度、表面张力与乳液颗粒尺寸等物理化学性能。结果表明HLB为9、乳化剂浓度为4％时的乳状液,相对稳定性最大,表面张力较小,90%以上颗粒为3μ以下者,所以这时的乳状液为稳定的乳状液。     

非离子表面活性剂HLB乳化规则的研究(Ⅱ)HLB界面模型验证与影响乳液稳定的各种实验因素

以白油为乳化对象 ,AEO3 、AEO9、TX4 、TX12 为乳化剂 ,在不同的乳化剂配比 (HLB值 )、用量的实验条件下 ,通过观察乳液破乳 ,分层的程度和测定乳液显微镜粒径分布 ,发现乳液稳定性随HLB值的变化规律与文Ⅰ相同 ,可用同样的界面模型稳定机理解释。本文还考察了乳化剂用量、超声乳化、乳化剂种类对乳液稳定性的影响。实验中发现乳化体系的最佳HLB值随活性剂用量的增加而上升 ,此现象被解释为粒子粒径小的乳化体系的最佳HLB值更大。     

乳化剂对乙醇乳化柴油稳定性的影响

以高速分散器为乳化设备,0#柴油和无水乙醇为主要原料制备了乙醇乳化柴油乳液。考察了乳化剂的类型、HLB值和用量等对乳液稳定性的影响。实验结果表明,以油酸和壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚复配为乳化剂、HLB值为8、乙醇含量小于15%,调整内、外相密度近似相等可提高乳液稳定性,提出密度可以作为配制乙醇乳化柴油的参考依据。     

石蜡乳液稳定性研究

以58#全精炼石蜡为原料,采用复配乳化剂(Tween-60和Span-60)分别溶解的方法制备石蜡乳液。利用均匀设计安排实验,建立石蜡乳化的回归方程。通过规划求解确定复配乳化剂的HLB值(亲水亲油平衡值)为9.93,水蜡比为3(w/w),乳化时间为20 min。以表面张力和Zeta电位为考察指标,通过单因素实验优化石蜡乳化工艺条件。结果表明,当HLB值为9.93,水蜡比为3.4,乳化剂含量为9%(w/w),乳化温度为80℃,乳化时间为30 min时,石蜡乳液的稳定性最好;在石蜡乳液中添加2%(w/w)异戊醇后,乳液的粒径变得更加均匀,乳液的稳定性增强。     

一种新的非离子型乳化液膜体系的稳定性研究

制备了一种新的非离子型乳化液膜体系OP-4/D2EHPA/液体石蜡/煤油/盐酸,通过测定乳液电导率、破损率、溶胀率、乳滴粒径大小等,研究了乳化剂浓度、油内比、D2EHPA皂化度、内相盐酸浓度以及温度等因素对乳液稳定性的影响,并与以液膜传统专用乳化剂Span80、ENJ-3029、兰-113A所制得的W/O型乳液进行了加热破乳对比实验。结果表明该乳液体系表现出两个异常的稳定特性:(1)随着OP-4浓度的增加,乳液稳定性呈现先增加后下降的现象,OP-4在油相中的浓度为3%～5%(wt)时,乳液的稳定性较好。(2)当温度低于45℃时乳液表现出相当好的稳定性,温度超过50℃后乳液稳定性急剧下降。加热破乳对比实验表明,该乳液在60℃加热破乳10min,破乳率达100%,而分别以专用乳化剂Span80、ENJ-3029、兰-113A制备的乳液在60℃下加热60min仍不能破乳。通过控制适当条件,可以制备常温稳定性好而加热条件下容易破乳的乳化液膜体系。     

超细石蜡乳液的制备及性能研究

以工业石蜡为主要原料,采用机械搅拌与高速剪切分散机联用的方法制备石蜡乳液,从大量的乳化剂中筛选出石蜡复合乳化剂STJ-1,考察了HLB值、乳化剂用量对石蜡乳液稳定性的影响。当HLB值为9.9~10.1、STJ-1乳化剂与石蜡的质量比为0.35时,稳定石蜡乳液浓度可达到45.0%。制备的石蜡乳液样品黏度较低,分散性、成膜性、稀释稳定性均比较好,乳化颗粒的粒径均在纳米范围内,其中d(0.5)在0.128~0.130μm。     

石蜡乳液乳化剂的选择及性能研究

以工业石蜡为主要原料,采用机械搅拌与高速剪切分散乳化机联用的方法制备石蜡乳液,考察了HLB值、乳化剂的选择及其用量对石蜡乳液稳定性的影响。经过对多种乳化剂配方进行筛选,当乳化剂为STJ-1复合乳化剂、HLB值为9.9~10.1,以STJ-1复合乳化剂制备的稳定石蜡乳液成膜性、稀释稳定性均比较好。     

两种扫帚型聚醚的合成及其破乳性能研究

以辛胺和十二胺为原料合成了两种低代扫帚型分子骨架,再分别与环氧乙烷和环氧丙烷加成合成了两种扫帚型聚醚。测定了扫帚型聚醚的表面张力,通过测定浊点计算得到其HLB值,研究了两种扫帚型聚醚对模拟原油乳液的破乳性能。结果表明,两种扫帚型聚醚属于典型的表面活性剂,对模拟原油乳液具有良好的破乳性能。所制备新型破乳剂的性能与其结构有一定的关系,分子嵌段结构是影响破乳性能的主要因素。     

相反转法水性环氧树脂的制备

以Span-80和SDS为复合乳化剂,将环氧树脂E-51用相反转法乳化成水包油的稳定乳液。研究了复合乳化剂的亲水亲油平衡值(HLB)、乳化剂的浓度以及乳化温度对环氧树脂E-51相反转点时含水量R_f值、乳液的粒径及粒径分布和乳液离心稳定性的影响,并通过透射电镜(TEM)对乳液粒子的大小、形貌进行表征。结果表明:当复合乳化剂的HLB值为16.2,即Span-80与SDS的质量比为2:1时,乳化剂的质量分数为9%,乳化温度为50℃时,得到的乳液稳定性最好,乳液粒子大小均匀、粒径分布较窄。     

Emulsification for castor biomass oil

The effect of the emulsifier formula on the stability of castor oil-water system was studied through compounding three groups of emulsifiers from the aspects of stability factor of absorbance, centrifuge stability, demulsification time in quiescence, appearance of the droplets, and viscosity. The best emulsifier formula for castor biomass oil was the composite formula of sorbitan monooleate and polyoxyethylene sorbitan monostearate. Correlation exists between the stability of emulsion and the viscosity/particle size of the droplets, with better stability in the case of greater viscosity or narrower distribution of particle size in the emulsion of castor oil-water system. Methanol added to the castor oil-water system may decrease the viscosity of the emulsion. Comparing the castor oil-water emulsion with methanol-castor oil-water emulsion, the optimal hydrophilic and lipophilic balance (HLB) value based on castor oil-water system was acquired between 6.6 and 7.5, while the optimal HLB value based on the methanol-castor oil-water system was between 5.5 and 6.0. The optimal HLB value of methanol-castor oil-water system gradually moved to that of castor oil-water emulsion with adding more water.     

低熔融黏度C-5石油树脂水基乳液的制备

以56#半精炼石蜡为黏度调节剂,制备了低熔融黏度的C-5石油树脂水基乳液,系统考察了非离子型复合乳化剂的HLB值和用量对石油树脂乳液稳定性、乳液粒径分布、乳液黏度和乳液表面张力的影响。结果表明,添加质量分数30%的石蜡可以明显降低石油树脂的熔融黏度,使物料在较低温度下实现均匀混合;复合乳化剂的最佳HLB值为10.75;最佳用量为16%。通过正交实验确定了优选乳化工艺条件为:乳化温度98℃、乳化时间20 min、剪切速率5 000 r/min、乳化水与水相的质量比为1∶3,在该条件下可制得固体质量分数为40%,稳定性好、粒径小、黏度低的O/W型C-5石油树脂乳液。     

10%丁草胺水乳剂的研究

对10％丁草胺水乳剂，采用span 20和Tween 20复配系列不同HLB乳化剂的方法，发现水乳剂体系的最佳HLB值为11．76。再根据此HLB值选择出由阴离子表面活性剂和非离子表面活性剂组成的3#乳化剂对为最佳乳化剂。利用乳液离心分离和丁草胺一水界面张力的测定表明，加入3％的乳化剂就可获得稳定的水乳液。所配制的10％丁草胺水乳剂具有良好的冷、热和稀释稳定性。     

水乳液乳化剂的选择

文章介绍了适用于水性乳液体系的乳化剂的分类,各类乳化剂的性质特点,如浊点、克拉夫温度等.此外还介绍了选择乳化剂时常用的RHLB法及优缺点,以及复合乳化剂与单一乳化剂、高分子乳化剂与低分子乳化剂的性能比较及其优点.最后总结了水乳液乳化剂的选择方法,即先确定RHLB,选择不同乳化剂复配出HLB等于RHLB的若干种复合乳化剂,在其中挑选最优品种.     

用聚合型乳化剂制备反相乳液的研究

以丙烯酸钠水溶液为水相,煤油为油相,Span80甲基丙烯酸酯(Span80 MA)聚合型乳化剂、Span80和Twen80为复配乳化剂,制备反相乳液。计算聚合型乳化剂(Span80MA)的HLB值,考察了乳化剂浓度、水相体积分数φ及单体浓度对乳液类型及稳定性的影响规律。结果显示:HLB(Span80MA)=4.0;形成稳定的反相乳液理想条件为:Span80MA∶Span80∶Twen80=0.7∶0.5∶0.2;乳化剂浓度为7%;φ=50%;单体浓度为2.0～3.0 mol/L。     

Synthesis and Demulsification of Two Lower Generation Hyperbranched Polyether Surfactants

A lower generation hyperbranched molecular skeleton R₁₂-1.0G was synthesized with methanol as solvent by means of Michael addition and amidation condensation reaction with C₁₂ fatty amine, acrylate, and ethylenediamine as raw materials. The structure was characterized by IR and ¹H NMR spectrum. Two lower generation hyperbranched polyethers were further synthesized by means of a skeleton as raw materials through addition reaction with epoxyethane and epoxypropare, respectively. The surface tension, cloud point, and HLB value of the hyperbranched polyethers were determined systematically. On this basis, the demulsification of two hyperbranched polyethers for simulated emulsion was studied in this paper. The results showed that two hyperbranched polyethers are typical surfactants, and they show different demulsification for the simulated emulsion. The structure of polyethers can influence the demulsification performance, and the main factor is the molecular block structure. The demulsification mechanism of two hyperbranched polyethers was studied using the single-droplet protocol, and the dynamic data of drainage time, half life time, and rupture rate constant obtained are consistent with the demulsification law of the hyperbranched polyethers. This study may be helpful in accounting for the demulsification mechanism and for developing effective demulsifiers with new structure.     

柴油微乳化技术中乳化剂的选择及配方的研究

讨论了柴油微乳化研究中的应用理论,应用相似相溶原理和HLB值初选柴油乳化剂并对乳化剂进一步筛选和复配,同时确定助表面活性剂为正戊醇.利用HLB值的计算对复配得到的微乳化剂进行验证,表明:非离子表面活性剂Span80、AEO-3、TX-4与阳离子表面活性剂DO8/1021或D12/1421复配作乳化剂时HLB值在6-1 5.9范围内均可制得柴油微乳液;对不同复配乳化剂制得微乳化柴油稳定性验证表明:微乳化剂的组成以AEO-3、TX-4与DO8/1021三种乳化剂复配,复配比为0.6:1.4:8时掺水量达14%,且稳定性高.     

Glycerol polymerization degree effect on the emulsifying properties of polyglycerol esters

Polymeric emulsifiers based on glycerol and oleic acid were developed and their properties evaluated in palm oil and water solutions. Developed polymeric emulsifiers were polyglycerol-esters. Polymerization degree of polyglycerol-esters at different dosages (from 0.2 to 3% w/v) had a significant effect over emulsion stability, water surface tension, droplet size, and viscosity. Polyglycerol-ester with highest polymerization degree behaved more efficiently as emulsifier. A dosage of 0.5% w/v was required to maintain emulsion stability for a half-life period of 872 min (~14.5 h); which, is 5.6 and 3.6-fold longer stability than with the other two polyglycerol-esters developed. When dosage increased to 3% w/v, the emulsion stability also increased to 3792 min (~2.6 days). Nevertheless, surfactants with lower polymerization degree and molecular weight did not behave the same way. Emulsifier with highest polymerization degree reduced water surface tension by 70% and the mean particle diameter decreased when emulsifier polymerization degree increased. For the viscosity parameter, there were two interesting regions: for shear rates up to 1 s⁻¹ the emulsion behaved as Non-Newtonian fluid type Shear-thinning; while, higher shear rates, the viscosity exhibited a Newtonian profile.     

白油W/O/W型多重乳状液的稳定性研究

以多重乳状液相对体积为衡量标准,用显微镜直接观察,探讨了乳化剂的HLB值、质量分数、亲油亲水乳化剂体积比及油水的相比等对白油W/O/W型多重乳状液体系稳定性的影响。结果表明单一乳化剂体系中适宜的制备条件:乳液中乳化剂质量分数为12.2%,V(Span80)/V(Tween80)=7.5;适合多重乳液稳定的油水相比为:第一相体积比为2.5,第二相体积比为0.2。复合乳化剂体系中适宜的制备条件:第一相乳化剂的HLB值为6.5,V(复合乳化剂)/V(Tween80)=27.5,乳液中乳化剂质量分数为9.5%。