7075铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接接头组织和力学性能分析

利用搅拌摩擦焊方法对10 mm厚7075铝合金板材进行对接焊接试验,并对不同焊接工艺参数的接头进行微观组织观察和力学性能分析。结果表明:焊核区和热机影响区的晶粒,当焊接速度一定,旋转速度与晶粒尺寸呈正相关;焊核区的晶粒,当旋转速度一定时,焊接速度与晶粒呈负相关。焊接接头维氏显微硬度值呈现出不左右对称的"W"形,焊核区的硬度值比热机影响区和热影响区高;前进侧热影响区的硬度值比后退侧热影响区的硬度值小,且为整个焊接接头维氏硬度最低值,焊接接头在前进侧的热机影响区断裂,为韧性断裂;搅拌摩擦焊焊接接头前进侧存在"软化"现象;当旋转速度为900 r/min、焊接速度为90 mm/min时,试件的抗拉强度为454 MPa、延伸率为5.9%,力学性能最好。     

搅拌摩擦焊工艺参数对2198铝锂合金焊缝成形及接头力学性能的影响

对2198铝锂合金薄板进行了搅拌摩擦焊试验,分析了搅拌头旋转速度和焊接速度对焊缝成形及接头力学性能的影响。结果表明:旋转速度(n)与焊接速度(v)的比值大于15.7时,能形成表面成形良好,且内部致密无缺陷的焊缝;接头焊核区形成了细小的等轴晶,前进侧热力影响区大部分为等轴状晶粒,后退侧热力影响区的板条状组织发生了变形,其周围出现了细晶粒;焊接速度为30mm·min-1时,接头的抗拉强度随旋转速度的增大而变小,其最大值为432.17MPa,焊缝的硬度低于母材的,热力影响区的硬度最低,焊核区的硬度略高于热力影响区的。随着n/v的增大,热影响区的软化区间变宽。     

6063-T6铝合金搅拌摩擦焊组织与力学性能研究

采用搅拌摩擦焊(Friction stir welding, FSW)对10mm的6063-T6铝合金分别进行单、双面焊接,并探究焊接速度对接头微观组织及力学性能变化的影响。结果表明,单双面焊接接头"S"线形貌基本保持一致且集中在前进侧轴肩影响区,单面焊有更明显的洋葱环形貌。焊核区中部区域等轴晶晶粒尺寸小于上部轴肩影响区,且单面焊焊核区晶粒尺寸大于双面焊。搅拌摩擦焊旋转速度为1 500r/min,焊接速度由300mm/min增至1 400mm/min时,接头力学性能先升高后降低,且双面焊接头力学性能始终优于单面焊。接头抗拉强度峰值为187MPa,断裂位置多位于后退侧热影响区,与接头最低硬度位置保持一致,主要断裂模式为韧性断裂。     

不同焊接速度下2024铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接头的显微硬度与拉伸性能

对5mm厚2024铝合金板进行了不同焊接速度(20～100mm·min-1)下的搅拌摩擦焊,研究了焊接接头的显微硬度与拉伸性能。结果表明:接头在垂直于焊缝方向上的显微硬度整体呈W形分布,焊核区显微硬度高于热影响区与热机影响区的,但仍低于母材的,热影响区和热机影响区过渡位置的显微硬度最低;随焊接速度的增大,焊核区的平均显微硬度升高,焊接接头的抗拉强度和伸长率均呈先增大后略微降低的趋势;当焊接速度为80mm·min-1时,抗拉强度和伸长率均达到最大值,分别为347.2MPa和7.8%;接头在热机影响区与热影响区边界发生剪切断裂,断裂位置与显微硬度最低位置相吻合,接头的断裂方式为韧性断裂。     

焊接次数对TC18钛合金中厚板电子束焊接接头组织及性能的影响

采用电子束焊接工艺对21 mm厚TC18钛合金板进行了1次与2次(在1次焊接焊缝处以相同工艺再次焊接)焊接试验,研究了焊接次数对接头组织、拉伸性能和硬度的影响。结果表明：2种焊接接头均成形良好,无明显缺陷;相对于1次焊接,2次焊接接头热影响区中的α′相增多,晶粒尺寸增大;焊接接头的抗拉强度高于母材,且2次焊接接头强度更高,但断后伸长率下降,断裂方式均为韧性断裂;1次焊接与2次焊接接头焊缝区的平均显微硬度分别为380,395 HV,均高于母材区,热影响区的平均显微硬度分别为360,350 HV,增加焊接次数提高了焊缝区硬度,降低了热影响区硬度。     

厚板SA508-3钢NG-SAW焊接接头的组织和性能

针对SA508-3钢,采用窄间隙埋弧焊方法对厚度100 mm钢板进行了焊接,分析不同焊接热输入下焊接接头的低温冲击、硬度分布、抗拉强度、弯曲性能,并对接头的显微组织和断口形貌进行了观察.试验结果表明,随着焊接热输入的增加,焊接接头中焊缝的冲击韧性逐渐增加,热影响区冲击韧性不断下降.不同焊接热输入下,焊接接头均有较好的韧...     

6061-T6铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接头的组织和性能

对4mm厚6061-T6铝合金进行了搅拌摩擦焊焊接,采用组织观察,拉伸试验和静态腐蚀失重试验对搅拌摩擦焊接头的显微组织和力学性能及腐蚀性能进行了研究。结果表明:接头焊核区发生了动态再结晶,形成了细小的等轴晶,热机影响区晶粒发生了较大程度的变形,热影响区晶粒发生了粗化;焊接速度为160mm·min-1时,接头的抗拉强度达到215MPa,为母材的76%,接头的断裂形式为韧性断裂;接头显微硬度分布曲线呈W形,沿焊缝中心线基本对称,前进边热影响区硬度低于母材的,是接头的薄弱环节;焊接速度为160mm·min-1时,焊缝的耐蚀性比母材的好。     

焊接速度对304不锈钢电子束焊接头组织与性能的影响

在加速电压为120 kV、聚焦电流为2460 mA、焊接电流为12 mA条件下,采用真空电子束对3 mm厚304不锈钢板进行焊接,研究了焊接速度(10～40 mm·s-1)对接头显微组织和力学性能的影响.结果表明:焊缝的显微组织主要由两侧的柱状晶及中心的等轴晶组成;随着焊接速度的增大,焊缝晶粒尺寸减小,铁素体体积分数增加,接头各区域的硬度均有提高,抗拉强度先增大后减小,拉伸后接头均在母材处断裂.试验条件下真空电子束焊接304不锈钢的最佳焊接速度为30 mm·s-1,此时焊缝的成形质量较好,铁素体体积分数为7.4％,硬度较高,抗拉强度最大,为640 MPa,拉伸断口呈现韧性断裂特征.     

焊接速度对镁/铝异种合金搅拌摩擦焊接头显微组织与力学性能的影响

在不同焊接速度(23.5,47.5,75.0mm·min~(-1))下采用搅拌摩擦焊技术对AZ31镁合金和6061铝合金进行对接焊,研究了焊接速度对接头显微组织和力学性能的影响。结果表明:不同速度焊接后,接头焊核区存在条带状组织,焊核区晶粒发生细化;在前进侧焊核区/热机影响区界面处生成了少量金属间化合物Al_3Mg_2和Al_(12)Mg_(17);随着焊接速度的降低,各区域的晶粒尺寸有所增大,材料混合均匀程度有所增强;随着焊接速度的增大,后退侧不同区域的硬度均先降后增,前进侧的硬度整体呈增大趋势,接头的抗拉强度和屈服强度均有所下降;拉伸断裂均发生在接头前进侧焊核区/热机影响区界面处,断裂模式均为脆性断裂。     

7A09H112铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接头组织和性能分析

使用搅拌摩擦焊方案焊接12 mm厚7A09H112铝合金,获得成形良好、无缺陷的焊接接头。对焊接接头进行微观组织及力学性能测试分析。结果表明:热机影响区晶粒出现扭曲畸变,靠近母材区域的晶粒较粗大,而靠近焊缝区域的晶粒较为细小;焊接接头的平均抗拉强度为221 MPa,达到母材的88%,平均屈服强度为149MPa,达到母材的96%。焊缝金属屈服强度达到409 MPa,抗拉强度达到491 MPa,均远大于母材本身的屈服强度和抗拉强度,具有优异的力学性能。焊接接头硬度分布呈现"W"型,但整体低于母材区,硬度最低值出现在热影响区及热机影响区。     

Effects of welding speed on microstructures and mechanical properties of AA2219-T6 welded by the reverse dual-rotation friction stir welding

Reverse dual-rotation friction stir welding (RDR-FSW) is a novel FSW technology in which the tool pin and the assisted shoulder rotates reversely, thus it has the capability to obtain appropriate welding conditions through adjusting the rotating tool pin and surrounding assisted shoulder independently. In the present study, a RDR-FSW tool system was designed and successfully applied to weld high strength aluminum alloy 2219-T6, and the effects of welding speed on microstructures and mechanical properties were investigated in detail. At a constant rotation speed of 800 rpm for both the rotating tool pin and the reversely rotating assisted shoulder, defect-free joints were obtained at welding speeds ranging from 50 to 150 mm/min, while a cavity defect appeared at the three-phase confluction on the advancing side when the welding speed increased to 200 mm/min. With increasing of the welding speed, the width of the softened region decreased, but the minimum microhardness value increased gradually. When compared with the joints welded by the conventional FSW, there is only a minor variation of the Vickers hardness across the stirring zone in the joint welded by the RDR-FSW. The maximum tensile strength 328 MPa (73.7 % of the base material) was obtained at the welding speed of 150 mm/min, while the elongation reached its maximum 7.0 % (60.9 % of the base material) at the welding speed of 100 mm/min. All defect-free joints were fractured at the weakest region with the minimum Vickers hardness, while for the joint with cavity defects the fracture occurred at the defect location. The tensile fracture was in the ductile fracture mode.     

Effect of post weld aging treatment on tensile properties of electron beam welded AA2219 aluminum alloy

Aluminum alloy 2219 (Al-6.5%Cu) is a favourite age hardenable alloy for aerospace applications because of its excellent welding characteristics. Though AA2219 has got an edge over its 6000 and 7000 series counterparts in terms of weldability, it also suffers from poor joint strength when welded. In this investigation an attempt has been made to improve the welded joint strength through post weld aging treatment. This paper presents the effect of post-weld aging treatment on tensile properties of electron beam welded AA2219 aluminum alloy. Square butt joints were fabricated using an electron beam welding (EBW) machine of 100 kV capacity. The joints were given post-weld artificial aging treatment. Tensile tests were carried out using 100 kN, electro-mechanical controlled universal testing machine. It is found that the post-weld aging treatment is beneficial for improving weld metal hardness and tensile properties. This is mainly due to the uniform distribution of CuAl₂ precipitates in the weld metal region in post-weld aged joints compared to as welded joints as evident from weld metal microstructure.     

Design of tool system for the external nonrotational shoulder assisted friction stir welding and its experimental validations on 2219-T6 aluminum alloy

The nonrotational shoulder assisted friction stir welding (NRSA-FSW) is still in the feasibility study stage. To reveal details in the tool system designing and highlight advantages of this novel technology, the tool system for the NRSA-FSW was designed and utilized to weld high-strength aluminum alloy 2219-T6 for validations. Compared with the joints welded by the friction stir welding (FSW) without assistance of the nonrotational shoulder (NRS), the effect of the NRS on the weld formation and mechanical properties was illustrated. At a constant welding speed 100 mm/min, defect-free joints can only be obtained at the tool rotation speed 800 rpm by the FSW without assistance of the NRS, but the NRSA-FSW can produce defect-free joints in a wider range of tool rotation speeds 600–900 rpm. The NRS prevented all plasticized materials from escaping from the stirring zone, thus the weld nugget zone transformed from the basin-type formation to the spherical formation with increasing of the stirring effect when the tool rotation speed increased gradually. For joints welded by these two FSW processes, both the tensile strength and the elongation showed nearly the same trend with the tool rotation speed, but the NRSA-FSW can produce joints with the maximum tensile strength in a wider range. Compared with the maximum joint efficiency 71.2 % of the FSW without assistance of the NRS, the maximum tensile strength obtained by the NRSA-FSW also reached 69.0 % of the base material. All tensile specimens machined from defect-free joints fractured at the weakest region with minimum Vicker’s hardness; while for those joints with cavity defects, the fracture occurred at the defect location.     

固溶处理对7B04-O铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接接头微观组织与力学性能的影响

对航空用3 mm厚的带有包铝层的7B04-O铝合金板材进行搅拌摩擦焊接(Friction stir welding,FSW),研究固溶处理对搅拌摩擦焊接接头的微观组织和力学性能的影响。结果表明,当转速为800 r/min、焊接速度为200 mm/min、焊接工具轴肩直径为12 mm时,可得到表面美观、致密无缺陷的搅拌摩擦焊接接头。焊核区发生动态再结晶,形成细小的等轴晶。经固溶处理后,焊核的上部及底部晶粒都发生了异常长大,而中部区域晶粒仍然为细小的等轴晶组织。焊态接头的拉伸试样断裂在母材位置,抗拉强度达到199 MPa,与退火态母材抗拉强度相当,断后伸长率达到12%。在新淬火状态下,接头的抗拉强度为310 MPa,为相同热处理母材的91.4%,断后伸长率为11.2%,试样断裂在焊核区,呈不完全的韧性断裂。     

2A14厚板铝合金SSFSW角焊缝接头组织及性能

采用自主研制搅拌针长度为8.5mm的静止轴肩搅拌工具和2A14-T4厚板铝合金进行150°角焊缝接头静止轴肩搅拌摩擦焊工艺试验,探讨焊接工艺参数对接头组织和力学性能的影响规律。结果表明:在500~700r/min主轴转速与40~100mm/min焊接速度范围内均可获得表面光滑无内部缺陷的角焊缝接头,其外观尺寸可精确控制基本无残余焊接角变形。焊缝区主要由焊核(Stir zone,SZ)组成,SZ形状类似搅拌针圆锥台状或椭圆状、其宽度沿厚度方向分布比较均匀;热力影响区(Thermal mechanical affected zone,TMAZ)及热影响区(Heat affected zone,HAZ)宽度明显较小。焊缝区硬度分布具有明显不均匀特征,最薄弱区位于TMAZ与HAZ的交界处。主轴转速变化对焊缝区平均硬度影响较小,但随着焊接速度增加其平均硬度明显增大。角焊缝前进侧等效拉伸强度大于后退侧,等效拉伸强度随转速增加而减小,焊速的增大而增大。在500r/min-100mm/min焊接工艺下所得到的接头等效拉伸强度最高,可达到母材的79.24%。在拉-剪复合承载模式下,角焊缝拉伸试样宏观塑性变形很小呈现脆性断裂特征。     

Friction stir welding characteristics of 2219-T6 aluminum alloy assisted by external non-rotational shoulder

Friction stir welding (FSW) of 2219-T6 aluminum alloy assisted by external non-rotational shoulder was carried out, and effects of the welding speed on microstructures and mechanical properties were investigated in detail. Defect-free joints were obtained in a wide range of welding speeds from 50 to 300 mm/min. The microstructural deformation and weld formation were dominated by the rotating tool pin and subsize concave shoulder but the non-rotational shoulder exerted very little effects for all joints. Compared with the weld obtained by conventional FSW, less intense stirring effects in FSW assisted by external non-rotational shoulder can only generate a narrower thermomechanically affected zone, whose width decreased with increasing of the welding speed. Microstructures and Vickers hardness distributions showed that this new welding process is beneficial to improving the asymmetry and inhomogeneity, especially in the weld nugget zone. The maximum tensile strength was up to 69 % of the base material.     

Effect of pulsed current welding on mechanical properties of high strength aluminum alloy

High strength aluminum alloys (Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloys) have gathered wide acceptance in the fabrication of lightweight structures requiring high strength-to-weight ratio, such as transportable bridge girders, military vehicles, road tankers and railway transport systems. The preferred welding processes of high strength aluminum alloy are frequently the gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) process and the gas metal arc welding (GMAW) process due to their comparatively easy applicability and better economy. Weld fusion zones typically exhibit coarse columnar grains because of the prevailing thermal conditions during weld metal solidification. This often results in inferior weld mechanical properties and poor resistance to hot cracking. In this investigation, an attempt has been made to refine the fusion zone grains by applying a pulsed current welding technique. Rolled plates of 6 mm thickness were used as the base material for preparing single pass welded joints. A single ‘V’ butt joint configuration was prepared for joining the plates. The filler metal used for joining the plates was AA 5356 (Al-5Mg (wt%)) grade aluminum alloy. Four different welding techniques were used to fabricate the joints: (1) continuous current GTAW (CCGTAW), (2) pulsed current GTAW (PCGTAW), (3) continuous current GMAW (CCGMAW) and (4) pulsed current GMAW (PCGMAW). Argon (99.99% pure) was used as the shielding gas. Tensile properties of the welded joints were evaluated by conducting tensile tests using a 100 kN electro-mechanical controlled universal testing machine. Current pulsing leads to relatively finer and more equi-axed grain structure in GTA and GMA welds. In contrast, conventional continuous current welding resulted in predominantly columnar grain structures. Grain refinement is accompanied by an increase in tensile strength and tensile ductility.     

Low-cycle fatigue of a friction stir welded 2219-T62 aluminum alloy at different welding parameters and cooling conditions

Strain-controlled low-cycle fatigue tests and microstructural evaluation were performed on a friction stir welded 2219-T62 aluminum alloy with varying welding parameters and cooling conditions. Cyclic hardening of friction stir welded joints was appreciably stronger than that of the base material. The cyclic stress amplitude increased, and plastic strain amplitude and fatigue lifetime slightly decreased with increasing welding speed from 60 to 200 mm/min but were only weakly dependent of the rotational rate between 300 and 1,000 rpm with air cooling. Friction stir welded joints with water cooling had higher stress amplitude and fatigue life than that with air cooling. Fatigue failure of the joint occurred in the HAZ where the soft zone was present, with crack initiation from the specimen surface or near-surface defect and crack propagation characterized by typical fatigue striations.     

铝合金型材的静轴肩倾斜搅拌摩擦焊接头性能

采用静止轴肩搅拌摩擦焊装置对6005A铝合金型材进行焊接,并对焊后接头进行拉伸与弯曲的检测,观测了焊缝与拉伸断口横截面组织,结果表明：静轴肩焊缝表面平整无弧纹;倾斜焊接可避免焊缝表面沟槽;焊接速率1 m/min、转速2100 r/min时,接头的抗拉强度达到母材的73%,屈服强度达到母材的55%;转速1700 r/min、1800 r/min时,试样背弯出现裂纹,随着转速的升高,裂纹消失。焊缝横截面出现S曲线,试样断裂机制为韧性断裂。随着转速提高,组织的细化程度与分布均匀程度升高。