什么是界面？

界面是指两相接触的约几个分子厚度的过渡区，若其中一相为气体，这种界面通常称为表面。严格讲表面应是液体和固体与其饱和蒸气之间的界面，但习惯上把液体或固体与空气的界面称为液体或固体的表面。常见的界面有：气-液界面，气-固界面，液-液界面，液-固界面，固-固界面。     

离子液体界面极化及其调控氢键性质的分子机理

离子液体在电极界面处的结构及行为对其在超级电容器、固载催化剂等实际化工应用中有重要的影响。采用第一性原理计算结合理论分析研究了7种咪唑类离子液体在常见二维固体石墨烯、氮化硼、二硫化钼表面极化的分子机理及其对离子液体氢键的微观作用机制。结果表明，当离子液体在这三种二维表面吸附时会发生电荷转移和轨道相互作用，导致了显著的表面极化作用，且吸附能和电荷转移数值越大，表面极化作用越强。进一步分析了二维表面离子液体氢键的键长、键角、键序和键能，发现表面极化作用会显著削弱离子液体氢键。对于不同离子液体红外光谱的计算结果也验证了氢键被削弱的趋势。最后，通过SPSS软件对表面极化作用和离子液体氢键强度间的关系进行了定量解析，发现表面极化作用与氢键强度呈负相关关系。本文关于离子液体氢键的定量分析不仅有助于理解离子液体-固体表面作用的分子机理，而且可为离子液体在实际化工过程的应用提供理论支撑。     

由吸附理论所导出的几个结果

吸附理论通常应用于固体表面吸附气体或液体中的物质.事实上,液体表面也会产生类似于固体表面的吸附现象,只不过固体表面所吸附的物质量可直接测量,而液体表面的吸附以及所产生的吸附量往往被忽视而且不易度量.多数情况下,气体与液体之作用都看成是吸收和溶解现象,但实际上存在于某些液体表面上的一层其它物质薄膜就只能说是一种吸附现象.当用吸附理论解释液体与气体间的作用时会得到许多有意义的结果.作者用吸附理论合理地证明了拉乌尔与亨利两定律,本文将由吸附理     

填料的表面处理

综述了无机填料的表面处理，提出了固体表面设计理论，一是催化活动比固体表面，提高分子定向反应的选择性；二是改性填料表面，提高补强作用，从此理论出发，研究了液体羟基丁二烯，磷酸酯偶联剂等在一定的催化剂存在下，在填料的粒子表面产生了化学反应，提高了与橡胶，塑料的亲合性。     

水平固体表面上液层极限高度的估算

建立了液体表面张力γ_l、液体与固体(基板)间的接触角θ,同该固体的水平表面上液层最小高度h_(min)之间的关系式。对水在PTFE、PP、PE、PS_t 和PET 板(片)上的h_(min)进行了计算,计算结果与实验测定值表现出良好的一致性。与液体在水平固体表面上最大液层高度h_(max)同γ_l、θ之间的关系式相结合,可以推测成膜溶液在水平固体基板表面上形成固体致密膜的极限厚度。     

薄膜表面过滤技术在化工生产中的应用前景

薄膜表面过滤技术在化工生产中的应用前景朱以才（石家庄化肥厂石家庄市０５００４１）１薄膜表面过滤技术简介在化工生产中，从气体或液体中除去分散的固体颗粒。采用过滤分离的方法，表面过滤技术，就是在过滤操作时，固体颗粒不再透入滤料内部，也不需靠建立初始滤饼层...     

液体危化品的储运与静电火灾的预防

静电产生于物体与物体的接触表面,液体与固体或固体与液体接触表面存在电离层,当接触面分离时,在各自表面产生了过剩电荷即静电荷。静电在石油化工行业中危害甚大,稍不注意,发生了一个静电火花,就可能使大型的储油罐、炼油化工装置或油轮毁于一旦。     

新型功能性涂层

人们在日常生活中所使用的物品多半是固体。固体是由具有形状和功能的材料群构成的。气体问不存在界面；液体却可能因相容性不同而产生界面和流动性界面。固体有非流动的坚硬表面，表面特性左右着固体的性能。所以，在开发高性能、多功能的固体时，功能性涂层是极其重要的技术。涂层需与基材紧密粘合，因此与粘接技术紧密相关。本文简要介绍6种新型功能性涂层的组成、性能和用途。     

第一章 胶接过程中的界面化学(续)

表3的数据表明,水与乙二醇具有较高的表面张力,这主要是由分子间形成氢健之故。用这类液体浸润固体表面时,将使表面性质改变。碘甲烷与磷酸三甲酚酯有较高的γ_L,相应于较高的内聚能密度,主要由于分子间的色散力引起。脂肪烃的γ_I较低,这类非极性液体的表面张力完全由色散力提供。一般认为,低表面能的液体通常能很好地浸润(或涂布)洁净、平整的高面能固体表面,因为浸润后表面能降低,从能量角度     

抛光膏的现状与发展

抛光是指用抛光材料对金属制品表面进行整平处理,降低粗糙度,使凹凸的表面变得平滑、精美,增加表层的光泽和外观质量。抛光的好坏和优劣对物体表面的外观和耐腐蚀性能的影响极大、有时甚至会影响进一步的加工处理。 常用的抛光材料有固体及液体两大类,固体称为抛光膏,液体称为抛光浆。国内现以抛光膏为主,抛光浆尚处在开发阶段。     

Contact angle measurements and interpretation: wetting behavior and solid surface tensions for poly(alkyl methacrylate) polymers

Low-rate dynamic contact angles of a large number of liquids were measured on a poly(ethyl methacrylate) (PEMA) polymer using an automated axisymmetric drop shape analysis profile (ADSA-P). The results suggested that not all experimental contact angles can be used for the interpretation in terms of solid surface tensions: eight liquids yielded non-constant contact angles and/or dissolved the polymer on contact. From the experimental contact angles of the remaining four liquids, we found that the liquid-vapor surface tension times the cosine of the contact angle changes smoothly with the liquid-vapor surface tension, i.e. γlv cos ζ depends only on γlv for a given solid surface (or solid surface tension). This contact angle pattern is again in harmony with those from other methacrylate polymer surfaces of different compositions and side-chains. The solid-vapor surface tension of PEMA calculated from the equation-of-state approach for solid-liquid interfacial tensions was found to be 33.6 ± 0.5 mJ/m2 from the experimental contact angles of the four liquids. The experimental results also suggested that surface tension component approaches do not reflect physical reality. In particular, experimental contact angles of polar and nonpolar liquids on polar methacrylate polymers were employed to determine solid surface tension and solid surface tension components. Contrary to the results obtained from the equation-of-state approach, we obtained inconsistent values from the Lifshitz-van der Waals/acid-base (van Oss and Good) approach using the same sets of experimental contact angles.     

The effect of polymer surface on the wetting and adhesion of liquid systems

Young's equation describes the wetting phenomenon in terms of the contact angle between a liquid and a solid surface. However, the contact angle is not the only parameter that defines liquid–solid interactions, an additional parameter related to the adhesion between the liquid drop and the solid surface is also of importance in cases where liquid sliding is involved. It is postulated that wetting which is related to the contact angle, and interfacial adhesion, which is related to the sliding angle, are interdependent phenomena and have to be considered simultaneously. A variety of models that relate the sliding angle to the forces developed along the contact periphery between a liquid drop and a solid surface have been proposed in the literature. Here, a modified model is proposed that quantifies the drop-sliding phenomenon, based also on the interfacial adhesion that develops across the contact area of the liquid/solid interface. Consequently, an interfacial adhesion strength parameter can be defined depending on the mass of the drop, the contact angle and the sliding angle. To verify the proposed approach the adhesion strength parameter has been calculated, based on experimental results, for a number of polymer surfaces and has been correlated with their composition and structure. The interaction strength parameter can be calculated for any smooth surface from measurements of the contact and the sliding angles.     

On the interpretation of contact angle hysteresis

The determination of solid surface free energy is still an open problem. The method proposed by van Oss and coworkers gives scattered values for apolar Lifshitz-van der Waals and polar (Lewis acid-base) electron-donor and electron-acceptor components for the investigated solid. The values of the components depend on the kind of three probe liquids used for their determination. In this paper a new alternative approach employing contact angle hysteresis is offered. It is based on three measurable parameters: advancing and receding contact angles (hysteresis of the contact angle) and the liquid surface tension. The equation obtained allows calculation of total surface free energy for the investigated solid. The equation is tested using some literature values, as well as advancing and receding contact angles measured for six probe liquids on microscope glass slides and poly(methyl methacrylate) PMMA, plates. It was found that for the tested solids thus calculated total surface free energy depended, to some extent, on the liquid used. Also, the surface free energy components of these solids determined by van Oss and coworkers' method and then the total surface free energy calculated from them varied depending on for which liquid-set the advancing contact angles were used for the calculations. However, the average values of the surface free energy, both for glass and PMMA, determined from these two approaches were in an excellent agreement. Therefore, it was concluded that using other condensed phase (liquid), thus determined value of solid surface free energy is an apparent one, because it seemingly depends not only on the kind but also on the strength of interactions operating across the solid/liquid interface, which are different for different liquids.     

粗糙表面上的移动接触线和动态接触角

提出一个粗糙表面上移动接触线和动态接触角的数理模型：毛细数较低时表观接触线前缘存在极薄的前驱膜,表观接触线在“湿”固体表面上移动,不同于传统模型中认为表观接触线在“干”固体表面上移动.在Moffatt角区内部流动解的基础上,通过引入接触线特征参数表征表观接触线在前驱膜上的滑移程度,导出动态接触角的速度关系.与不同研究者实验数据对比发现量纲1特征参数反映固体材料特性和表面特性对动态湿润过程的影响,与液相的性质无关.结合前期提出的滞后张力模型,对动态法和静态法测量静接触角产生的差异给出合理解释.     

Low-rate Dynamic Contact Angles on Poly(methyl methacrylate/n-butyl methacrylate) and the Determination of Solid Surface Tensions

Low-rate dynamic contact angles of 12 liquids on a poly(methyl methacrylate/n-butyl methacrylate) P(MMA/nBMA) copolymer are measured by an automated axisymmetric drop shape analysis-profile (ADSA-P). It is found that 6 liquids yield non-constant contact angles, and/or dissolve the polymer on contact. From the experimental contact angles of the remaining 6 liquids, it is found that the liquid- vapour surface tension times the cosine of the contact angle changes smoothly with the liquid-vapour surface tension, i.e., γ_iv cos θ depends only on γ_iv for a given solid surface (or solid surface tension). This contact angle pattern is in harmony with those from other inert and noninert (polar and non-polar) surfaces [34-42, 51 -53]. The solid-vapour surface tension calculated from the equation-of-state approach for solid -liquid interfacial tensions [14] is found to be 34.4 mJ/m², with a 95% confidence limit of \pm 0.8mJ/m², from the experimental contact angles of the 6 liquids.     

Instability of the three-phase contact region and its effect on contact angle relaxation

Contact angle relaxation was measured for captive air bubbles placed on solid surfaces of varying degrees of heterogeneity, roughness, and stability, in water. The experimental results indicate that both advancing and receding contact angles undergo slow relaxation in these water-air-solid systems, due to instabilities of the three-phase contact line region. It is shown that the advancing contact angle decreases and the receding contact angle increases for many systems over a period of a few hours. Also, examples of reverse progressions are reported. Additionally, in extreme cases, the contact angle oscillates down and up, over and over again, preventing the system from stabilization/equilibration. Four different mechanisms are proposed to explain the contact angle relaxation. These include (i) pinning of the three-phase contact line and its slow evolution; (ii) the formation of microdroplets on the solid surface and their coalescence with the base of the gas bubble, which causes dynamic behavior of the three-phase contact line; (iii) deformation of the solid surface and its effect on the apparent contact angle; and (iv) chemical instability of the solid.     

On the use of Washburn's equation for contact angle determination

A systematic study on the possibility of Young's contact angle determination from Washburn's equation was performed using the so-called thin-layer wicking technique in which the rate of penetration of a liquid into the porous layer of a solid is measured. Commercial (Merck) SiO₂ deposited on the glass plate for thin-layer chromatography was used as a model solid and n-alkanes (from pentane to hexadecane), diiodomethane, and α-bromonaphthalene were employed as the probe liquids. It was shown that the contact angle calculated from Washburn's equation was not equal to Young's contact angle of a drop of the same liquid, placed on a flat surface of the solid. Consequently, the solid surface free energy components calculated using contact angles from Washburn's equation are not the true values. However, the approach previously suggested by us has been verified again, as it gives consistent values of the surface free energy components determined from all the liquids used.     

煤与纯水间平衡接触角的测量与分析

接触角对于研究固体的润湿性、液体在固体孔隙中的渗透性有重要意义，但接触角的测量难度比较大。笔者用快速照相法测定了来自我国七个不同矿区的煤的粉煤成形体压光表面与纯水间的平衡接触角，并分析了接触角的影响因素，初步得到了规律性认识。     

蒸汽冷凝型态的表面自由能差判据

提出了蒸汽在固体表面上冷凝方式的表面自由能差判据 ,即冷凝温度下液体表面自由能与固体表面的表面自由能差大于 33.3mJ·m^-2 时蒸汽在该表面上呈现滴状冷凝的必要条件 .当表面自由能差在 0与 33.3mJ·m^-2范围内 ,表面强化冷凝传热的效果将取决于表面自由能差值的大小 ,差值越大 ,强化效果越明显 .这对深化表面涂层强化冷凝传热的机理以及选择传热表面涂层材料具有指导意义 .通过与文献报道实验结果的比较证实 ,该判据排除了静态接触角判据中测量温度的影响 .