A hybrid method for inversion of 3D DC resistivity logging measurements

This paper focuses on the application of hp hierarchic genetic strategy (hp–HGS) for solution of a challenging problem, the inversion of 3D direct current (DC) resistivity logging measurements. The problem under consideration has been formulated as the global optimization one, for which the objective function (misfit between computed and reference data) exhibits multiple minima. In this paper, we consider the extension of the hp–HGS strategy, namely we couple the hp–HGS algorithm with a gradient based optimization method for a local search. Forward simulations are performed with a self-adaptive hp finite element method, hp–FEM. The computational cost of misfit evaluation by hp–FEM depends strongly on the assumed accuracy. This accuracy is adapted to the tree of populations generated by the hp–HGS algorithm, which makes the global phase significantly cheaper. Moreover, tree structure of demes as well as branch reduction and conditional sprouting mechanism reduces the number of expensive local searches up to the number of minima to be recognized. The common (direct and inverse) accuracy control, crucial for the hp–HGS efficiency, has been motivated by precise mathematical considerations. Numerical results demonstrate the suitability of the proposed method for the inversion of 3D DC resistivity logging measurements.     

Goal-oriented error control in adaptive mixed FEM for Signorini’s Problem

This paper outlines goal-oriented finite element error control for Signorini’s problem. The discretization is based on a mixed formulation proposed by Hlavacek et al. which is extended to higher-order polynomials. A duality argument based on a variational inequality is applied, which allows for the estimates in h- as well as hp-adaptivity. Numerical results confirm the applicability of the theoretical findings.     

An hp finite element adaptive scheme to solve the Laplace model for fluid–solid vibrations

In this paper we introduce an hp finite element method to solve a two-dimensional fluid–structure spectral problem. This problem arises from the computation of the vibration modes of a bundle of parallel tubes immersed in an incompressible fluid. We prove the convergence of the method and a priori error estimates for the eigenfunctions and the eigenvalues. We define an a posteriori error estimator of the residual type which can be computed locally from the approximate eigenpair. We show its reliability and efficiency by proving that the estimator is equivalent to the energy norm of the error up to higher order terms, the equivalence constant of the efficiency estimate being suboptimal in that it depends on the polynomial degree. We present an hp adaptive algorithm and several numerical tests which show the performance of the scheme, including some numerical evidence of exponential convergence.     

A note on the design of hp-adaptive finite element methods for elliptic partial differential equations

We introduce an hp-adaptive finite element algorithm based on a combination of reliable and efficient residual error indicators and a new hp-extension control technique which assesses the local regularity of the underlying analytical solution on the basis of its local Legendre series expansion. Numerical experiments confirm the robustness and reliability of the proposed algorithm.     

Two-Grid hp-Version Discontinuous Galerkin Finite Element Methods for Second-Order Quasilinear Elliptic PDEs

In this article we propose a class of so-called two-grid hp-version discontinuous Galerkin finite element methods for the numerical solution of a second-order quasilinear elliptic boundary value problem of monotone type. The key idea in this setting is to first discretise the underlying nonlinear problem on a coarse finite element space $V({{\mathcal {T}_{H}}},\boldsymbol {P})$ . The resulting ‘coarse’ numerical solution is then exploited to provide the necessary data needed to linearise the underlying discretisation on the finer space $V({{\mathcal {T}_{h}}},\boldsymbol {p})$ ; thereby, only a linear system of equations is solved on the richer space $V({{\mathcal {T}_{h}}},\boldsymbol {p})$ . In this article both the a priori and a posteriori error analysis of the two-grid hp-version discontinuous Galerkin finite element method is developed. Moreover, we propose and implement an hp-adaptive two-grid algorithm, which is capable of designing both the coarse and fine finite element spaces $V({{\mathcal {T}_{H}}},\boldsymbol {P})$ and $V({{\mathcal {T}_{h}}},\boldsymbol {p})$ , respectively, in an automatic fashion. Numerical experiments are presented for both two- and three-dimensional problems; in each case, we demonstrate that the CPU time required to compute the numerical solution to a given accuracy is typically less when the two-grid approach is exploited, when compared to the standard discontinuous Galerkin method.     

A goal-oriented hp-adaptive finite element approach to radar scattering problems

The paper presents application of an hp-adaptive finite element method for scattering of electromagnetic waves. The main objective of the numerical analysis is to determine the characteristics of the scattered waves indicating the power being scattered at a given direction––i.e. the radar cross-section (RCS). This is achieved considering the scattered far-field which defines RCS and which is expressed as a linear functional of the solution. Techniques of error estimation for the far-field are considered and an h-adaptive strategy leading to the fast reduction of the error of the far-field is presented. The simulations are performed with a three-dimensional version of an hp-adaptive finite element method for electromagnetics based on the hexahedral edge elements combined with infinite elements for modeling the unbounded space surrounding the scattering object.     

hp-Finite element simulation of three-dimensional eddy current problems on multiply connected domains

This work considers the accurate and efficient finite element simulation of three-dimensional eddy current problems. We review the application of H and A based formulations for multiply connected domains for the cases where the conductor has a handle and/or a hole. We focus on an hierarchical hp-finite element discretization of the A based formulation that is gauged by regularization. Based on an explicit kernel splitting of the underlying hp-finite element basis, we present a novel preconditioning technique for eddy current problems. We demonstrate its validity on multiply connected domains and include a series of numerical examples to show the effectiveness of the proposed approach.     

hp Adaptive finite elements based on derivative recovery and superconvergence

In this paper, we present a new approach to hp-adaptive finite element methods. Our a posteriori error estimates and hp-refinement indicator are inspired by the work on gradient/derivative recovery of Bank and Xu (SIAM J Numer Anal 41:2294?C2312, 2003; SIAM J Numer Anal 41:2313?C2332, 2003). For element ?? of degree p, R(? ^p u _hp ), the (piece-wise linear) recovered function of ? ^p u is used to approximate ${|\varepsilon|_{1,\tau} = |\hat{u}_{p+1} - u_{p}|_{1,\tau}}$ , which serves as our local error indicator. Under sufficient conditions on the smoothness of u, it can be shown that ${\|{\partial^{p}(\hat{u}_{p+1} - u_{p})\|_{0,\Omega}}}$ is a superconvergent approximation of ${\|(I - R){\partial}^p u_{hp}\|_{0,\Omega}}$ . Based on this, we develop a heuristic hp-refinement indicator based on the ratio between the two quantities on each element. Also in this work, we introduce nodal basis functions for special elements where the polynomial degree along edges is allowed to be different from the overall element degree. Several numerical examples are provided to show the effectiveness of our approach.     

hp-Discontinuous Galerkin Finite Element Methods with Least-Squares Stabilization

We consider a family of hp-version discontinuous Galerkin finite element methods with least-squares stabilization for symmetric systems of first-order partial differential equations. The family includes the classical discontinuous Galerkin finite element method, with and without streamline-diffusion stabilization, as well as the discontinuous version of the Galerkin least-squares finite element method. An hp-optimal error bound is derived in the associated DG-norm. If the solution of the problem is elementwise analytic, an exponential rate of convergence under p-refinement is proved. We perform numerical experiments both to illustrate the theoretical results and to compare the various methods within the family.     

Space–time <Emphasis Type="Italic">hp</Emphasis>-approximation of parabolic equations

A new space–time finite element method for the solution of parabolic partial differential equations is introduced. In a mesh and degree-dependent norm, it is first shown that the discrete bilinear form for the space–time problem is both coercive and continuous, yielding existence and uniqueness of the associated discrete solution. In a second step, error estimates in this mesh-dependent norm are derived. In particular, we show that combining low-order elements for the space variable together with an hp-approximation of the problem with respect to the temporal variable allows us to decrease the optimal convergence rates for the approximation of elliptic problems only by a logarithmic factor. For simultaneous space–time hp-discretization in both, the spatial as well as the temporal variable, overall exponential convergence in mesh-degree dependent norms on the space–time cylinder is proved, under analytic regularity assumptions on the solution with respect to the spatial variable. Numerical results for linear model problems confirming exponential convergence are presented.     

A hybrid method for inversion of 3D AC resistivity logging measurements

In this paper, we propose the use of a hybrid algorithm for the inversion of 3D Alternate Current (AC) resistivity logging measurements. The forward problem is solved using a goal-oriented self-adaptive hp-Finite Element Method (hp-FEM) that provides exponential convergence of the numerical error with respect to the mesh size. The inverse problem is solved using a Hierarchical Genetic Search (HGS) coupled with a Broyden–Fletcher–Goldfar–Shanno (BFGS) method. Individuals from the genetic populations represent the resistivity of the formation layers. The fitness function is estimated based on hp-FEM results. The hybrid method controls the accuracy of evaluation of particular individuals, as well as the accuracy of the genetic coding. After finding those regions where the fitness function has small values, the local search method by means of BFGS algorithm is executed. The paper is concluded with numerical results for the hybrid algorithm.     

Discontinuous Petrov–Galerkin method with optimal test functions for thin-body problems in solid mechanics

We study the applicability of the discontinuous Petrov–Galerkin (DPG) variational framework for thin-body problems in structural mechanics. Our numerical approach is based on discontinuous piecewise polynomial finite element spaces for the trial functions and approximate, local computation of the corresponding ‘optimal’ test functions. In the Timoshenko beam problem, the proposed method is shown to provide the best approximation in an energy-type norm which is equivalent to the L₂-norm for all the unknowns, uniformly with respect to the thickness parameter. The same formulation remains valid also for the asymptotic Euler–Bernoulli solution. As another one-dimensional model problem we consider the modelling of the so called basic edge effect in shell deformations. In particular, we derive a special norm for the test space which leads to a robust method in terms of the shell thickness. Finally, we demonstrate how a posteriori error estimator arising directly from the discontinuous variational framework can be utilized to generate an optimal hp-mesh for resolving the boundary layer.     

The local discontinuous Galerkin method for linearized incompressible fluid flow: a review

In this paper, we review the development of the so-called local discontinuous Galerkin method for linearized incompressible fluid flow. This is a stable, high-order accurate and locally conservative finite element method whose approximate solution is discontinuous across inter-element boundaries; this property renders the method ideally suited for hp-adaptivity. In the context of the Oseen problem, we present the method and discuss its stability and convergence properties. We also display numerical experiments that show that the method behaves well for a wide range of Reynolds numbers.     

Fully automatic hp-adaptivity for Maxwell’s equations

I report on the development of a fully automatic hp-adaptive strategy for the solution of time-harmonic Maxwell equations. The strategy produces a sequence of grids that deliver exponential convergence for both regular and singular solutions. Given a (coarse) mesh, we refine it first globally in both h and p, and solve the problem on the resulting fine mesh. We consider then the projection-based interpolants of the fine mesh solution with respect to both current and next (to be determined) coarse grid, and introduce the interpolation error decrease rate equal to the difference of the old and new (coarse) mesh interpolation errors vs. number of degrees-of-freedom added. The optimal hp-refinements leading to the next coarse grid are then determined by maximizing the interpolation error decrease rate.     

HP90: A general and flexible Fortran 90 hp-FE code

A general 2D-hp-adaptive Finite Element (FE) implementation in Fortran 90 is described. The implementation is based on an abstract data structure, which allows to incorporate the full hp-adaptivity of triangular and quadrilateral finite elements. The h-refinement strategies are based on h2-refinement of quadrilaterals and h4-refinement of triangles. For p-refinement we allow the approximation order to vary within any element. The mesh refinement algorithms are restricted to 1-irregular meshes. Anisotropic and geometric refinement of quadrilateral meshes is made possible by additionally allowing double constrained nodes in rectangles. The capabilities of this hp-adaptive FE package are demonstrated on various test problems. Received: 18 December 1997 / Accepted: 17 April 1998     

A review of some a posteriori error estimates for adaptive finite element methods

Recently, the adaptive finite element methods have gained a very important position among numerical procedures for solving ordinary as well as partial differential equations arising from various technical applications. While the classical a posteriori error estimates are oriented to the use in h-methods the contemporary higher order hp-methods usually require new approaches in a posteriori error estimation.     

De Rham diagram for hp finite element spaces

We prove that the hp finite elements for H(curl) spaces, introduced in [1], fit into a general de Rham diagram involving hp approximations. The corresponding interpolation operators generalize the notion of hp interpolation introduced in [2] and are different from the classical operators of Nedelec and Raviart-Thomas.     

Finite element analysis of the Girkmann problem using the modern hp-version and the classical h-version

We perform finite element analysis of the so called Girkmann problem in structural mechanics. The problem involves an axially symmetric spherical shell stiffened with a foot ring and is approached (1) by using the axisymmetric formulation of linear elasticity theory and (2) by using a dimensionally reduced shell-ring model. In the first approach the problem is solved with a fully automatic hp-adaptive finite element solver whereas the classical h-version of the finite element method is used in the second approach. We study the convergence behaviour of the different numerical models and show that accurate stress resultants can be obtained with both models by using effective post-processing formulas.     

Modeling of bone conduction of sound in the human head using hp-finite elements: Code design and verification

We focus on the development of a reliable numerical model for investigating the bone-conduction of sound in the human head. The main challenge of the problem is the lack of fundamental knowledge regarding the transmission of acoustic energy through non-airborne pathways to the cochlea. A fully coupled model based on the acoustic/elastic interaction problem with a detailed resolution of the cochlea region and its interface with the skull and the air pathways, should provide an insight into this fundamental, long standing research problem. To this aim we have developed a 3D hp-finite element code that supports elements of all shapes (tetrahedra, prisms and pyramids) to better capture the geometrical features of the head. We have tested the code on a multilayered sphere and employed it to solve an idealized model of head. In the future we hope to attack a model with a more realistic geometry.