剪切流场对塑料发泡成核行为的影响

本文着重讨论了剪切流对成核行为的影响,对宏观规律进行微观分析。通过剪切流场对高聚物熔体中分子取向排列的影响,在熔体中形成大量均匀分布的成核点,这不仅为开发优质泡沫提供了理论依据,也是为国外正在加紧开发的微孔发泡技术提供参考。     

压力流场中含炭黑聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯熔体的流变特性

利用毛细管流变仪及反向压力腔组件研究了压力流场中含炭黑聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(PET)熔体的流变行为,并与普通PET熔体的流变行为进行对比。结果表明:随剪切速率的增加,含炭黑PET熔体的"剪切变稀"行为比普通PET更显著;在相同温度和相同剪切速率下,含炭黑PET的剪切黏度随着压力的增加而增加;在相同剪切速率和相同压力下,随着温度的升高,含炭黑PET熔体的剪切黏度逐渐减小;压力增加ΔP与温度下降ΔT对剪切黏度的贡献是等效的;在相同剪切速率下,含炭黑PET熔体的黏-温依赖性随压力的升高而增强;在相同压力下,含炭黑PET熔体的黏-温依赖性随剪切速率的增加而减弱;随着温度的升高,普通PET和含炭黑PET熔体的结构粘度(Δη)降低,可纺性提高;当温度为290～295℃时,普通PET和含炭黑PET熔体的可纺性最优。     

一种基于粘性耗散的动态黏度计算方法

基于剪切功率的耗散机理,提出了一种计算振动剪切流场中聚合物熔体动态黏度的粘性耗散法,并建立了理论模型。运用粘性耗散法,计算了简单振动剪切流场中Maxwell流体的动态黏度,得到了与传统方法相一致的结果,从而验证了理论模型的正确性。通过讨论振动叠加流场中Maxwell流体的动态黏度,分析了粘性耗散法的应用局限性。最后,通过动态流变实验,发现粘性耗散法对于小振幅范围的振动剪切流具有较好的预测能力。     

聚甲醛流变性能及其纺丝性研究

利用熔融指数仪测、毛细管流变仪测定了聚甲醛在不同熔融温度、时间下的流变性能,由此,为研究聚甲醛的融法纺丝提供理论依据。结果显示:聚甲醛在所测定环境下的流变性质属于假塑性流体,熔融指数(MI)值都随着温度的升高有所增大;在低剪切速率下,POM熔体的黏度值对温度敏感性高,剪切速率大于1000s-1,POM熔体黏度值变化对温度依赖性减弱;此外,提高剪切速率可以较大范围地降低POM熔体的粘流活化能;熔融时间对熔体流变性没有明显的影响,同时通过熔融挤出,确定纺丝温度在210℃为宜。     

聚偏氟乙烯熔体的流变特性

采用高压毛细管流变仪和先进流变扩展系统相结合的方法研究了PVDF熔体在较宽剪切速率范围(1×10-2s-1~5×103s-1)的流变行为。结果表明,在极低的剪切速率范围内,PVDF熔体黏度几乎不随剪切速率的变化而变化,表现出牛顿流体特性;而在较高的剪切速率范围内,PVDF熔体表观黏度随剪切速率的增加而明显降低,表现出强烈的剪切变稀行为,为假塑性非牛顿流体。同时探讨了分子量、剪切速率、温度对PVDF熔体非牛顿指数、粘流活化能等流变特性的影响。     

纤维增强聚合物熔体的纤维取向和流场应力分析

针对纤维增强聚合物基复合材料的成型流动过程, 基于宏观流场、 介观纤维取向和微观聚合物大分子链三尺度信息耦合的多尺度模型, 使用有限体积法和有限差分法相结合的数值算法, 分析了纤维增强聚合物熔体在收缩流腔中的流动行为, 得到了其纤维取向和应力分布, 并讨论了纤维存在对聚合物熔体流场应力的影响。结果表明: 当剪切运动占优时, 纤维呈现周期旋转取向; 而拉伸运动占优时, 纤维沿单轴拉伸取向。同时, 由于纤维的周期旋转, 纤维增强聚合物熔体法向应力差的空间分布呈现出随时间逐步发展的拟序涡结构。      

SiCp/Al复合材料搅拌铸造新型搅拌器流场及工艺研究

SiCp/Al复合材料搅拌铸造法虽然具有制备成本低、近终成型的优点,但是实现SiC颗粒在铝合金熔体的均匀分散难度很大,这与搅拌器结构及搅拌工艺有直接关系。采用数值模拟和实验相结合的方法开展了新型桨栅复合搅拌器设计及其工艺研究,比较了桨栅复合搅拌器与单一搅拌器的流场结构和速度场分布,并在此基础上进行了搅拌铸造工艺研究。结果表明:(1)桨栅复合搅拌器能够较好地实现复合材料大体积熔体的均匀搅拌和高速剪切,复合搅拌器内熔体的流场为较好的轴向和径向循环,液面更为平稳,搅拌转速500r/min时熔体最大速度为3.9m/s,流场结构和剪切速度均优于单一形式搅拌器;(2)用桨栅复合搅拌器进行20%(质量分数)SiCp/A357复合材料搅拌铸造工艺实验,在搅拌温度610℃、搅拌转速500r/min、搅拌时间20min的工艺条件下,SiC颗粒分布均匀且无气孔缺陷。     

聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯-聚酰胺嵌段共聚物/聚酰胺6共混物的流变性能

通过熔融共混挤出的方法,制备了不同共聚比例的聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯-聚酰胺嵌段共聚物(PET-PA)与聚酰胺6(PA6)的共混物,采用毛细管流变仪对PET-PA/PA6共混物的流变性能进行了研究。结果表明,PET-PA/PA6共混物熔体为剪切变稀的非牛顿流体。随温度升高,PET-PA/PA6共混物熔体的表观黏度下降,非牛顿指数增大,表观黏度对剪切速率的敏感性减小,因此升高温度能改善共混物熔体的流动性能。随PET-PA中PA共聚比例的增加,PET-PA/PA6共混物的黏度减小,非牛顿指数增大,这为开发酸性染料可染聚酯纤维提供了参考。     

高压条件下聚对苯二甲酸丁二醇酯熔体的流变行为

利用毛细管流变仪及反向压力腔组件研究了高压条件下温度、压力和剪切速率等因素对聚对苯二甲酸丁二醇酯(PBT)熔体的流变行为影响规律。结果表明,随着温度的升高,PBT熔体的剪切黏度呈现不同程度的下降趋势,且温度较高时剪切黏度下降幅度增大;PBT熔体剪切黏度的温度敏感性在高剪切下显著减弱,在高压下缓慢增强;PBT熔体剪切黏度随压力的增大呈指数增加,符合Barus方程;在相同温度、相同剪切速率下,随着压力的增加,PBT熔体剪切黏度逐渐增大;PBT熔体剪切黏度随着剪切速率的增加逐渐降低,表现出典型的"剪切变稀"假塑性流体现象。     

压力场中高黏聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯的流变行为

利用毛细管流变仪及反向压力腔组件研究了压力场下高黏聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(PET)熔体的流变行为。结果表明,随着剪切速率的增加,高黏PET熔体剪切黏度逐渐降低,表现出明显的"切力变稀"行为,是一种典型的假塑性流体;随着熔体所受压力的增加,高黏PET熔体剪切黏度呈指数增长增加,变化规律符合Barus方程;随着温度的升高,高黏PET熔体的剪切黏度逐渐减小;高黏PET熔体的换算因子为3.4,压力增加与温度下降对剪切黏度的贡献是等效的。高黏PET熔体为非牛顿流体,随着温度的逐渐升高,高黏PET熔体非牛顿指数逐渐增大,高黏PET熔体的流动行为逐渐接近牛顿流体特性。高黏PET熔体的剪切黏度-温度依赖性随压力的增加逐渐增强;高黏PET熔体的剪切黏度的温度敏感性随剪切速率的增加逐渐降低。随着剪切速率增加和温度升高,高黏PET熔体剪切黏度对压力的依赖性逐渐降低。     

Computational model on pulsatile flow of blood through a tapered arterial stenosis with radially variable viscosity and magnetic field

An unsteady two-fluid model of blood flow through a tapered arterial stenosis with variable viscosity in the presence of variable magnetic field has been analysed in the present paper. In this article, blood in the core region is assumed to obey the law of Jeffrey fluid and plasma in the peripheral layer is assumed to be Newtonian. The values for velocity, wall shear stress, flow rate and flow resistance are numerically computed by employing finite-difference method in solving the governing equations. A comparison study between the velocity profiles obtained by the present study and the experimental data represented graphically shows that that the rheology of blood obeys the law of Jeffrey fluid rather than that of Newtonian fluid. The effects of parameters such as taper angle, radially variable viscosity, hematocrit, Jeffrey parameter, magnetic field and plasma layer thickness on physiologically important parameters such as wall shear stress distribution and flow resistance have been investigated. The results in the case of radially variable magnetic field and constant magnetic field are compared to observe the effect of magnetic field in driving the blood flow. It is observed that increase in hematocrit increases the wall shear stress. The values of wall shear stress and flow resistance are obtained at various time instances and compared. It is pertinent to note that the magnitudes of flow resistance are higher in the case of converging tapered than non-tapered and diverging tapered artery.     

TIRF-Rheometer for Measuring Protein Adsorption under High Shear Rates: Constructional and Fluid Dynamic Aspects

In total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) measurements an exponentially decaying evanescent wave of light (285–290 nm) excites the Trp residues in a protein to fluoresce at 350 nm when it is adsorbed to a transparent surface. A major problem in the measurement of protein adsorption kinetics in such systems is that the protein has to diffuse through a boundary layer to reach the surface. The thickness of such a boundary layer can be reduced by shearing the fluid phase. In the classical TIRF adsorption chamber only a unidirectional flow of buffer through the chamber is possible. In such a chamber the shear rates and shear stresses vary across the cross section and only low shear rates are obtainable. Therefore based on a rheological system for studying fluid shear stress on cultured cells a TIRF-chamber was constructed which allowed the installment of a rotating cone (max. rate: 1200 rpm) and plate viscometer-type variable shear device. In this case a flow field can be set up in which the shear rates and shear stresses are approximately constant. Cone angles (α) between 1.0–2.5 ° allowed shear rates (γ) between 0 and 7200 s⁻¹. The TIRF-rheometer can be employed in two different modes in the form of: (a) a closed system (no fluid flow through the rheometer chamber), (b) an open system with continuous buffer flow through the chamber. The flow conditions were checked by observing the dissolution of a small spot of dried Coomassie blue as a function of the shear rate and time. A significant secondary flow was found with all cone angles and was dependent on the square root of the shear rate. Ink injection studies demonstrate that mixing times in the chamber below two seconds are obtainable. The TIRF Rheometer thus provides a means for studying the shear dependence of the adsorption of blood proteins and the generation of thin to ultra thin boundary layers for the measurement of protein adsorption kinetics relevant to biomaterials.     

Flow of electro-rheological materials

Summary An electro-rheological fluid is a material in which a particulate solid is suspended in an electrically non-conducting fluid such as oil. On the application of an electric field, the viscosity and other material properties undergo dramatic and significant changes. In this paper, the particulate imbedded fluid is considered as a homogeneous continuum. It is assumed that the Cauchy stress depends on the velocity gradient and the electric field vector. A representation for the constitutive equation is developed using standard methods of continuum mechanics. The stress components are calculated for a shear flow in which the electric field vector, is normal to the velocity vector. The model predicts (i) a viscosity which depends on the shear rate and electric field and (ii) normal stresses due to the interaction between the shear flow and the electric field. These expressions are used to study several fundamental shear flows: the flow between parallel plates, Couette flow, and flow in an eccentric rotating disc device. Detailed solutions are presented when the shear response is that of a Bingham fluid whose yield stress and viscosity depends on the electric field.     

Electrodynamic flows of media obeying a nonlinear rheological law

Examples of the one-dimensional, steady-state electrodynamic flow of liquids characterized by power-type rheological laws and Shvedov-Bingham plastics in channels with dielectric walls in a uniform longitudinal electric field are considered.     

Rheological characterization of xanthan suspensions of nanoscale iron for injection in porous media

Nanoscale zerovalent iron (NZVI) represents one of the most interesting reagents for the remediation of contaminated aquifers, but its application is hindered by a lack of colloidal stability. Prior studies have shown that nanoscale iron slurries can be successfully stabilized against aggregation and sedimentation through dispersion in xanthan solutions; thus, further research was carried out by focusing on the flow behavior of xanthan-modified NVZI suspensions. This work aims at understanding the rheological properties of NZVI-xanthan suspensions, which have been extensively tested under two different flow conditions: simple shear flow and flow through a porous medium. According to both experimental approaches, the suspensions show a shear thinning behavior that is dependent on iron concentration. These rheological properties are explained by referring to the microstructure of the colloidal system. Flow equations have been formulated and solved in radial coordinates in order to demonstrate the feasibility of such suspensions in field scale applications.     

Dilatational bands in rubber-toughened polymers

A theory is advanced to explain the effects of rubber particle cavitation upon the deformation and fracture of rubber-modified plastics. The criteria for cavitation in triaxially-stressed particles are first analysed using an energy-balance approach. It is shown that the volume strain in a rubber particle, its diameter and the shear modulus of the rubber are all important in determining whether void formation occurs. The effects of rubber particle cavitation on shear yielding are then discussed in the light of earlier theories of dilatational band formation in metals. A model proposed by Berg, and later developed by Gurson, is adapted to include the effects of mean stress on yielding and applied to toughened plastics. The model predicts the formation of cavitated shear bands (dilatational bands) at angles to the tensile axis that are determined by the current effective void content of the material. Band angles are calculated on the assumption that all of the rubber particles in a band undergo cavitation and the effective void content is equal to the particle volume fraction. The results are in satisfactory agreement with observations recorded in the literature on toughened plastics. The theory accounts for observed changes in the kinetics of tensile deformation in toughened nylon following cavitation and explains the effects of particle size and rubber modulus on the brittle-tough transition temperature.     

高速重复扫描激光塑料焊接工艺研究

目的 提高PA66塑料的焊缝剪切强度,达到实际生产要求.方法 采用高速扫描振镜对PA66塑料进行扫描激光焊接,分析重复焊接次数对塑料焊缝外观及剪切强度的影响,并且对焊缝截面进行测试,分析工艺参数对焊缝截面的影响规律.通过对工艺参数(激光平均功率、重复焊接次数、焊接速度、离焦量)进行四因素四水平正交实验,得到焊缝剪切强度...     

Design systems for gear elements made of cotton fiber-reinforced plastics

We look on the cotton fiber reinforced plastics as industrial gear materials, and have been developing design systems for industrial gears made of cotton fiber-reinforced plastics. In this report, we deal with a method estimating for tooth root stresses caused by bending movements under running conditions. The gear material used was cotton fiber plain woven cloth reinforced phenolic resin laminates. Paper-reinforced phenolic resin laminates, a commonly used material, was used as a control for comparison. The main dimensions of the gears were module 3–5 mm and tooth width 25 mm. First, accelerations of gears were measured under running conditions to estimate dynamic performance. Second, fracture tests of gear teeth were carried out under bending loads. Different fracture modes at tooth roots for cotton fiber-reinforced plastics and phenolic resin gears were observed. The fractures occurred at a high position from the tooth root in the case of the cotton fiber-reinforced plastics gear because the cotton fiber-reinforced plastics had excellent cleavage and shear strength. This gear also had higher strength for tooth bending loads. Third, the mechanical properties of the gears were researched by tensile, bending, and shearing tests. It was clear that the cotton fiber-reinforced plastics had excellent properties in cleavage fracture between laminates and shear strength. Finally, we proposed a design method for this gear, which considers the cleavage and shear strength.     

具有球形胞体结构的泡沫塑料弹性常数的确定

通过微分法导出了泡沫塑料剪切模量和体积模量所满足的微分方程组，并利用泡沫塑料各向同性弹性常数间满足的关系求解；得到了泡沫塑料剪切模量与体积模量的关系，确定了剪切模量与材料孔隙比的关系；并且将本文结果同其他已有模型了对比。     

On the flow of an electrically conducting nonlocal viscous fluid between parallel plates in the presence of a transverse magnetic field in magnetohydrodynamics

A continuum theory is constructed for the flow of an electrically conducting nonlocal viscous fluid between two nonconducting parallel plates. The flow is subject to the influence of a transverse magnetic field. The effects of long range or nonlocal interactions at a material point in the fluid arising from all material points in the rest of the fluid are taken into account by means of a nonlocal influence function. Equations of motion governing the nonlocal viscous flow are derived from localized forms of global balance laws and constitutive equations appropriate for electromagnetically active media. These field equations are analytically solved for the nonlocal velocity and the nonlocal stress fields. The effects of varying the magnetic field strength on the shear stress are investigated. The effects of such variations on the shear stress exerted on the walls of microscopic channels are also determined. Numerical computations are provided for these results.