寄生式时栅角位移传感器的新型动态解算系统

为了将时栅角位移传感器应用于运动控制场合,设计了一套新型的测角解算系统。相比传统测角解算系统,该系统不仅实现了时栅角位移传感器的动态测量,而且降低了系统成本,有利于传感器高集成度、低成本设计。首先利用优化的坐标旋转数字计算方法(CORDIC)进行角度粗解算,然后利用三角函数在0附近微区间内呈现线性特性实现了高分辨率的误差线性补偿,完成角度的精解算。减少迭代次数的同时达到了较高的输出精度,实时性高。最后讨论算法本身带来的测量误差,同时,对整个系统的误差进行了溯源。以寄生式时栅角位移传感器为载体,通过调整了传感器的激励输入和利用高速AD的过采样技术,实现了基于寄生式时栅角位移传感器的整个解算系统的设计,同时搭建了测试实验平台,实验结果表明,在传感器输出信号较理想情况下,且允许的速度范围内,系统测量误差小于10″,可以满足动态测量场合下时栅角位移传感器的应用。     

双摆角铣头摆角切削力矩的计算研究

双摆角铣头是高档数控机床的关键功能部件之一。双摆角铣头结构是实现大型数控龙门镗铣床及加工中心五轴联动的主要形式。首先介绍了通过实验方法计算切削力的过程,在摆角范围给定的条件下,通过理论推导和计算给出了某种结构A/B双摆角铣头摆角切削力矩的计算公式,最后通过特殊位置和任意位置进一步验证了公式的正确性。摆角切削力矩是摆角驱动力矩的重要组成部分,此计算公式的研究对摆角铣头的结构设计具有重要的指导意义。     

Natural roller bearing fault detection by angular measurement of true instantaneous angular speed

The challenge in many production activities involving large mechanical devices like power transmissions consists in reducing the machine downtime, in managing repairs and in improving operating time. Most online monitoring systems are based on conventional vibration measurement devices for gear transmissions or bearings in mechanical components. In this paper, we propose an alternative way of bearing condition monitoring based on the instantaneous angular speed measurement. By the help of a large experimental investigation on two different applications, we prove that localized faults like pitting in bearing generate small angular speed fluctuations which are measurable with optical or magnetic encoders. We also emphasize the benefits of measuring instantaneous angular speed with the pulse timing method through an implicit angular sampling which ensures insensitivity to speed fluctuation. A wide range of operating conditions have been tested for the two applications with varying speed, load, external excitations, gear ratio, etc. The tests performed on an automotive gearbox or on actual operating vehicle wheels also establish the robustness of the proposed methodology. By the means of a conventional Fourier transform, angular frequency channels kinematically related to the fault periodicity show significant magnitude differences related to the damage severity. Sideband effects are evidently seen when the fault is located on rotating parts of the bearing due to load modulation. Additionally, slip effects are also suspected to be at the origin of enlargement of spectrum peaks in the case of double row bearings loaded in a pure radial direction.     

New expressions for angular distributions

An electron scattering model (multiple reflections) based on physical quantities only is refined and extended. New expressions for the most probable scattering angle, for the angular distribution of transmitted electrons, and for the angular distribution of backscattered electrons under oblique incidence, derived by fitting to already published data or to Monte Carlo results, are presented and compared with well-established formulae. The mean path-elongation factor for a multiple reflection model is calculated by introducing a correlation of angular distributions. The value of the new path elongation factor is compared with already existing fits.     

Analysis of angular distortion in line-heating

A simplified analytical model for prediction of deformations of metal plates due to line-heating process is presented. In the present work, a formula for plate deformation produced by line-heating in terms of process parameters such as heat input and plate dimensions is developed analytically using an eigenstrain concept. The residual deformation due to thermal processing was depends on the magnitude and region of plastic strains at heating zone. The magnitude of plastic strains was determined by disk model and its region was calculated using the Rosenthal's solution. The vertical displacement of the plate was analysed by using an infinite laminated plate theory to consider a cuboidal inclusion with an eigenstrain. Comparison of calculated results and experimental data shows the accuracy and validity of proposed model.     

Interferometric,absolute sensor of angular micro-displacement

A design of a new, absolute sensor for measurement of an angular micro-displacement is presented. In this sensor deflections of incident laser beam generate changes of the constant of the interference fringes that are created by the double arm special interferometer. Fringe constant is determined using a CCD camera and proposed analysis algorithms. Sensor's operating principle and metrological properties are presented. Sensor was tested using reference interferometer. Obtained measurement uncertainty is equal to ±10 μrad in the multi-milliradian range. The concept of a two-sensor system for increasing twice the measuring range is presented.     

Evaluation of angular error between two lines

The error caused by the fitting of a set of data points to two lines having a specified angle is defined as the angular error. The evaluation of angular error needs to find two pairs of parallel lines that follow the angular constraint and bound the data points under the minimum zone criterion. The evaluation of angular error is difficult in mathematics, so it is usually simplified by treating one line as the datum and the form error of the other line calculated from the datum as the solution. The datum is assumed to be perfect that doesn’t tell the real properties of the actual line but gives incorrect solutions in general. To give an exact solution to the angular error problem based on the minimum zone criterion, a new mathematical model is proposed in this paper. The basic idea of this model is to rotate the data points of one line to the same direction as that of the other line so that the evaluation of angular error is simplified as solving a straightness problem. The angular error obtained from the proposed model is proved to be minimum. The proposed model offers a simple approach to solve the tough angular error problem, and it also provides a feasible tool to explore more complicated problems, like 3D angular error and polygon error.     

Thermo-mechanical analysis of angular contact ball bearing

The thermal-mechanical character, which is difficult to ensure because of the lack of a corresponding theory and tool, has a significant effect on the dynamics of bearings. It even leads to a sudden failure of bearings in a working situation. In this research, a thermal deformation model was established, based on the analysis of temperature effect on the basic size of angular contact ball bearing. And the transmission from rolling size to bearing axial stiffness was explicit. On the basis of the variation of Hertz contact stiffness and the change of initial contact angle of angular contact ball bearing caused by temperature rise, a “Thermo- mechanical” model of bearing was proposed. According to this model, using the corresponding calculation procedure programmed by MATLAB, the effect of bearing temperature on the axial stiffness has been studied. And the correctness of this model was verified with experiments. Some design suggestions have been made for the decision of bearing preload: to prevent the bearing failure caused by overheating.     

Enhanced angular current intensity from Schottky emitters

Even though the Schottky emitter is a high‐brightness source of choice for electron beam systems, its angular current intensity is substantially lower than that of thermionic cathodes, rendering the emitter impractical for applications that require high beam current. In this study, two strategies were attempted to enhance its angular intensity, and their experimental results are reported. The first scheme is to employ a higher extraction field for increasing the brightness. However, the tip shape transformation was found to induce undesirably elevated emission from the facet edges at high fields. The second scheme exploits the fact that the angular intensity is proportional to the square of the electron gun focal length [ Fujita, S. & Shimoyama, H. (2005) Theory of cathode trajectory characterization by canonical mapping transformation. J. Electron Microsc. 54 , 331–343], which can be increased by scaling‐up the emitter tip radius. A high angular current intensity (J_Ω∼ 1.5 mA sr⁻¹) was obtained from a scaled‐up emitter. Preliminary performance tests were conducted on an electron probe‐forming column by substituting the new emitter for the original tungsten filament gun. The beam current up to a few microamperes was achieved with submicron spatial resolution.     

Graphical angular jerk analysis of four-bar linkages

Graphical methods of analyzing angular jerks in a four-bar linkage are described. No jerk polygon or complicated calculations are involved. Only a few lines are needed in these methods. The technique is extended to four-bar linkages connected in series as well as to a slider-crank mechanism. Extremes of angular accelerations may be found whenever the angular jerks vanish.     

Exchange of angular momentum in EMCD experiments

In energy loss magnetic chiral dichroism (EMCD) experiments a chiral electronic transition is induced that obeys the dipole selection rule for the magnetic quantum number Δm=±1$\mathrm{\Delta }m=\pm 1$ or Δ_Lz=±?$\mathrm{\Delta }{L}_z=\pm ?$. The incident plane electron wave is inelastically scattered and is detected in the diffraction plane, i.e. again in a plane wave state. Naïve reasoning suggests that the angular momentum _Lz$L_z$ of the probe electron has not changed in the interaction since plane waves have 〈_Lz〉=0$〈L_z〉=0$. This leads to the seeming contradiction that angular momentum is not conserved in the interaction. A closer inspection shows that the density matrix of the probe has indeed 〈_Lz〉=±?$〈L_z〉=\pm ?$ after a chiral interaction. However, 〈_Lz〉$〈L_z〉$ is not conserved when the probe electron propagates further to the exit surface of the specimen because the rigid lattice breaks rotational symmetry. Thus, the angular momentum of the photo electron that is created in a chiral electronic transition stems from both the probing electron and the crystal lattice.     

电感式角位移传感器技术综述

电感式角位移传感器具有良好的环境适应力、较高的测量精度和稳定性的优点,该类型的角位移传感器广泛应用于高 端装备、电动汽车、机器人、飞行器、武器等领域。 本文介绍了 3 种电感式角位移传感器,包括旋转变压器、感应同步器这两种典 型的电感式角位移传感器以及我国学者自主研发的磁场式时栅位移传感器。 对它们的测量原理及关键技术做了详尽的综述, 并分析了这些技术的优点与局限性。 根据近年来电感式角位移传感器的发展现状,详细论述了电感式角位移传感器在机械、汽 车、工业机器人、航空、航天和国防等领域的应用情况。 最后,分析得出电感式角位移传感器技术应往高精度、高可靠性、嵌入式 测量、复合功能测量、智能化等方向发展。     

精密转台角分度误差补偿

为了修正精密转台中由圆光栅安装偏心、倾斜等引起的角分度误差,提出一种基于稀疏分解的角分度误差补偿方法。首先,分析了圆光栅安装偏心、倾斜等对精密转台角分度误差的影响。然后,根据圆光栅测角误差中不同阶次误差项的特性,结合稀疏分解思想与谐波分析建立了角分度误差补偿模型,对转台的角分度误差进行补偿。最后,搭建试验平台,采用提出的角分度误差补偿模型对精密转台角分度误差进行修正,验证该方法的有效性。试验结果表明:该方法能够将角分度精度提高2个数量级,对角分度误差最大值为90.85"的转台进行误差补偿后,能够使角定位误差的最大值减小到0.64"。采用该方法进行误差补偿后,能够显著提高角度定位精度,结果满足精密转台角位移的高精度测试要求。     

Erosion of metals using angular silicon carbide particles

ABSTRACT

In this work, erosion tests conducted to evaluate the resistance of two materials, Metal Babbitt Grade 7 and AISI T1 against SiC particles. The erosion rates of these two metals compared with those obtained using AISI D2 steel in a previous work with similar testing conditions. Metal Babbitt and AISI T1 steel selected due to their high ductility and strength, respectively. A test rig similar to that shown in ASTM G76-95 standard used to perform the tests. Silicon carbide particles had a particle size between 350–450 µm. Tests carried out using different impact angles, 30°, 45°, 60° and 90° with a particle velocity of 24 ± 2 m/s and the abrasive flow rate was 0.7 ± 0.5 g/min. SEM photographs used to identify the wear mechanisms on the Babbitt and T1 steel and also obtained cross-section images of the wear scars on metal Babbitt to measure their depth.     

Solid particle erosion studies using single angular particles

Studies have been made of the oblique impact of individual angular particles on lead and mild steel targets, and the influence of the particle orientation at the point of impact on the subsequent deformation determined. When the angle made by the leading edge of the particle to the surface is small, ploughing deformation can occur, similar to that found with spherical particles. At a sufficiently high impact velocity, material is removed from the surface. If the angle between the surface and the leading edge of the particle is larger, a micromachining action occurs. However, rather than scooping out material as a chip, the cutting edge of the particle tends to bury itself deeply into the specimen. Material can be removed as a result of a particle breaking up during its cutting action. Here, a lip raised during the early stages of the impact is subsequently cut off by fragments of the particle. It is shown that particle rotation can take place during impact and that when this happens the particle's effectiveness in removing material is diminished. Bands of intense deformation are visible in etched sections of craters in mild steel formed in some experiments. It is suggested that these are adiabatic shear bands.     

Computer-aided two-coordinate autocollimator for measuring small angular deviations

A computer-aided autocollimator for measuring small angular deviations is described. Small angular displacements are determined by the displacement of the laser beam image on a CCD array in the focal plane of a lens. Automatic control of the displacement systems allows one to test many times the systems of precision remote displacement of optical components with a minimum detectable angular deviations of about 0.2″. Original Russian Text ? A.V. Kirsanov, T.V. Barmashova, V.V. Zelenogorskii, A.K. Potemkin, 2009, published in Pribory i Tekhnika Eksperimenta, 2009, No. 1, pp. 155–157.     

Computer simulation of a piezoelectric angular rate sensor

The paper presents the finite element (FE) modeling of operation of a rotational motion sensor that uses a balanced oscillator (tuning fork) to sense the angular rate. The 3D FE model has been employed for the investigation of the dynamic properties of the sensor. The sensitivity functions have been obtained for adjusting the geometric parameters of the quartz element in order to achieve the desired values of natural frequencies. The performance of dynamic computations has been improved by truncating the dynamic contributions of higher modes of the vibrating structure.

Results are presented in terms of performance characteristics of the sensor against the design parameters in various modes of operation.     

莫尔条纹测量扭转变形角的方案研究

提出了一种基于双光栅干涉产生莫尔条纹测量扭转角的高精度光学测角方法.为了验证莫尔条纹测量设备间扭转变形精度的有效性,进行了方案设计及实验分析.采用平行光管模拟设备,通过微调机械结构调节平行光管的扭转角来模拟三维物体的扭转变形,在独立的地基平台上进行了方案设计测量实验,并通过实验比较了不同的设计方案.选择的实验方案首先使CCD靶面在平行光管内像面处安装固定,然后采用滤波细化等图像处理方法得到采集到的莫尔条纹的宽度,进而根据条纹宽度变化通过数学模型计算出扭转变形量.实验结果表明,当微调机构使平行光管在±7'的视场内旋转时.该方案可以得到较为清晰的莫尔条纹图像,经过算法处理后,当莫尔条纹宽度为1 615～1 712μm时,扭转角的测量精度为4.3"(3σ).该方法满足了设备间扭转角高精度测量的要求,为提高光电测量设备的测量精度奠定了基础.     

基于线阵CCD的小幅角位移测量

本文研制了用单片机系统拾取CCD信号的装置,在Windows XP环境下利用VB强大的可编程能力、良好的人机界面以及其携带的串行通信控件MSComm,使得上位机对下位机传输的数据能够实时处理,从而实现了在±5°范围内微小角位移的非接触在线测量     

Precessional slip in an angular contact ball bearing

A previously reported ball precessional motion in an angular contact bearing is analyzed. Explicit forms for ball-race slip are given, both with and without precession. Slip and entrainment velocity at ball-ball contacts in a retainerless bearing are also given, also with and without precession. It is shown that the observed precession does not change the hertzian slip fields very much at either contact, compared with those produced by pure spin.