顺,反,顺-1,2,3,4-环丁烷四甲酸二酐的合成

以碳酸二乙酯为溶剂,顺丁烯二酸酐为原料,在紫外光的照射下进行[2+2]环加成反应,制备得到顺,反,顺-1,2,3,4-环丁烷四甲酸二酐,并通过IR和1 H NMR对其结构进行了确证。实验结果表明,较佳反应条件是:顺丁烯二酸酐浓度为9%,高压汞灯照射,反应时间4h,反应温度6℃,产品顺,反,顺-1,2,3,4-环丁烷四甲酸二酐的产率为82.6%,纯度可达99.2%。     

Search for New Three-, Four-Component Petasis,Passerini, Hantzsch,Kabachnic-Fields,Ugi Reactions with Organic Compounds of Phosphorus,Arsenic, Antimony and Bismuth

It is discovered a new three-, four-component Petasis, Passerini, Hantzsch, Kabachnic-Fields, Ugi reactions with of arsine, stibine and bismuthine in organometallic chemistry. Modifications were replaced to a nitrogen atom of classical reactions of atoms of phosphorus, arsenic, antimony and bismuth. It has been proposed a new mechanism for possible reactions.     

New Modifications Bart,Bdchamp, Mayer,Rosenmund, Scheller,Sherlyn-Braz Reactions with Halides of Arsenic,Antimony and Bismuth

It was discovered a new approach modification Bart, Beschamp, Mayer, Rosenmund, Scheller, Sherlyn-Braz reactions with of arsine, stibine and bismuthine in organometallic chemistry. The authors have proposed a new mechanism for possible reactions.     

水淹枯竭气藏型地下储气库盘库方法

地下储气库多周期运行盘库,是研究气库运行规律、分析漏失、进一步提高气库运行效率和降低气库运行成本的关键环节。已建立的未水淹气藏型地下储气库盘库数学模型却并不适用于水淹枯竭气藏型地下储气库,评价结果明显高于实际注采气量。为此,通过深入分析水淹枯竭气藏型地下储气库气驱排水扩容机理、多周期注采运行过程中气水两相宏观与微观运动规律及可能的分布状态,创新性提出了可动用库存量的概念,以注采气量与视地层压力在一个注采周期内满足定容压升降方程为评价准则,建立了水淹枯竭气藏型地下储气库盘库模型。实例验证结果表明,该模型计算的结果与实际吻合,可用于水淹枯竭气藏型地下储气库多周期运行盘库计算和分析。为储气库运行、管理及调整提供了依据。     

Solid waste issue: Sources,composition, disposal,recycling, and valorization

Disposal of solid wastes is a stinging and widespread problem in both urban and rural areas in many developed and developing countries. Municipal solid waste (MSW) collection and disposal is one of the major problems of urban environment in most countries worldwide today. MSW management solutions must be financially sustainable, technically feasible, socially, legally acceptable and environmentally friendly. Solid waste management issue is the biggest challenge to the authorities of both small and large cities’.Valorization of food organic waste is one of the important current research areas. The conventional landfill, incineration, composting, and ways of handeling solid wastes are common as mature technologies for waste disposal. Traditionally, the most commonly used technologies for the treatment and valorization of the organic fraction of MSW are composting and anaerobic digestion (AD). The generation of organic solid waste (OSW); worldwide; is dramatically increasing each year. Most of the OSW’s are composed of agricultural waste, household food waste, human and animal wastes, etc. They are normally handled as animal feed, incinerated or disposed to landfill sites. OAW’s are comprised of materials rich in proteins, minerals, and sugars that could be used in other processes as substrates or raw materials.     

PERMIAN TO TERTIARY FAUNAS AND PALEOGEOGRAPHY: SOMALIA, KENYA, TANZANIA, MOZAMBIQUE, MADAGASCAR, SOUTH AFRICA

Permian to Tertiary faunas along the eastern margin of Africa, and on Madagascar, are presented, described, and discussed. Presentation of the faunas is made in four charts: Permo-Triassic, Jurassic, Cretaceous, and Tertiary. A correlation chart provides tentative time-rock units. Paleogeography northeast and east of Africa is derived from the writer's analysis of marine invertebrate fauna, and is delineated in sketches for Late Permian, Jurassic, and Cretaceous times. Limitations exist on the conclusions that can be drawn from fauna alone. Pelagic waters can be indicated, but their extent cannot be specified, and lack of diversification in some of the pelagic genera results in unavoidable ambiguities of interpretation. Nothing in the faunal evidence so far available, however, disproves unequivocally the existence of an ancestral Indian Ocean from Late Permian onward. Even if such an ancestral ocean did not exist the pattern of pelagic waters that can be inferred from marine invertebrate fauna constitutes an impediment to models that suture Australia or India to Africa or Madagascar. Peninsular India, on readings of its own geology across the foreland-orogen boundary, may have occupied its present position through the whole of geologic time.     

泌阳凹陷陡坡带砂砾岩体预测

在对泌阳凹陷陡坡带砂砾岩体空间展布预测中,以层序地层学研究为基础,依据古地貌沟扇对应理论,利用地震属性分析技术和地震反演技术,寻找砂砾岩扇体并确定其分布边界.预测结果,在陡坡带边界断层附近发现了新的砂砾岩扇体,在深凹区过渡带发现了浊积砂体,均为有利的油气聚集区,经钻探获得了良好效果,对陡坡带砂砾岩体的勘探起到 较好的指导作用.图3参10     

GEOLOGY, GEOMORPHOLOGY, AND PETEROLEUM POSSIBILITES OF THE EL GODO AREA, IQUIQUE, CHILE

The presence of solid bitumen in the EI Godo area of Tarapacá province, northern Chile, has been known for centuries but, from a petroleum viewpoint, the region has been little studied. A major deterrent to exploration has been the presence of volcanic accumulations in the objective section, a marine Jurassic sequence more than 3, 000 m thick, which has been intruded by some younger silicic plutons. Objectives older than the Jurassic are unknown but may be present, especially in the deep part of the Jurassic basins and in the offshore.
Two basins are present with a total prospective area of about 20,000 sq. kms. They contain shale and carbonate source rocks, shale and evaporite seals, and probable reservoir rocks (carbonates, terrigenous clastics, breccias). Anticlines, formed during the Nevadan orogeny, are present. The widespread presence of bitumen in outcrops indicates that oil has been generated. The western basin has thick syndepositional volcanics, and is the less attractive of the two basins. The eastern basin is nearly free of volcanic rocks and is a prime prospect.
An ancient. deeply-weathered, igneous rock mass forms a basement ridge that separates the two basins. This ridge apparently is an extension of the Precambrian Arequipa massif of southern coastal Peru. Possibly this massif was exposed at times during the Jurassic, supplying quartz detritus at least to the coastal and offshore basins.
Karst phenomena, unrecognised before 1957 and almost unnoticed in the literature of this huge desert region, are widespread. The landforms are mature in the west. where poljes dominate, and very youthful in the east, where dolines (sinkholes) are dominant. The landscape east of the Coastal Range at Iquique has a fossil, inactive karst, but north of there, karst development is still active. The karst phenomena are related in only a general way to the structures known to underlie the area.     

EXPLORATION RESULTS, MACHETE AREA, ORINOCO OIL BELT, VENEZUELA

The Machete Area covers 23,610 sq. km (9,116 sq. miles), of the Orinoco Oil Belt in Venezuela. Based on exploration data from 30 old and 74 new wells, the volume of heavy and extra-heavy crude oil in-place is estimated to be 40 B cu. m (255 B brl), ** of which 4 B cu.m (22.5 B brl) are in future potentially recoverable; some 62 B cu.m (2.2 T cu. ft) of natural gas may also be recovered. Drill depths to the base of the producing section vary from 518 to 1,220 m. Net oil sand reaches 116 m in thickness for Tertiary reservoirs, and 46 m for Cretaceous ones. The crude oils average 1,022 kg/cu.m (7° API), and have a content of sulphur and various metallic elements typical of similar crudes; viscosities are slightly higher than in the rest of the Belt.
Production rates of up to 20 cu. m/d (140 b/d) on pump may be increased ten-fold by steam injection. Dry natural gas flows of 450 cu.m/d are common. The principal geological factors controlling the Machete accumulations differ from those in adjacent areas, and consist of the subsurface extension of the El Baúl Arch which has controlled sand-shale facies, pinch-out lines and structural-stratigraphic trapping of the heavy crude oils and natural gas.     

N,N,N′,N′-四烯丙基乙二胺的合成与表征

实验以乙二胺、烯丙基氯和碱为原料,分二步合成了N,N,N′,N′-四烯丙基乙二胺(TAEDA)。考察了乙二胺、烯丙基氯和碱的摩尔比、反应温度、反应时间和相转移催化剂用量等因素对TAEDA收率的影响。合成TAEDA较佳工艺条件为:第一步,n(乙二胺):n(烯丙基氯):n(碱)=1:2.2:2.1,反应温度60℃,反应时间6 h。第二步,烯丙基氯和碱的用量与第一步相同,反应温度70℃,反应时间9 h,相转移催化剂的加入量为烯丙基氯质量的1.8%;反应后将所得水相和低沸点馏分返回参加下一轮反应,TAEDA收率由69.75%提高至79.29%。     

QPQ表面处理技术及提高工具耐冲蚀性能试验研究

为了提高海洋石油用井下工具的耐磨和耐冲蚀性能,采用理论和试验方法,开展了4145材质的QPQ表面处理技术的应用研究和耐冲蚀性能试验研究。结果表明:在模拟现场压裂作业工况(高砂比、大排量)下,QPQ处理工具的平均冲蚀厚度约3 mm,QPQ处理的工具较磷化处理的工具有较高的耐腐蚀性能和良好的自润滑性能。QPQ处理后的整套压裂工具在渤海油田某井成功应用,满足压裂作业的要求。