宏基因组学技术研究剑南春糟醅细菌多样性特征

利用宏基因组学对剑南春同一窖池不同层糟醅细菌16SrRNA的V4区进行高通量测序,结合数据分析软件对细菌微生物群落进行了多样性分析。按发酵窖池糟醅层从上到下,细菌群落多样性和丰富度逐渐降低。门、科、属水平上各层糟醅优势细菌类别一致,但在丰度上存在差异,其它丰度较低的微生物在不同糟层的分布也各不一样。结果表明同一窖池不同糟层的细菌微生物组成结构存在差异,这些差异是造成各糟层白酒风味不同的重要原因。     

浓香型白酒发酵结束后不同层酒醅的微生物多样性分析

为研究浓香型白酒酒醅发酵结束时不同层酒醅中微生物多样性的不同,利用高通量测序研究了四川某著名浓香型酒厂出窖时面糟、上层、中层和下层糟微生物多样性。结果表明,出窖酒醅中绝对优势细菌是乳杆菌科(Lactobacillaceae),下层糟中普雷沃氏菌科(Prevotellaceae)细菌显著高于其它部位。假丝酵母属(Candida)、双足囊菌属(Dipodascus)与拟威克酵母属(Wickerhamiella)是出窖糟中的主要真菌,面糟中拟威克酵母属和念珠菌属(Moniliella)丰度较上中下层糟高。     

荧光定量PCR在研究白酒发酵糟醅优势菌中的应用

耐酸乳杆菌和伊萨酵母属分别是白酒发酵过程中糟醅细菌群落和真菌群落的优势菌,在发酵过程中起着非常重要的作用,与白酒质量息息相关。采用荧光定量的方法研究了不同发酵时期、不同窖池部位糟醅中耐酸乳杆菌和东方伊萨酵母的数量。结果表明,同一发酵时期同一窖池位置的耐酸乳杆菌数量都高于东方伊萨酵母;在同一发酵时期靠近窖壁糟醅中耐酸乳杆菌和东方伊萨酵母的数量均比窖池中部的多,在窖池同一位置发酵中期耐酸乳杆菌和东方伊萨酵母的数量也均比发酵后期数量多。为进一步深入研究及控制发酵过程提供了数据支持。     

用DGGE方法初步解析浓香型大曲微生物群落结构

以沱牌酒厂地面曲和架子曲为研究对象,将地面曲和架子曲的曲皮和曲心微生物总DNA进行了细菌V3区、古菌V7～V8区和真菌18S rDNA片段扩增后,利用DGGE及Quantity Qne软件分析,同时对大曲真菌DGGE图谱中主要优势条带进行克隆测序。结果表明,曲内微生物群落结构主要因大曲的不同部位而有所差异,制曲方式占次要地位。从2种曲中均检测出了嗜热真菌丝衣霉状篮状菌(Talaromyces byssochlamydoides)及入窖粮糟中也存在孢圆酵母(Torulaspora)。     

双轮底发酵酒醅加曲试验总结

在白酒发酵双轮底工艺中。对双轮底发酵酒醅进行加曲与不加曲试验,共进行了两轮试验,每轮试验中挑选四个窖池,两个试验窖两个对照窖。通过试验证实：西凤调味酒生产采用双轮底发酵有利于提高酒的质量。双轮底酒醅宜添加大曲继续发酵为好。     

不同入窖酸度对浓香型白酒发酵的影响

对不同入窖酸度的浓香型白酒糟醅进行研究,并分析了发酵过程中的糟醅理化参数和出窖糟醅的感官品质,结果发现,不同入窖酸度对浓香型白酒糟醅的发酵参数影响较大,其中入窖酸度在1.8～1.9间的窖池的各理化指标都明显优于其他几个窖池,且出窖糟的感官质量较好,为入窖酸度的优化研究提供理论基础。     

浓香型白酒窖池糟醅原核微生物区系的分类研究

为了探讨中国传统白酒窖池糟醅中的原核微生物区系的构成及变化,运用PCR扩增技术和16SrDNA序列同源性分析等方法测定糟醅中原核微生物的16SrDNA基因全序列,根据与基因数据库中相似菌群16SrDNA序列的同源性,分析窖池糟醅中原核微生物的生理特性和区系分布。结果发现,发酵60d的浓香型白酒糟醅中,真细菌主要分为6个菌群：低GKmol％革兰氏阳性菌、高G Cmol％革兰氏阳性放线菌群、革兰氏阴性拟杆菌群、革兰氏阴性变形杆菌群、革兰氏阳性纤毛菌群和耵Ⅵ7门,其中β-变形杆菌群约占窖池糟醅中原核微生物的80％;古菌主要为产甲烷古细菌,包括Methanoculleus群和Methanospirillum群。通过不同窖池的比较分析得出,微生物的多样性与窖池微生态密切相关。     

双轮底发酵工艺对特香型基础酒风味影响的研究

该实验通过将双轮底发酵工艺应用于特香型白酒酿造生产中,研究了双轮底发酵工艺对不同糟醅层的特香型基酒风味物质成分的影响。结果表明,双轮底发酵工艺窖池产量为171 kg,比对照窖池低15.8%;双轮底发酵工艺总酯含量为8.27 g/L,比对照丟糟样品高49.8%,两者的总酸含量没有显著性差异（P＞0.05）;双轮底发酵工艺高级醇含量低于对照丟糟样品;双轮底发酵工艺乙酸、乳酸、甲醇、异戊醛以及大部分酯类物质含量显著高于对照丟糟样品（P＜0.05）。双轮底工艺白酒绵甜感、糟香味以及辣感与对照丟糟样品相比较为突出,两者的窖泥味都比较明显;对照丟糟样品酸味更显著,原料糟和对照混合样的口感更加协调。     

浓香型白酒容器及窖池发酵糟醅动态因子变化及白酒品质研究

对浓香型白酒糟醅进行容器和窖池发酵,并对发酵糟醅的常规理化指标、微生物指标、主要香气成分、白酒品质进行对比分析,探讨窖外发酵的可能性。结果表明,容器和窖池发酵糟醅的可培养好氧细菌、酵母和霉菌、温度、水分、酸度、还原糖、淀粉、酒精度、四大酯、三大酸在发酵过程中变化趋势基本相同,均呈先增加后降低的趋势;除己酸乙酯含量差异较大外,其余物质含量差异不大,窖池发酵糟醅己酸乙酯最大值为0.13 g/L,容器发酵糟醅为0.11 g/L。窖池和容器发酵糟醅酒精度在25 d均达峰值,分别为6.7%vol、6.0%vol。窖池发酵二段酒的感官评价优于容器发酵酒,但容器发酵酒的大多数香气成分含量稍高于窖池发酵酒,特别是己酸乙酯含量为窖池发酵酒醅的1.4倍,但二者都能体现浓香型白酒风格。因此,进行窖外容器发酵是可行的。     

水井坊窖底泥微生物群落结构的DGGE分析

为了补充和验证研究浓香型白酒不同窖泥的微生物群落特征分析,该研究采用DGGE技术对水井坊酒厂窖龄分别为50及150年相同窖池不同部位窖底泥（三点取样法）进行细菌、古菌和真菌微生物群落特征分析。研究结果显示：50年和150年窖龄窖泥的微生物群落的演替特征和分布特征具有一定相似性,进一步验证了50年可能是窖池微生态发生较大变化的一个分界线这一推测的准确性;不同部位的窖底泥的微生物群落结构具有一定的差异性,因此在今后对窖底泥的实验研究中,采用多点取样法进行分析。     

Changes in smoking prevalence in Ukraine in 2001-5

Objectives

To analyse trends in smoking prevalence in Ukraine from three surveys conducted in 2001–5, and to explore correlates of observed changes, in order to estimate the stage of tobacco epidemic in Ukraine.

Design

Repeated national interview surveys in Ukraine in 2001, 2002 and 2005.

Main outcome measure

Prevalence of current smoking among the population aged ⩾15 years.

Results

The age‐standardised prevalence of current smoking in Ukrainian men was 54.8% in 2001 and 66.8% in 2005. Among Ukrainian women, prevalence increased from 11.5% in 2001 to 20.0% in 2005. ORs for yearly increase in prevalence were estimated as 1.164 (95% CI 1.111 to 1.220) for men and 1.187 (1.124 to 1.253) for women, which implies that, on average, 3–4% of men and 1.5–2% of women living in Ukraine join the smoking population each year.

Conclusions

In Ukraine, smoking prevalence is increasing in most population groups. Among men, the medium deprivation group with secondary education has the highest smoking prevalence. Among women, while the most educated, young and those living in larger cities are the leading group for tobacco use, other groups are also increasing their tobacco use. Tobacco promotion efforts appear to have been significantly more effective in Ukraine than smoking control efforts. The decrease in real cigarette prices in Ukraine in 2001–5 could be the main factor explaining the recent growth in smoking prevalence.Ukraine is a large eastern European country with high smoking prevalence. Tobacco products are widely available at very low prices, and the transnational tobacco industry is extremely successful in promoting its products and lobbying for its interests in the legislative field. Advocacy of tobacco control has only recently achieved some success in the legislative field, with the first tobacco control law being adopted in late 2005. Ukraine ratified the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control in 2006, but there is still much cause for concern regarding the enforcement and effectiveness of the adopted legislative measures. Unfortunately, the government is not yet involved in nationwide surveillance of the tobacco problem, and the available data have mostly been gathered with funding from foreign donors. Several attempts have been made to measure the extent of the tobacco epidemic in the countries of the former Soviet Union (FSU).^{1,2,3,4,5,6,7} Most of these studies have shown rather high smoking prevalence among men (50–70%) and comparatively low prevalence among women (5–20%). Most countries in the FSU have similar smoking rates, while certain trends are shown to be related to the differences in how the transnational tobacco industry succeeds in every national tobacco market.⁶ Unfortunately, few studies have been published showing trends in smoking prevalence in the FSU.⁷ In Ukraine, two studies^3,4 provided point estimates of smoking prevalence.The aim of this study was to analyse trends in smoking prevalence in Ukraine, on the basis of three surveys conducted in 2001–5, and to explore correlates of observed changes in order to estimate the stage of the tobacco epidemic in Ukraine.     

2010年河南省部分食品中重金属污染状况分析

了解河南省部分食品中重金属污染的现状。方法 在河南省18个省辖市采集8大类3 657份食品样品,按照国家标准检测食品中铅、镉和汞的含量,检测结果按照GB 2762—2012《食品安全国家标准食品中污染物限量》进行评价。结果 河南省部分食品中铅含量的平均值为0.34 mg/kg,总体超标率为8.8%(320/3 656),其中粮食、肉类和蔬菜中超标率较高,分别为17.2%(95/552)、14.5%(85/587)和10.7%(57/534);部分食品中镉含量的平均值为0.054 mg/kg,总体超标率为3.9%(143/3 657),其中食用菌和蛋类中超标率较高,分别为9.6%(49/508)和8.1%(42/518);部分食品中汞含量的平均值为0.077 mg/kg,总体超标率为8.3%(303/3 657),其中蔬菜和粮食中超标率较高,分别为25.3%(135/534)和12.3%(68/551)。结论 河南省部分食品中铅、汞污染情况较为严重,其中粮食、蔬菜和肉类食品中污染情况尤为突出,需要加强监管。     

Content of selenium in fishes,caught in lakes in Buriatia

Study of selenium accumulation by fish of Buryatia shows relatively high accumulation level for the Baikal lake (213-513 mcg/kg) contrary to the lakes of Baunt and Selenginsk regions of the republic (84-227 mcg/kg). Selenium deficiency in Baunt region is also confirmed by low selenium levels in meat of native origin (39-95 mcg/kg). Among different tissues and organs the lowest selenium levels are typical for muscles, the value increasing in the row: muscle < skin < air bladder < scales < fin < liver < roe.     

Moulds and mycotoxins in sorghum stored in traditional containers in India

Various traditional containers have been used in India for storage of sorghum grains. Sorghum is susceptible to fungal infestation and toxin elaboration. The present study relates to the mould and mycotoxin contamination (aflatoxin B₁ and T-2 toxin) in stored sorghum in different storage containers viz. “Kotlu” (Storage rooms), earthenware pots, gunny bags and reed baskets. Aspergillus sp. and Fusarium sp. were the prominent genera and the “Kotlu” form of storage was most susceptible to fungal attack. Storage treatment had little effect on fungal contamination, but despite the fungal infestation, the mycotoxin contamination was found to be very low.     

中国固态发酵白酒中功能细菌研究进展

细菌是白酒酿造3大类微生物之一,其在白酒生产中有着重要的作用,如:芽孢杆菌、乳酸菌、放线菌和梭菌等,它们能产生酯类、有机酸、吡嗪、萜烯等微量成分,从而影响白酒的风味与品质。基于细菌在白酒中的重要功能以及微生物分离培养技术和分析检测技术的进步,近年来相关研究越来越深入。该文综述了近年来白酒功能细菌的研究进展,介绍了酿酒各个环节中主要功能细菌及其在白酒中的作用,旨在为白酒功能细菌的研究提供参考。