倾角及加热功率对乙烷脉动热管传热性能的影响

为了研究脉动热管在中低温区的传热性能,设计了一台乙烷脉动热管,采用低温Stirling制冷机为冷源。实验研究了在不同温区范围内,加热功率和倾角两个因素对乙烷脉动热管传热性能的影响。研究结果显示：在－40℃和－70℃温区,当倾角小于45°时,倾角对传热温差的影响较小,而倾角在45°～90°之间时,随着倾角的增大,传热温差呈明显上升趋势。在较低加热功率下,倾角对传热温差的影响较小,在较高加热功率时,倾角对传热温差的影响较大。实验还发现在同一倾角下,随着加热功率的增加,传热温差逐渐增大,传热热阻呈现出先减小后增大的趋势。     

蒸汽在过冷液体喷雾上直接接触相变换热过程实验研究

以水为工质,通过实验研究了饱和水蒸汽与过冷水喷雾逆流直接接触冷凝换热过程,考察了不同入口液相温度下液膜厚度及破碎长度变化、液膜轴向及径向的温度分布;基于实验数据计算出了液膜局部传热系数及总传热系数。实验研究的结果表明,直接接触冷凝换热过程中,低入口液相温度时的液膜厚度和破碎长度更大;液膜在径向方向上存在温度梯度变化,液膜表面的温度较高,中心存在1个最低温度;随着液膜运动轴向距离的增大,液膜温度逐渐升高,喷嘴出口处液膜的温升最快,在整个喷雾的冷凝换热过程中,液膜温升占喷雾换热总温升的80%～85%,因此相比液滴,液膜起主要换热作用;喷嘴出口处的局部传热系数最大,并随着轴向距离增大逐渐减小。实验得到总传热系数的值远大于传统的膜状冷凝传热系数,体现了蒸汽-过冷液体喷雾这类直接接触换热方式的优势。     

印刷电路板式换热器内超临界甲烷流动换热特性模拟

印刷电路板式换热器（printed circuit heat exchanger,PCHE）作为一种新型高效微通道换热器,将其应用在LNG浮式储存与气化装置（FSRU）上具有非常大的潜力。对超临界甲烷在PCHE通道中的流动和传热特性进行了数值模拟,结果表明：传热系数随温度先增大后减小,并在准临界温度（202～212 K）处达到峰值;压降随温度先保持不变,然后在准临界温度附近急剧上升,之后随温度增大的趋势变缓;当温度在准临界温度附近时,低质流密度下增大热通量会恶化传热;不同压力下传热系数均在准临界温度处达到峰值;温度低于准临界温度时,压力对压降的影响可以忽略,温度高于准临界温度时,压降随压力增大而显著降低;压力由6.4M Pa提高到8.5 MPa时,传热最大降低32.5%,压降最大降低28.5%;开发的换热和压降关联式平均误差分别为5.6%和4.2%。     

液氮温区Ω形轴向槽道热管的启动特性与传热性能

基于空间深低温热传输需求设计了一套带有常温储气库的氮工质Ω形轴向槽道热管,并对其启动特性和传热性能进行实验研究,对比了槽道热管在不同充液率和放置角度下的传热性能。结果发现：热管在常温下启动迅速,绝热段及蒸发段在冷凝段降温至液氮温区后可以在短时间内降温,热管均温性良好。槽道热管能够在70~110K温度范围内高效传热,热阻随运行温度和热负荷的上升而减小。热管的充液率为100%时其传热性能最优,过大或过小会使得热管传热性能下降。储气库结构可以减小热管工作温度变化对其充液率的影响,利于其在更大的温度范围内获得更好的传热性能。热管的放置形态对其传热性能有显著影响,不同的放置形态会影响热管的传热极限和传热热阻。当热源处于蒸发段管线下端时性能最优,最大传输功率为45W,热阻最低为0.31K/W。     

基于流股虚拟温度综合大规模多流股换热器网络

Effective temperature level of stream, namely stream pseudo temperature, is determined by its actual temperature and heat transfer temperature difference contribution value. Heat transfer temperature difference contribution value of a stream depends on its heat transfer film coefficient, cost per unit heat transfer area, actual temperature, and so on. In the determination of the suitable heat transfer temperature difference contribution values of the stream, the total annual cost of multistream heat exchanger network （MSHEN） is regarded as an objective function, and genetic/simulated annealing algorithm （GA/SA） is adopted for optimizing the heat transfer temperature difference contribution values of the stream. The stream pseudo temperatures are subsequently obtained. On the basis of stream pseudo temperature, optimized MSHEN can be attained by the temperature-enthalpy （T-H） diagram method. This approach is characterized with fewer decision variables and higher feasibility of solutions. The calculation efficiency of GA/SA can be remarkably enhanced by this approach and more probability is shown in searching the global optimum solution. Hence this approach is presented for solving industrial-sized MSHEN which is difficult to deal by traditional algorithm. Moreover, in the optimization of stream heat transfer temperature difference contribution values, the effects of the stream temperature, the heat transfer film coefficient, and the construction material of heat exchangers are considered, therefore this approach can be used to optimize and design heat exchanger network （HEN） with unequal heat transfer film coefficients and different of construction materials. The performance of the proposed approach has been demonstrated with three examples and the obtained solutions are compared with those available in literatures. The results show that the large-scale MSHEN synthesis problems can be solved to obtain good solutions with the modest computational effort.     

翅片重力热管传热性能实验研究

热管是一种利用工质相变传热，具有传热温差小、热响应速度快、换热量大等优点的传热元件。为研究翅片重力热管的传热性能，实验测试了翅片重力热管与平板重力热管（铝-丙酮工质）的传热性能，比较了其瞬态热响应速率，获得了翅片与平板重力热管在蒸发段不同电功率稳定加热条件下表面温度沿高度方向的变化规律，计算了平板热管的等效热导率，并与铝板测量结果进行了对比。结果表明：重力热管传热速度快、表面均温效果好，热导率随功率的增大先升高后降低，整体上热导率高达纯铝的84~258倍，翅片热管相比于平板热管具有更好的均温性和散热效果，在建筑供暖、车载电池散热、余热利用等领域具有广泛的应用前景。     

盐浴螺旋盘管式焦炉上升管余热回收装置传热性能试验

对盐浴螺旋盘管式结构的焦炉上升管高温荒煤气余热回收装置进行了以烟气代替荒煤气的传热性能模拟试验,得到了上升管余热回收装置螺旋盘管环形套筒的外壁温度分布、上升管内烟气侧的传热系数、环形套筒内螺旋盘管外盐浴的自然对流传热系数等试验研究结果。结果表明,装置螺旋盘管环形套筒的外壁温度分布并非均匀,随上升管内烟气温度的升高而波动增大;烟气侧对流传热系数在Re数高于2900后随Re数的增大而明显上升;螺旋盘管外盐浴的自然对流传热系数随熔盐温度的升高几乎不变。根据试验结果拟合出环形套筒内螺旋盘管外盐浴的自然对流传热关联式,为实际的工程应用提供参考。     

脉动热管间协同耦合强化传热特性实验分析

引言 脉动热管是一种新型热管,其结构简单、可以实现高热流密度传热,在电子元器件的冷却及航天领域极具发展潜力,由Akachi于20世纪90年代最早提出.现有的脉动热管技术只是将单个热管应用到传热领域,从自激振荡流热管的工作原理可以看出,要进一步强化其热量传递过程有2个基本途径:一是强化管内汽-液介质与管壁之间的传热;二是提高其振荡频率和运行的循环动力.     

蒸发温度对水平正反齿压花齿型肋管池沸腾换热的影响

随着节能减排的大力推广,管外沸腾强化传热技术得到了广泛的研究和发展。设计建立了水平双侧强化管管外沸腾试验系统,以R134a为循环工质试验研究了不同热通量工况下,蒸发温度对正反齿压花齿型三维肋管池沸腾换热特性影响,并结合试验结果分析探讨了其理论描述方法。结果表明:蒸发传热系数随蒸发温度变化趋势线的斜率随热通量呈现非线性变化;在同一蒸发温度下,管表面传热系数均随热通量单调递增,但增长率随热通量增加而逐步降低;回归分析获得不同热通量下蒸发温度对正反齿压花齿型蒸发管表面传热系数影响的统一表达式;等热通量工况强化传热因子在热通量超过10kW·m^-2后升至2以上,在热通量接近20kW·m^-2时达到极大值2.588,但在热通量接近5kW·m^-2时接近1;蒸发温度及其与热通量合同对正反齿压花齿型蒸发管表面传热系数的作用机理与理论描述方法有待进一步深入研究。     

管间高粘度流体的有效传热温差缓变特性

通过数值模拟,研究了85%甘油在旋流片支撑光滑管管束间纵向流动的传热与流阻特性,并与无支撑光滑管束的纵向流动进行了对比,揭示了高粘度流体置换类强化传热方法的有效传热温差缓变特性机理。研究结果表明,层流时,小扭率与大角度旋流片支撑的光滑管管束的传热综合性能更佳,旋流片支撑光滑管管束在有旋流片段可以通过提高有效传热系数与增加有效传热温差的双重途径提高传热速率,而在旋流片下游段则可以利用有效传热温差的缓变特性继续维持较大的传热速率,从而能避免过多的流体置换次数,极大幅度的降低了流体的输送功耗。     

逆向传热

对换热器设计中经常遇到,同时又易于忽略的温度交叉和逆向传热进行了深入的探讨并指出其弊病。通过换热器的严格法计算机模拟,对某烃-水换热器,完成规定的热负荷;若采用单台换热器,存在6.5℃的温度交叉,需面积229m2,若采用2台串联,既避免了逆向传热,面积还降低到78m2。通过对于最常用的3类换热器分析得到以下结论:由于存在逆向传热的风险以及对数平均温差校正因子过低,单壳程、双管程换热器不允许存在温度交叉;而对于单壳程、单管程和双壳程、双管程2类换热器,允许存在温度交叉,且无逆向传热之虞。最后指出了解决逆向传热的方法。     

Non-equilibrium thermodynamic analysis of coupled heat and moisture transfer across a membrane

Non-equilibrium thermodynamics theory is used to analyze the transmembrane heat and moisture transfer process, which can be observed in a membrane-type total heat exchanger (THX). A theoretical model is developed to simulate the coupled heat and mass transfer across a membrane, total coupling equations and the expressions for the four characteristic parameters including the heat transfer coefficient, molar-driven heat transfer coefficient, thermal-driven mass transfer coefficient, and mass transfer coefficient are derived and provided, with the Onsager’s reciprocal relation being confirmed to verify the rationality of the model. Calculations are conducted to investigate the effects of the membrane property and air state on the coupling transport process. The results show that the four characteristic parameters directly affect the transmembrane heat and mass fluxes: the heat and mass transfer coefficients are both positive, meaning that the temperature difference has a positive contribution to the heat transfer and the humidity ratio difference has a positive contribution to the mass transfer. The molar-driven heat transfer and thermal-driven mass transfer coefficients are both negative, implying that the humidity ratio difference acts to reduce the heat transfer and the temperature difference works to diminish the mass transfer. The mass transfer affects the heat transfer by 1%–2% while the heat transfer influences the mass transfer by 7%–14%. The entropy generation caused by the temperature difference-induced heat transfer is much larger than that by the humidity difference-induced mass transfer.     

Heat transfer characteristics of high temperature molten salt for storage of thermal energy

The heat transfer characteristics of molten salt for the storage of thermal energy were investigated. The temperature profiles and heat transfer coefficients during the storage and discharge stages were obtained with steam as the heat transfer fluid. Two kinds of inorganic salt were employed as the storage medium and two types of heat exchanger were tested in order to find the effect of heat exchanger configuration on the heat storage. The effects of the steam flow rates, the flow direction of steam in the storage tank, the temperature of the heat transfer fluid and the initial temperature of the discharge tank on the heat transfer were obtained and analyzed.     

高温热管翅的传热性能分析

对目前国内长度最短的与最长的高温热管翅进行传热性能比较。试验结果表明,两根高温热管翅具有相似的起动温度曲线,起动温度均比理论值高出约30℃左右;理论分析发现,高温热管翅主要受到声速传热极限和携带传热极限的制约;进一步研究表明,最长高温热管翅的传热系数值约是最短高温热管翅的10倍。     

A numerical study of supercritical forced convective heat transfer of n-heptane inside a horizontal miniature tube

Supercritical convective heat transfer of hydrocarbon propellants plays a key role in the regenerative cooling technology development in aerospace applications. In this paper, a numerical study of the supercritical forced convective heat transfer of a typical hydrocarbon fuel, n-heptane, has been conducted based on a complete set of conservation equations of mass, momentum, and energy with accurate evaluations of the thermophysical properties. The present fundamental numerical study focuses on the effects of many key parameters, including the inlet pressure, inlet velocity, wall heat flux, and the inlet fluid temperature, on the supercritical heat transfer processes. Results indicate that under supercritical heat transfer processes, heat transfer deterioration could occur once the wall temperature or the fluid temperature in a large near-wall region reaches the pseudo-critical temperature, and increasing the fluid pressure would enhance heat transfer. The conventional empirical Gnielinski expression could only be used for supercritical heat transfer predictions of n-heptane under very limited operational conditions. It is found in the present numerical study that a supercritical heat transfer expression for CO₂, H₂O, and HCFC-22 applications can generally be employed for predicting the supercritical heat transfer coefficient of n-heptane when the inlet velocity is higher than 10 m/s.     

浸没燃烧式气化器的运行特性及优化

建立了浸没燃烧式气化器(SCV)传热管的传热计算模型,给出了计算流程,并且通过实际运行参数验证了模型的准确性。基于该模型计算分析了某型SCV额定工况时管内外的温升曲线以及传热系数曲线;讨论了LNG流量、入口参数以及壁面污垢热阻对水浴温度的影响;根据计算结果提出了加装管内扰流装置以强化传热,当管内传热强化系数为3.0时可在原结构基础上使水浴温度降低14.8℃,或在水浴温度保持不变的条件下减少23%的传热面积。     

超临界压力水在垂直上升内螺纹管中的传热特性

在压力22.5～30 MPa,质量流速430～1200 kg·m^-2·s^-1,内壁热负荷284～719 kW·m^-2范围内,对超临界压力水在均匀加热垂直上升内螺纹管内的传热特性进行了实验研究,得到了内螺纹管内超临界压力水的传热特性,分析了压力、热负荷和质量流速变化对内螺纹管壁温及传热系数的影响,探讨了拟临界区的传热机理,并给出了能用于工程实际的传热实验关联式。实验结果表明：垂直上升内螺纹管中超临界水具有良好的传热特性。在低焓值区内螺纹管壁温随焓增平缓增加,而在高焓值区壁温随焓增的升高明显。由于热物性的剧烈变化,超临界水在拟临界焓值区发生了明显的传热强化。压力与热负荷的增大以及质量流速的减小均会导致内螺纹管壁温的升高和传热系数的减小,使得传热强化现象削弱,甚至出现传热恶化。     

换热器壳程进出口折流区传热温差损失分析

对管壳式换热器壳程进出口折流区的传热温差作了分析,以换热器热流体与冷流体的出口温度比例α表征换热器的换热深度,探讨了换热器换热深度与长径比的关系。采用流路分析方法,对换热器壳程折流区域的传热性能进行了数学分析,并与纯逆流情况作了对比。结果表明:换热器折流区域的传热温差较逆流区域传热温差的偏离量会随α的改变而产生变化,为避免偏移量过大应控制折流区域面积占总传热面积的比例。α1时,为使传热温差偏移小于5%应使折流区域面积占总传热面积的比例小于0.6/R1 a,c。揭示了现有换热器结构大型化之后难以实现α1的原因,并给出一种可以改进传统大型管壳式换热器长径比锐减、换热深度受限的有效结构——壳程多通道结构。     

Modeling filtered heat transfer model by considering dimensionless temperature difference between gas and solid phases

Computational fluid dynamics–discrete element method is used to simulate gas–solid flows with heat transfer. The strategy of repetitively resetting the gas phase temperature is adopted to maintain the temperature difference between the gas and solid phases. The difference between the heat transfer characteristics produced by this strategy and the traditional heat source method is analyzed. It is found that heat transfer in dense regions is artificially enhanced by the heat source method. Therefore, the results obtained by the temperature reset method are filtered to develop a three-marker model for the filtered interphase heat transfer coefficient (IHTC). In the developed model, the filtered gas–solid temperature difference is nondimensionalized by the average gas–solid temperature difference in surrounding grids, which is shown to have an impact on the filtered IHTC. The developed model is demonstrated to be effective and accurate in both a prior and a posterior tests.     

垂直上升内螺纹管内流动沸腾传热特性

在压力9～22 MPa,质量流速450～2000 kg·m^-2·s^-1,内壁热负荷200～700 kW·m^-2的参数范围内,试验研究了用于1000 MW超超临界锅炉φ28.6 mm×5.8 mm垂直上升内螺纹水冷壁管内汽水流动沸腾传热。研究表明：内螺纹管内壁螺纹的漩流作用可抑制偏离核态沸腾（DNB）传热恶化,内螺纹管在高干度区发生蒸干型（DO）传热恶化。增大质量流速可推迟壁温飞升,壁温飞升幅度随质量流速增大而降低。热负荷越大管壁温越高,随热负荷增大管壁壁温飞升提前,且传热恶化后壁温飞升值增大。随着压力增加,壁温飞升发生干度值减小。内螺纹管汽水流动沸腾传热系数呈π形分布,传热系数峰值出现在汽水沸腾区。文中还给出了亚临界压力区内螺纹管单相区和汽水沸腾区的传热系数试验关联式。