A New Type of Combined Element Multiband Frequency Selective Surface

It is well known that a multiband frequency selective surface (FSS) can be obtained by arranging multiple simple apertures in a periodic array. However, this simple combination can not achieve a perfect resonance response in a wide band due to the restriction of the grating lobe frequency determined by the array. A new type of element, the multiperiodicity combined element (MPCE), is presented to solve this problem. Its feasibility on restraining the grating lobes is proven by numerical experiments and theoretical analysis. The electromagnetic performance of the MPCEs was studied. The results show that the MPCE FSSs have much weaker grating lobes than the traditional FSSs and their frequency performance can be well predicted through the properties of the member element FSSs. An approximate formula for predicting the transmission coefficients of the grating lobes is provided.      

Novel waveguide filters with multiple attenuation poles using dual-behavior resonance of frequency-selective surfaces

This paper develops novel waveguide filters consisting of frequency-selective surfaces (FSSs) in order to realize both the drastic size reduction and multiple attenuation poles in stopbands at both sides of passband. The FSS provides not only a passband but also attenuation-pole frequencies in stopbands since the FSS has both the aperture-element and the patch-element behaviors. In the present design method, the shape of each FSS is designed by a genetic algorithm so that the resonant curve of FSS can be fitted to that obtained from an equivalent-circuit approach. By using such FSSs and quarter-wavelength waveguides, a bandpass filter with six attenuation poles like an elliptic-function filter has been constructed. Furthermore, a technique of the size reduction by controlling adequately the resonant response of each FSS is presented. In this filter, the FSSs are closely located at the interval of the length much shorter than a quarter wavelength. It is shown from the design example that the half longitudinal length of the former example can be obtained, keeping both the passband response and attenuation poles in stopbands. The effectiveness of the waveguide filters with FSSs is validated by good agreement between the calculated and the measured results.     

A New Technique for Design of Low-Profile, Second-Order, Bandpass Frequency Selective Surfaces

In this study, a new method for designing low profile frequency selective surfaces (FSS) with second-order bandpass responses is presented. The FSSs designed using this technique utilize non-resonant subwavelength constituting unit cells with unit cell dimensions and periodicities in the order of $0.15lambda _{0}$. It is demonstrated that using the proposed technique, second-order FSSs with an overall thickness of $lambda _{0}/30$ can be designed. This is considerably smaller than the thickness of second-order FSSs designed using traditional techniques and could be particularly useful at lower frequencies with long wavelengths. To facilitate the design of this structure, an equivalent circuit based synthesis method is also presented in this paper. Two bandpass FSS prototypes operating at X-band are designed, fabricated, and tested. A free space measurement setup is used to thoroughly characterize the frequency responses of these prototypes for both the TE and TM polarizations and various angles of incidence. The frequency responses of these structures are shown to have a relatively low sensitivity to the angle of incidence. Principles of operation, detailed design and synthesis procedure, and measurement results of two fabricated prototypes are presented and discussed in this paper.      

A Frequency Selective Surface With Miniaturized Elements

We demonstrate a new class of bandpass frequency selective surface (FSS), the building block of which, unlike the traditional FSSs, makes use of resonant dipole and slot structures that have dimensions much smaller than the operating wavelength. This design allows localization of bandpass characteristics to within a small area on the surface which in turn facilitates flexible spatial filtering for an arbitrary wave phasefront. The proposed FSS is made up of periodic array of metallic patches separated by thin air-gaps backed by a wire mesh having the same periodicity (Ltlambda). The array of metallic patches constitute a capacitive surface and the wire mesh a coupled inductive surface, which together act as a resonant structure in the path of an incident plane wave. Like traditional FSSs, the capacitive and inductive surfaces of the proposed FSS can easily be fabricated using printed circuit technology on both sides of microwave substrates. It is shown that by cascading such bandpass surfaces in a proper fashion, any arbitrary multipole filter or non-commensurate multiband response can be obtained. The frequency response of the proposed miniaturized-element frequency selective surface (MEFSS) is demonstrated for various incident angles and it is shown that one-pole designs are less sensitive than two-pole designs to the angle of incidence. Dual band designs are also possible based on two-pole designs, but are more sensitive to incident angle than single band designs because of their larger (in terms of wavelengths) spacing. Prototypes of single-pole and dual-pole MEFSSs are fabricated and tested in a waveguide environment at X-band frequencies and excellent agreements between the measured and simulated results are demonstrated     

Analysis and synthesis of multiband dual polarized parallel metallic strips FSS with a ring using WCIP method

In this paper parallel metallic strips FSSs with a ring are introduced and analyzed by the WCIP method for their simple modeling characterized by independent resonant frequencies due to its non-coupled metallic elements. Two FSS structures are manufactured and measured. A FSSs synthesis approach is presented and the curves relating the desired resonant frequencies to the FSS metallic elements lengths responsible of theses frequencies are plotted. To test the synthesis, approach the two manufactured FSSs frequency responses are taken as the desired ones and the proposed synthesis approach is used to determine the metallic strips and the ring lengths for the FSSs unit cell. WCIP results are compared to measurements and a good agreement is observed. For complex pattern FSS the resonant frequencies sources are not always easy to be determined. Thus an equivalent FSS based on metallic strips and a ring can be used maintaining the same frequency response in the limit of the proposed approach. The synthesis approach is used to determine its equivalent FSS structure of a published complex FSS pattern. WCIP method and HFSS software results of the equivalent FSS are compared to published measurements and a good agreement is recorded.     

双层FSS结构电性能研究

提出了一种研究不同栅格及单元外形并有介质加载的双层频率选择表面(FSS)电性能的理论分析方法.通过确定双层FSS之间介质内传输波和反射波分别对相应的FSS具有周期性而得到矢量Floquet传输模和衰减模表达形式,应用切向电磁场边界条件推导出一组耦合积分方程,利用矩量法求解得到结构的电磁特性.以Y形缝隙作为FSS谐振单元,计算结果表明,双层FSS结构通过层间电磁场衰减模的耦合能够修正频率响应曲线,电性能较单层有很大的改善.     

A Quasi-Elliptic Function Dual-Band Bandpass Filter Stacking Spiral-Shaped CPW Defected Ground Structure and Back-Side Coupled Strip Lines

A quasi-elliptic function dual-band bandpass filter (BPF) stacking spiral-shaped coplanar waveguide defected ground structure and back-side coupled strip lines is proposed, which allow two transmission paths to radio frequency signals. Each of them has quasi-elliptic characteristics and results in a respective passband. This can provide convenience to change one passband operating frequency independently of the other one. Several attenuation poles in the stopband are realized to improve the selectivity of the proposed BPF. Theoretical and experimental results with good agreement are presented     

Frequency selective surfaces on building materials ? air gap impact

It is demonstrated how frequency selective surfaces (FSSs) can be deployed on conventional building materials, so as the FSS frequency response is not affected by the building material. This effectively means that the two surfaces, the FSS and the building wall surface, will affect radio propagation independently based on their own characteristics. When FSSs are attached to building walls, they can suffer significant detuning, compared to free-standing frequency response, which appears to fade away as the air gap between the two surfaces increases. Simulations and anechoic chamber measurements demonstrate that a `break-point` air gap exists, beyond which the FSS response is not affected by the presence of the building wall.     

The effect of perturbating a frequency-selective surface and itsrelation to the design of a dual-band surface

A single-layer dual-band frequency selective surface (FSS) created by the perturbation of a single-band dipole array is studied. A simple algebraic formulation is derived to analyze both element and spacing perturbations. Guidelines are then proposed to allow dual-band FSSs to be designed with no anomalous behavior occurring in the two desired bandstop responses. Examples of unsuccessful and successful dual-band FSSs are calculated     

Controlled bandpass frequency-selective surfaces

Bandpass frequency-selective surfaces (FSSs) controlled by varactors and representing biperiodic lattices formed from slotted squares in a thin metallic screen are considered. Main factors affecting the FSS tuning range with different circuits for connection of control varactors are experimentally evaluated. Experimental results obtained by the waveguide method of measuring the transmission coefficient through samples of both individual FSS elements loaded with varactors of various types and lattices consisting of these elements at microwave frequencies are presented. Based on the measured data, attainable values of the relative tuning of the FSS resonance frequency are evaluated: f _max/f _min = 1.4 for control circuits with two MA46N120 low-capacitance varactors in each FSS element and f _max/f _min = 1.5 for control circuits with one VV857 medium-capacitance varactor.     

准椭圆函数带通滤波器的一般设计方法

介绍了准椭圆函数滤波器的一般设计方法,并给出了一种用于S频段、具有非对称传输零点、3阶同轴线型带通滤波器的设计实例,使用部分分式展开法综合出M矩阵,给出仿真模型和仿真结果.测试结果表明,该滤波器具有低插损、高阻带抑制等特点,设计方法切实可行.     

Y分形单元多频段FSS设计研究

为了设计圆极化多频段频率选择表面,我们提出Y分形单元。Y分形单元具有三个对称轴,比以前文献中提到的十字交叉形单元具有更好的圆极化特性。文中利用Ansoft公司的2.5D电磁仿真软件Designer对多种Y分形单元FSS作了分析,并对二阶分形单元FSS进行了实验测量,仿真结果与实验吻合。     

频率选择表面的等效电路设计方法综述

本文回顾了频率选择表面(FSS)等效电路的理论发展,分析了将其应用于提高FSS设计效率的必要条件,重点介绍了利用具有准集总电感和准集总电容效应的元件,依据等效电路设计实现一系列高性能带通、带阻、单频和多频FSS 的方法。理论和实测结果表明:这类FSS普遍具有极小的尺寸,良好的入射角和极化稳定性,而且谐振频率、带宽和极化特性独立可控;同时,单元结构参数和等效电路参数之间的解析关系式为FSS的快速优化提供了条件,从而为FSS 设计提供了从构建到优化的高效解决途径。     

基于SRR结构的多频带频率选择表面

为实现频率选择表面(FSS)的多频带特性,将开口谐振环(SRR)结构引入多频带FSS的设计中.基于等效电路和仿真模型分析了单个SRR的电磁谐振特性,及其作为FSS结构单元而产生的电磁耦合.最后,利用有限元仿真软件HFSS计算了理想状态下无穷大周期性结构的多频带FSS,并通过对FSS的传输和反射频谱研究,揭示这种FSS谐振频率与SRR结构基本几何参数的内部关系.     

Frequency-selective surfaces to enhance performance of broad-band reconfigurable arrays

We present a novel frequency-selective surface (FSS) design aimed at enhancing the performance of broad-band reconfigurable antenna apertures. In particular, reconfigurable printed dipole arrays are examined in the presence of a multilayer FSS. Of particular interest is the design of FSS structures whose reflection coefficient has prespecified phase response over a broad set of frequencies. Previous FSSs primarily considered designs on the basis of the reflection coefficient amplitude and were intended for radome applications rather than substrates. Designing FSSs subject to phase requirements is seen to require some compromise in the magnitude. Broad-band requirements also present us with a need for noncommensurate FSS designs.     

Frequency selective surfaces comprised of periodic arrays of two-turn square spiral shaped conductors

The scattering of electromagnetic waves from a frequency selective surfaces (FSSs) composed of a new two-turn square spiral shaped periodic structures are investigated by using modal expansion method. The moment method of Galerkin type is employed by expressing the current induced on the metallic surfaces in terms of Piecewise Sinusoidal (PWS) basis functions to determine the FSS structure reflection and transmission coefficients.     

The design of microstrip six-pole quasi-elliptic filter with linearphase response using extracted-pole technique

The development of microstrip filters has been in great demand due to the rapid growth of wireless communication systems in this decade. Quasi-elliptic response filters are very popular in communication systems because of their high selectivity, which is introduced by a pair of transmission zeros. A number of ways of implementing the quasi-elliptic response filter on microstrip have been studied over the last two decades, i.e., the cascaded quadruplet filter, canonical filter, and extracted-pole filter. However, there is very little information in the literature giving the design details for microstrip extracted-pole filters. In this paper, design equations of the extracted-pole filter for microstrip are reviewed. A new class of microstrip filter is also presented here. This class of filter will have a quasi-elliptic function response and at the same time linear phase in the passband. The linear phase of the filter is introduced by an in-phase cross coupling, while the transmission zero is realized using an extracted-pole technique. Experimental results, together with a theoretical comparison between the group delay of this design, and the conventional quasi-elliptic six-pole filter are also presented     

Tunable frequency-selective surfaces for beam-steering applications

First results from a study on tunable frequency-selective surfaces (FSSs) used for beam-steering applications are reported. In particular, the scattering response of a multilayer passband FSS based on varactorloaded rectangular slots has been investigated. Simulated and measured results show that tunable FSSs can be employed to locally control the phase of the transmitted field with limited amplitude losses.     

A miniaturized multilayer quasi-elliptic bandpass filter with aperture-coupled microstrip resonators

A four-pole quasi-elliptic function bandpass filter for a compact low-temperature cofired ceramic is proposed in this paper. The filter is constructed by the open-loop resonators and the miniaturized hairpin resonators that can be coupled through the apertures on the common ground plane, and the 0/spl deg/ feed structure adds two extra transmission zeros to the filter response. It is shown that the filter occupies a very small size. As a result, the proposed structure of the filter occupies a very small circuit area and has a good out-of band rejection.     

Ultrathin wideband slot and patch FSS elements with sharp band edge characteristics

ABSTRACT

Two diverse applications of FSS as bandpass and bandstop filters with wideband and sharp band edge characteristics are investigated in this paper. The proposed design comprised of a tapered tripole element in aperture and patch type printed on either side of a dielectric material to act as bandpass and bandstop filters respectively. The structures are ultrathin in design; structures comprise two metallic layers, isolated by single thin substrates with a thickness of 0.027λ. In the case of bandpass, the structure shows a relative bandwidth (?1 dB) of 8.87% with insertion loss better than 0.2 dB at normal incidence. Whereas, in the case of bandstop, it shows 24.36% (?10 dB). Further, the parametric analysis is performed for obtaining optimal performance. Both structures in the proposed form have spectacular application in bandpass filtering (slot FSS) and electromagnetic shielding (patch FSS). Further, two design techniques are presented namely dielectric encapsulation and substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) based FSS structures to develop a periodic structure to cater the high power handling in microwave sources. Finally, a fabricated prototype along with experimental verification proves the validity of simulated results.