Mesh design in finite element analysis of post-buckled delamination in composite laminates

The role of mesh design in the post-buckling analysis of delamination in composite laminates is addressed in this paper. The determination of the strain energy release rate (SERR) along the crack front is central to the analysis. Frequently, theoretical analysis is limited to treatment of the problem in two dimensions, since considerable complexity is encountered in extending the analysis to three dimensions. However, many practical problems of embedded delamination in composite laminates are inherently three-dimensional in nature. Although in such cases, the finite element (FE) method can be employed, there are some issues that must be examined more closely to ensure physically realistic models. One of these issues is the effect of mesh design on the determination of the local SERR along the delamination front. There are few studies that deal with this aspect systematically. In this paper, the effect of mesh design in the calculation of SERR in two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) FE analyses of the post-buckling behavior of embedded delaminations is studied and some guidelines on mesh design are suggested. Two methods of calculation of the SERR are considered: the virtual crack closure technique (VCCT) and crack closure technique (CCT). The 2D analyses confirm that if the near-tip mesh is symmetric and consists of square elements, then the evaluation of the SERR is not sensitive to mesh refinement, and a reasonably coarse mesh is adequate. Despite agreement in the global post-buckling response of the delaminated part, the SERR calculated using different unsymmetrical near-tip meshes could be different. Therefore, unsymmetrical near-tip meshes should be avoided, as convergence of the SERR with mesh refinement could not be assured. While the results using VCCT and CCT for 2D analyses agree well with each other, these techniques yield different quantitative results when applied to 3D analyses. The reason may be due to the way in which the delamination growth is modeled. The CCT allows simultaneous delamination advance over finite circumferential lengths, but it is very difficult to implement and the results exhibit mesh dependency. Qualitatively, however, the two sets of results show similar distributions of Mode I and Mode II components of the SERR. This is fortunate, since the VCCT is relatively easy to implement.     

Three-dimensional stress and progressive failure analysis of ultra thick laminates and experimental validation

Test methods and analysis capabilities for fibre reinforced composites are generally limited to thin laminates. However, extending the range of application of composite materials to thick laminates is essential for a multitude of possible composite structures. This paper presents an adapted three-point bending test for a new quasi isotropic stacking sequence for non crimped fabrics for the application in ultra thick laminates (UTL). In addition, numerical simulation capabilities for thick laminates using a multiscale analysis are shown. The three-point bending test setup is developed to examine the failure behaviour of 30–60 mm thick coupons.     

Multiscale finite element modeling of superelasticity in Nitinol polycrystals

An efficient method is proposed for modeling superelastic polycrystalline NiTi by solving a two-scale problem. The RVE size of the fine scale is determined using a statistics-based approach. Both problems are discretized in space using the finite element method and their communication is effected using MPI. Representative simulations illustrate the modeling capabilities of the proposed approach.     

基于有限元和神经网络的杂交建模

针对复杂非线性结构动力学系统提出了一种基于有限元与神经网络相结合的杂交建模方法。依据该方法,首先将系统中的线性结构部分采用有限元建模,非线性或难以机理建模的结构部件采用神经网络描述。其次,再通过力和位移边界联接条件将有限元模型部分和神经网络模型部分结合从而得到整个系统的杂交模型,且杂交模型的物理结构明确,精度较高,网络规模较小。在一非线性隔振系统的杂交建模算例仿真中,用所建杂交模型对正弦及宽带随机激励进行了预测检验分析,结果良好,该杂交建模方法为主体结构为线弹性结构而又包含有强非线性器件的非线性动力学系统提供了一种有效的建模途径。     

A micromechanical composite approach for finite element crashworthiness simulation

The present article deals with micromechanical composite modeling. Both analytical and computational micromechanics approaches are described as well as micromechanical modeling of damage. Based on micromechanics of failure theory, a user subroutine including a progressive damage algorithm is programmed for finite element analysis. Three theory-experiment correlations of tubes under a three-point bending test have been carried out using the bi-phase material model developed along with this project. These studies include three-ply schedules.     

Nonlinear failure prediction of concrete composite columns by a mixed finite element formulation

This study focuses on developing a mixed frame finite element formulation of reinforced concrete and FRP composite columns in order to give more accuracy not only to predict the global behavior of the structural system but also to predict the local damage in the cross-section. A hypo-elastic constitutive law of concrete is presented under the basis of a three-dimensional stress state in order to model the compressive behavior of confined concrete wrapped with FRP jackets. To predict the nonlinear load path-dependent confinement model of FRP-confined concrete, the strength enhancement of concrete was determined by the failure surface of concrete in a tri-axial stress state, and its corresponding peak strain was computed by the strain-enhancement factor proposed in this study. The behavior of FRP jacket was modeled using the two-dimensional classical lamination theory. The flexural behavior of concrete and composite members was defined using a nonlinear fiber cross-sectional approach. The results obtained by developed mixed finite element formulation were verified with the experiments of concrete composite columns and also were compared with a displacement-based finite element formulation. It is shown that the proposed formulation gives e more accurate results in the global behavior of the column system as well as in the local damage in the column sections.     

复合材料圆柱壳中心受横向集中载荷作用的渐进破坏非线性有限元分析

旨在建立能够正确预计复合材料圆柱壳的屈曲和后屈曲渐进破坏行为的模拟策略。采用有限元方法和Hashin失效准则进行模拟,基于该失效准则编写了用户材料子程序,然后插入到商用有限元软件ABAQUS中。分析了中心受横向集中载荷作用复合材料圆柱壳板,壳板的2条直边弹性支持,2条曲边自由。为了探讨弹性边界条件和集中载荷作用点应力集中的影响,将有限元分析结果与文献中的试验结果进行了比较,提出了一种合理的弹性边界选取依据。研究结果表明,在建模中考虑了弹性边界和集中载荷作用点处存在的应力集中后,本文中模拟的结果与文献中的试验结果比较接近,模拟精度明显高于文献中报道的结果。这也验证了本文中建立的模拟策略的合理性。     

准静态压痕力作用下复合材料层压板的损伤阻抗分析

建立了一种复合材料层压板在准静态压痕力作用下的损伤阻抗的预测方法。首先分别针对基体破坏、分层、 纤维断裂等失效模式引入相应的失效变量 , 并建立不同失效模式下的刚度折减方法 , 然后采用基于应变描述的 Hashin和 Yeh失效准则并结合有限元方法 , 对复合材料层压板在准静态压痕力作用下的破坏过程进行渐进损伤分析 , 在此基础上进一步预测了层压板的损伤阻抗。采用商用有限元软件 ABAQUS/ Standard 的 UMAT用户子程序实现数值模拟。计算结果表明 , 分层起始与扩展是导致载荷2位移曲线发生第 1 次卸载的主要原因 , 当接触力达到其最大值时出现较明显的纤维断裂。分层起始载荷和最大接触力的预测结果与实验数据吻合良好。     

Parametric study of stress state development during twinning using 3D finite element modeling

A deformation twinning model which simulates the characteristic twin shear and corresponding grain reorientation has been developed using a 3D finite element method. This model has been used to study how twinning affects the stress state in both the parent grain and twin, and the stress states that are energetically favorable for twinning. The component of shear stress on the twin plane and direction is primarily responsible not only for whether twinning can occur, but also the energetically favorable twin volume fraction. A map predicting twin volume fraction as a function of parent grain deviatoric stress has been developed.     

缝合复合材料层板三维纤维弯曲模型及压缩强度预报

提出了三维纤维弯曲模型, 基于有限元法和周期性边界条件建立了缝合层板压缩强度分析方法, 采用桥联模型和最大应力判据分析损伤扩展并获得压缩强度, 预报结果与试验吻合较好。详细探讨了缝合参数对层合板压缩强度的影响规律, 结果表明: 缝合方向与表面纤维方向一致时, 较小的缝合针距和行距、较大的缝合线半径对压缩强度较为有利; 缝合方向与表面纤维方向垂直时, 较小的缝合针距和缝合线半径、较大的缝合行距对压缩强度较为有利。      

An implicit finite element material model for energetic particulate composite materials

The predisposition of energetic particulate composite materials, or high explosives (HE), to ignition by bulk heating (cookoff) poses serious safety problems. Because unexpected initiation of HE must be a major consideration in any activity involving employment of the material, its behaviour under a variety of conditions is of much interest. The formulation of a numerical constitutive model that can be employed in an implicit finite element code to predict the mechanical and ignition behaviour of HE is presented. The capability of the developed material model is then demonstrated through its implementation in the ABAQUS finite element code to simulate the response of HE test configurations. The simulated response is found to compare favourably with the physical test results, in the cases where test data exist. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Insight into the tension stiffening behavior of reinforced concrete tension members revealed by finite element modeling

Abstract

The disasters happened in recent past pointed out the need of design criteria, ensuring adequate safety levels against progressive collapse. The attention was focused on the behavior of composite beam-to-column joint components in the field of large displacements. This article presents the experimental and numerical study enabling the simulation of the RC elements under tension. This has helped in understanding the non-negligible contribution of concrete in tension stiffening response up to failure especially in the case of discontinuous geometry marked in composite structures. The finite element model proposed may be considered a mid-way between smeared and discrete crack modeling approaches.     

Free vibration of composite and sandwich laminates with a higher-order facet shell element

A simple C⁰ isoparametric finite element formulation based on a shear deformable model of higher-order theory using a higher-order facet shell element is presented for the free vibration analysis of isotropic, orthotropic and layered anisotropic composite and sandwich laminates. This theory incorporates a realistic non-linear variation of displacements through the shell thickness, and eliminates the use of shear correction coefficients. The validity and efficiency of the present formulation is established by obtaining solutions to a wide range of problems and comparing them with the available three-dimensional closed-form and finite element solutions. In addition, other plate and shell solutions of different kind and available in the literature are also compiled and tabulated for the sake of completeness. The parametric effects of degree of orthotropy, length-to-thickness ratio, plate aspect ratio, number of layers and fibre orientation upon the frequencies and mode shapes are discussed.     

The finite element analysis of composite laminates and shell structures subjected to low velocity impact

In this investigation, the composite laminate and shell structures subjected to low velocity impact are studied by the ANSYS/LS-DYNA finite element software. The contact force is calculated by the modified Hertz contact law in conjunction with the loading and unloading processes. In the case of composite laminate, the impact-induced damage including matrix cracking and delamination are predicted by the appropriated failure criteria and the damaged area are plotted. Two types of shell structure, cylindrical and spherical shells, are considered in this paper. The effects of various parameters, such as shell curvature, clamped or simple supported boundary conditions and impactor velocity are examined through the parametric study. Numerical results show that structures with greater stiffness, such as smaller curvature and clamped boundary condition, result to a larger contact force and a smaller deflection. The impact response of the structure is proportional to the impactor velocity.     

多分层对复合材料层合板自振特性的影响

基于Mindlin一阶剪切理论分项等参插值的有限元法, 建立了含多个分层损伤复合材料层合板自由振动分析的有限元模型和分析方法, 并采用线性接触模型模拟分层区域上、 下子板的相互作用。通过典型数值算例, 讨论了分层位置、 数目及板的边界条件诸参数对其振动特性的影响。结果表明: 分层位置沿板长方向变化时, 中间分层的频率变化范围较大, 表面分层变化较小, 但变化趋势基本相同; 沿层合板厚度方向, 多分层中最长分层的位置越靠近层合板中面, 则其对振动特性的影响越大; 多个分层位置较靠近层合板表面, 且板边界条件约束较弱时, 多分层与单分层对振动特性影响的差别不大, 此时, 可将多分层损伤层合板简化为单分层损伤层合板来进行振动分析。      

Finite element analysis of postbuckling and delamination of composite laminates using virtual crack closure technique

The two-dimensional and three-dimensional parametric finite element analysis (FEA) of composite flat laminates with two through-the-width delamination types: 0₄/(±θ)₆//0₄ and 0₄//(±θ)₆//0₄ (θ = 0°, 45°, and “//” denotes the delaminated interface) under compressive load are performed to explore the effects of multiple delaminations on the postbuckling properties. The virtual crack closure technique which is employed to calculate the energy release rate (ERR) for crack propagation is used to deal with the delamination growth. Three typical failure criteria: B-K law, Reeder law and Power law are comparatively studied for predicting the crack propagation. Effects of different mesh sizes and pre-existing crack length on the delamination growth and postbuckling properties of composite laminates are discussed. Interaction between the delamination growth mechanisms for multiple cracks for 0₄//(±θ)₆//0₄ composite laminates is also investigated. Numerical results using FEA are also compared with those by existing models and experiments.     

Stochastic progressive failure analysis of laminated composite plates using Puck's failure criteria

The present work deals with second-order statistics of the progressive failure response of laminated composite plates subjected to in-plane uniaxial and bi-axial loadings with random system properties. A stochastic finite element method based on higher-order shear deformation theory combined with first- and second-order perturbation technique is used for solution of random progressive failure equation. A Puck failure criterion is used for the evaluation of first ply and last-ply failure load. The results obtained using the present solution approach are validated with the results available in the literature and Monte Carlo simulation.     

基于非线性本构关系的复合材料风机叶片有限元极限分析与设计

为了研究具有三维复杂构形的复合材料风机叶片的逐次破坏过程和极限承载能力, 将复合材料细观力学非线性本构理论桥联模型与有限元软件ABAQUS通过用户子程序UGENS结合起来对风力发电机叶片结构进行极限强度分析。只需提供纤维和基体的材料性能参数、 纤维体积含量以及蒙皮和增强筋的铺层数据包括铺设角、 层厚和铺层数, 就可预报出复合材料复杂叶片结构的整体承载能力以及叶片破坏所处的位置, 为正确评估和合理设计风机叶片结构提供了一种简便有效的分析方法。以一种20kW风机叶片为例, 用此方法实现了新型复合材料叶片结构的极限分析和合理设计, 提高了叶片的强度和刚度, 有效降低了叶片的重量。本文中的方法同样适用于其它复合材料复杂结构的极限分析与强度设计。      

Coupled finite element simulation and optimization of single- and multi-stage sheet-forming processes

This article presents the development and application of a coupled finite element simulation and optimization framework that can be used for design and analysis of sheet-forming processes of varying complexity. The entire forming process from blank gripping and deep drawing to tool release and springback is modelled. The dies, holders, punch and workpiece are modelled with friction, temperature, holder force and punch speed controlled in the process simulation. Both single- and multi-stage sheet-forming processes are investigated. Process simulation is coupled with a nonlinear gradient-based optimization approach for optimizing single or multiple design objectives with imposed sheet-forming response constraints. A MATLAB program is developed and used for data-flow management between process simulation and optimization codes. Thinning, springback, damage and forming limit diagram are used to define failure in the forming process design optimization. Design sensitivity analysis and optimization results of the example problems are presented and discussed.     

再生塑料内污染物迁移的有限元分析

建立计算仿真模型,该模型可用来预测再生塑料内污染物向液体产品(如食品)的迁移.该仿真模型的建立是基于有限元方法,可分析多层结构中的迁移.该项工作对于再生塑料尤其是有低阻隔性的聚烯烃在食品包装上的应用具有潜在意义.