Shear localisation modelling of friction stir weld formation process

This paper presents a shear localisation model for studying friction stir welding (FSW) formation process. With this model, shear band (SB) width, SB formation time, and SB propagation speed can be theoretically estimated. The SB propagation speed in this context serves as a theoretical estimate of the maximum welding speed possible for a given material and prescribed welding conditions, such as stir pin rotation speed and torque level. The model is shown to provide reasonable estimates of shear localisation parameters against a set of recent experimental data on FSW of titanium alloy Ti–6Al–4V. With this model, titanium alloy Ti–6Al–4V, high strength low-alloy steel 4340, and aluminium alloy 2024 are compared in terms of shear localisation parameters, such as maximum SB propagation speeds (or welding speeds).     

纯铜Al_2O_3表面弥散强化的研究

用渗铝—内氧化技术进行了纯铜Ａｌ２Ｏ３表面弥散硬化。研究了渗剂铝含量对渗层铝浓度分布的影响和纯铜渗铝内氧化后的显微组织及性能。结果表明：在本实验条件下，渗层表面铝浓度与渗剂中铝含量相当。用内氧化技术可在渗铝的表层生成弥散细小的Ａｌ２Ｏ３，而且其数量可控。     

Interdiffusion of Copper and Iron in Liquid Aluminum

Liquid diffusion experiments determining the interdiffusion coefficients for Fe and Cu in liquid Al have shown that Fe diffuses 50-60% more slowly than does Cu. Results from the literature indicate that Ni also diffuses more slowly in liquid Al than does Cu but about 25% more quickly than Fe. It is also shown that the concentration dependence for the diffusion of Cu in liquid Al over the concentration range 0-45 at.% is small, only about 35% greater than the tracer diffusion coefficient. A novel and simplified technique for preparation of diffusion capillaries involving a solid wire that acts as both a plug for one end of the capillary and a source of solute is described.     

Structure and Mechanical Properties of Alloys of the Al – Ni – Fe – La System After Rapid Hardening and Annealing. Part I. Structure

Concepts of the effect of the mean electron concentration in alloys on their susceptibility to amorphization are developed and new alloys with mean electron concentration ranging from 3.68 to 3.75 are suggested. The structure of alloys based on Al (85 at.%) and alloyed with Ni, Fe, and La in various combinations, which is obtained after cooling at a rate of 10⁶ K/sec and subsequent isothermal annealing at a temperature of up to 400°C, is studied. An alloy of this system is shown to have maximum resistance to the action of heat after hardening.     

Numerical simulation on rapid melting and nonequilibrium solidification of pure metals and binary alloys

1　ＩＮＴＲＯＤＵＣＴＩＯＮＨｉｇｈｉｎｔｅｎｓｉｔｙｌａｓｅｒｓｕｒｆａｃｅｐｒｏｃｅｓｓｉｎｇｈａｓｂｅｃｏｍｅｏｎｅｏｆｔｈｅｉｍｐｏｒｔａｎｔｔｅｃｈｎｏｌｏｇｉｅｓｆｏｒｔｈｅｆａｂｒｉｃａｔｉｏｎｏｆｎｅｗｍａｔｅｒｉａｌｓａｎｄｔｈｅｉｍｐｒ     

Corrosion inhibition of Ti‐6Al‐4V alloy in sulfuric and hydrochloric acid solutions using inorganic passivators

The effect of iodate (IO₃^?), metavanadata (VO₃^?) and molybdate (MoO₄^2?) anions on the passivation of Ti‐6Al‐4V alloy in sulfuric and hydrochloric acid solutions was studied using open‐circuit potential measurements, polarization techniques and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The alloy surface was examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). It was found that an optimum concentration of the passivator is essential for the corrosion inhibition process. Above this concentration the rate of alloy corrosion decreases as the concentration of the passivating ion increases. Scanning electron micrographs have shown that the flawed regions present in the alloy surface were repaired in the presence of the passivator anion. The optimum concentration of each anion and its corrosion inhibition efficiency for titanium and Ti‐6Al‐4V alloy have been determined. It turned out that the corrosion inhibition efficiencies of IO₃^?, VO₃^? and MoO₄^2? anions for the corrosion of Ti and Ti‐6Al‐4V in both hydrochloric and sulphuric acid solutions exceed 98%.     

Point Defect Concentrations and Interactions in D0(19)-Ti3Al from First- Principles CalculationsEI北大核心CSCD

The intermetallics D0(19)-Ti3Al has low specific density and high thermal resistance for both bulk and coating applications in engineering area. The point defects such as thermal vacancy, compostion vacancy and antisite defect have great influence on the properties of D0(19)-Ti3Al, but are usally neglected. According to available research data from both theory and experiment, it is commonly considered that the thermal vacancies in D0(19)-Ti3Al provide paths for atomic migration and diffusion, the antisite defects play an important role in the disordering of D0(19)-Ti3Al, and the interaction between composition vacancy and antisite defect may have important influence on atomic diffusion and dislocation movement. So it is necessary to explore the mechanism of interaction between composition vacancy and antisite defect for more accurate understanding of the atomic diffusion, dislocation movement and plastic deform in D0(19)-Ti3Al. In this work, the formation enthalpy, equilibrium concentration, and binding energy of composition vacancy and antisite defect in D0(19)-Ti3Al intermetallics were calculated by using both the Wagner-Schottky model of point defect thermodynamics and the plane wave pseudopotential method in first-principles. Results suggest that, in the whole composition range of interest, the point defect concentrations increase with the increase of temperature. In particular, the concentrations of antisite defects are higher than those of vacancies, and the vacancy concentration of Ti is higher than that of Al. At the stoichiometric composition, the concentrations of antisite defects of Ti and Al are very close. At the Ti-rich side of component, the antisite defect of Ti dominates in concentration, while at the Al-rich side, that of Al dominates in concentration. For the calculated results of 3 types of point defect pairs, AlTi-TiAl, TiAl-TiAl and VAl-AlTi, they may have the strong trend to aggregate, while others may show the tend to diffuse into the matrix.     

Statistics of oxidation resistance of Ni-(0-15)Co-(8-15)Cr-(0-5)Mo-(0-10)W-(3-8)Al-(0-5)Ti-(0-10)Ta-0.1C-0.01B superalloys at 1000℃ by compositional variations

The effects of alloying elements(Co,Cr,Mo,W,Al,Ti,and Ta) on the oxidation resistance of Ni-(0-15)Co-(8-15)Cr-(0-5)Mo-(0-10)W-(3-8)Al-(0-5)Ti-(0-10)Ta-0.1 C-0.01 B alloys were studied.The sample compositions were designed by the Box-Behnken method of design of experiments(DOE).The alloying elements show complicated effects on the mass gain due to oxidation,depending on the alloy composition.Al reduces the mass gain largely.The other elements except Al do not appear to exert a strong effect on the oxidation rate on average,but their influences are shown clearly in the alloys with a low Al content.Co,W,and Ta reduce the oxidation rate,while Cr,Mo,and Ti promote oxidation.Ta is the most effective element in reducing the oxidation rate of the alloy with a low Al concentration.It is confirmed that a continuous Al_2O_3 layer is essentially required for high oxidation resistance.The oxide scale of easily oxidized alloys has various oxides such as NiCr_2O_4,NiAl_2O_4,NiO,Cr_2O_3,CrTaO_4,and TiO_2.     

Kinetics of absorbing hydrogen of Al melt

1　ＩＮＴＲＯＤＵＣＴＩＯＮＨｙｄｒｏｇｅｎｉｎＡｌｍｅｌｔｍａｉｎｌｙｃｏｍｅｓｆｒｏｍｗａｔｅｒｖａｐｏｒ[1] .ＩｔｉｓｔｈｅｗａｔｅｒｖａｐｏｒａｂｓｏｒｂｅｄｂｅｔｗｅｅｎｔｈｅｏｘｉｄｅｌａｙｅｒａｎｄｔｈｅＡｌｍｅｌｔ,ｂｕｔｎｏｔｔｈｅｇａｓｅｏｕｓｗａ ｔｅｒｖａｐｏｒｔｈａｔｒｅａｃｔｓｗｉｔｈｔｈｅｌｉｑｕｉｄｍｅｔａｌ,ｂｅｃａｕｓｅｔｈｅｒｅｉｓａｌｗａｙｓａｔｈｉｎｏｘｉｄｅｌａｙｅｒｏｎｔｈｅｓｕｒｆａｃｅｏｆｔｈｅＡｌｍｅｌｔ.Ｆｏｌｌｏｗｉｎｇｉｓｔｈｅｉｒｃｈｅｍｉｃ…     

L12相间有序畴界成分的微观相场研究

利用微观相场模型研究了有序畴界结构、合金成分和弹性应变能对Ni75AlxV25-x合金中L12-Ni3Al相间有序畴界成分的影响规律。结果表明:L12相间形成的3种有序畴界中,在(100)//(200)·[001]处,Ni的贫化程度最小,Al的贫化程度最大,V的偏聚程度最大;在(200)//(200)处,Ni的贫化程度最大,Al的贫化程度最小,V的偏聚程度最小。随着合金中Al浓度的增加,3种有序畴界处Ni的浓度降低,Al的浓度升高,V的浓度降低。弹性应变能使得L12相间3种有序畴界处Ni和Al的浓度升高,V浓度降低。但弹性应变能对(200)//(200)·[001]和(100)//(200)·[001]成分的影响较大,对(200)//(200)成分的影响则相对较小。     

Atom probe tomography of nanoscale microstructures within precipitate free zones in Al–Zn–Mg(–Ag) alloys

Solute distributions in the vicinity of grain boundaries in Al–Zn–Mg(–Ag) alloys were studied using a three-dimensional atom probe, in order to elucidate the mechanism of formation of precipitate free zones (PFZs) and the fundamental role of Ag in controlling PFZ width. It is shown that nanoscale clusters are formed within the PFZ in Al–Zn–Mg, despite the solute concentration remaining at the levels in the as-quenched state. Such observations have not previously been possible, and show unambiguously that vacancy depletion is the dominant mechanism of formation of PFZs in this alloy. In the Ag-containing alloy, a narrower PFZ is observed, with a reduced solute level, showing that here the dominant mechanism of PFZ formation is solute depletion. The role of Ag in this change of mechanism appears to be due to its favorable interactions not only with Mg and Zn atoms but also with vacancies.     

Ge–Al and Sn–Al alloys capillary properties in contact with aluminum nitride

Experimental isotherms are presented for (1) wettability of AlN ceramics by Ge–Al and Sn–Al alloys, (2) surface tension and density of Ge–Al and Sn–Al alloys in the whole concentration range. Complex consideration of capillary characteristics of the melts under study is performed taking into account data available on thermodynamic activities of the melt components. The contact angle isotherms pass the minimum point for both systems. The contact angle value drops with Al addition more sharply for the Sn–Al system than for the Ge–Al alloys. This is in qualitative agreement with the higher thermodynamic activity of the components of the Sn–Al alloys. Sn decreases Al surface tension more than Ge. The reason for this is not only lower surface tension of Sn as compared to Ge, but also the higher thermodynamic activity of Sn in the Al melt.     

Kinetics of absorbing hydrogen of A1 melt

The kinetics process of absorbing hydrogen of Al melt was analyzed and it was considered that the concentration of hydrogen in Al melt was determined by the concentration of water vapor in the interface of the oxide layer and Almelt. The change of the alloying composition will result in the change of compactability of oxide layer and affect the process of the water vapor gas penetrating the oxide layer and entering the interface of Al melt and oxide layer. Based on theabove analysis, the kinetics equation of Al melt absorbing hydrogen was established, and compared with the test result.The results of calculation were elementally coincident with the test result. The curve of hydrogen concentration varyingwith reaction time in Al melt can be obtained from this equation. And scientific basis could be provided to select meltingtechnology parameter properly and control the concentration of hydrogen in Al melt.     

Effects of environmental factors on corrosion behavior of aluminum

Aluminum, used as a material for heat exchangers in air conditioners, often has problems of leakage of refrigerant on the Al surface due to corrosion. The problems originate from pitting corrosion of the Al in an external environment. To understand corrosion problems, it is necessary to study the corrosion behavior of Al in various environments. In this study, the effects of environmental factors on the corrosion behavior of Al were studied by the surface analysis and electrochemical testing in 3.5 wt% NaCl solutions, with changes of dissolved oxygen, temperature, and concentration of Cl⁻ and S ions. Among the external environmental factors, the presence of oxygen and the increase of Cl⁻ ion concentration do not significantly affect the corrosion potential of Al, leading to an increase of only 1.1 and 6 times, respectively. There was a significant decrease in the corrosion resistance of Al, approximately 40 and 800 times, respectively, with the increase of concentration of S and temperature.     

Mg对三元Al-Cu-Mg合金位错分布组态的影响

对经均匀化退火，不同变形锻造，固溶处理的样品，借助TEM，研究了Mg对三元Al-Cu-Mg合金位错分布组态的影响。研究结果表明：Cu原子与Al原子在变形与时效过程中形成了Al2Cu沉淀相而降低了Cu元素在Al基体中的浓度，减少了Cu、Mg元素的交互作用。由于Mg元素有较大的原子半径，与基体产生了很大的晶格畸变能和内摩擦力，因此Mg元素在Al基体中对位错的分布式滑移（交滑移）起着明显的阻滞作用，限制了胞状组织的形成。与典型的高能层错金属与合金中位错呈胞状组织不同，Al-Cu-Mg合金中的位错呈准均匀的Taylor晶格分布，这种分布可以降低合金的自由能。     

The role that bond coat depletion of aluminum has on the lifetime of APS‐TBC under oxidizing conditions

Bond coat oxidation as well as bond coat depletion of Al are still believed to be a major degradation mechanism with respect to the lifetime of thermal barrier coating (TBC) systems. In this study the top coat lifetime is described as being limited by both bond coat depletion of Al and mechanical failure of the top coat. The empirical results are introduced by considering three spallation cases, namely, Al depletion failure, thermal fatigue failure, and thermal aging failure. Al depletion failure occurs when the Al content within the bond coat reaches a critical value. In this paper bond coat depletion of Al is modeled by considering the diffusion of Al into both the thermally grown oxide (TGO) and substrate. The diffusion model results are compared to Al concentration profiles measured with an electron beam microprobe. These measured results are from oxidized air plasma sprayed TBC systems (APS‐TBC) with vacuum plasma sprayed (VPS) bond coats for exposures up to 5000 h in the temperature range of 950–1100 °C. This paper focuses on the Al depletion failure and how it relates to top coat spallation.     

微观相场法计算Fe含量对NiAlFe三元合金中反位缺陷的影响

采用三元微观相场模型,对铝含量大于25%(原子分数,下同)与镍含量大于75%(原子分数,下同)的NiAlFe三元合金中反位缺陷NiAl、AlNi随Fe含量变化的规律进行模拟计算,其中NiAl(AlNi)表示Ni(Al)原子占据Al(Ni)格点产生的反位缺陷。结果表明:在一定温度范围内,随着Fe含量的增大,铝含量大于25%的NiAlFe合金中AlNi浓度明显上升,NiAl浓度略有上升,但小于AlNi浓度,相反在镍含量大于75%的NiAlFe合金中NiAl浓度明显上升且远大于AlNi浓度;同一温度下比较铝含量大于25%与镍含量大于75%的NiAlFe合金中反位缺陷受Fe含量影响的程度差异,发现前者的AlNi浓度比后者受Fe含量影响大,而后者的NiAl浓度比前者受Fe含量影响大。此外,反位缺陷NiAl和AlNi浓度随时间的演化规律均是逐渐由初始值降低至平衡值;温度升高促使反位缺陷演化变缓慢以及平衡时浓度增大。     

Al、Ti掺杂对Mg2Ni合金相结构稳定性的影响及其微观机理

采用第一性原理赝势平面波方法,研究元素Al和Ti掺杂对Mg2Ni储氢合金相结构稳定性的影响及其微观机理.结果显示:在掺杂浓度x＝0～0.5范围内,所形成的Mg2Ni型Mg2-xMxNi(M＝Al,Ti)固溶体合金的相结构稳定性随Al掺杂浓度的增大而增强,随Ti掺杂浓度的增大而减弱,且Mg2-xMxNi(M＝Al,Ti)固溶体合金相对于立方结构的Mg3MNi2(M＝Al,Ti)化合物呈现热力学不稳定性,极易分解成由立方结构Mg3MNi2(M＝Al,Ti)和六方结构Mg2Ni组成的复合相,计算结果与实验结果吻合.电子结构分析表明,Al、Ti掺杂Mg2Ni储氢合金的相结构稳定性与体系在低能级区的成键电子数密切相关.     

Effects of coolant chemistry on corrosion of 3003 aluminum alloy in automotive cooling system

In this work, effects of coolant chemistry, including concentrations of chloride ions and ethylene glycol and addition of various ions, on corrosion of 3003 Al alloy were investigated by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements and scanning electron microscopy characterization. In chloride‐free, ethylene glycol–water solution, a layer of Al‐alcohol film is proposed to form on the electrode surface. With the increase of ethylene glycol concentration, more Al‐alcohol film is formed, resulting in the increase in film resistance and charge‐transfer resistance. In the presence of Cl^? ions, they would be involved in the film formation, decreasing the stability of the film. In 50% ethylene glycol–water solution, the threshold value of Cl^? concentration for pitting initiation is within the range of 100 ppm to 0.01 M. When the ethylene glycol concentration increases to 70%, the threshold Cl^? concentration for pitting is from 0.01 to 0.1 M. In 100% ethylene glycol, there is no pitting of 3003 Al alloy even at 0.1 M of Cl^?. Even a trace amount of impurity cation could affect significantly the corrosion behavior of 3003 Al alloy in ethylene glycol–water solution. Addition of Zn²⁺ is capable of increasing the corrosion resistance of Al alloy electrode, while Cu²⁺ ions containing in the solution would enhance corrosion, especially pitting corrosion, of Al alloy. The effect of Mg²⁺ on Al alloy corrosion is only slight.     

Percolation effects during interdiffusion in the Cu-NiAl system

The interdiffusion in Cu-(Ni-43 at.% Al) system was studied. It was shown that in the diffusion zone Cu atoms substitute mainly Al atoms and the diffusion problem can be treated as a quasibinary. The concentration dependencies of interdiffusion coefficient were determined in the temperature range of 923–1273 K. The rapid increase of interdiffusion coefficient in the narrow region of Cu concentrations was interpreted in terms of percolation model. Calculated percolation threshold for Cu atoms (6.06 at.%) agrees well with the experimental data.