光伏发电系统中最大功率点跟踪算法的研究

针对光伏发电系统中最大功率点跟踪算法,阐述和评价了目前国内外出现的众多自寻优算法及非自寻优方法的原理和特点,并从算法原理角度归纳了3种基本自寻优算法即恒定电压法、扰动观测法、增量导纳法。同时,应用MATLAB软件,详细对比和分析了同一条件下(包括辐照度、温度、负荷)此3种基本自寻优算法的追踪效果及品质。通过仿真结果比较,总结了3种算法的特点及适用范围。     

农田独立光伏供电系统的MPPT模糊自寻优控制

提出一种基于模糊自寻优控制的农田独立光伏供电最大功率点跟踪(MPPT)控制。首先构建太阳能MPPT检测装置系统,在实验仿真基础上,现场测试模糊自寻优控制法与传统模糊控制法跟踪MPP实际控制效果,进行功率输出控制的对比试验。实验结果表明该控制方法与传统模糊控制法相比提高输出功率6%,并具有良好的动静态性能和鲁棒性。     

基于功率二次微分的光伏系统改进MPPT算法研究

提出了一种基于功率二次微分的改进最大功率点跟踪（MPPT）算法（简称PQD-MPPT算法）。算法在系统启动时采用恒定占空比启动,并给出了恒定占空比的求解公式,提出了根据功率变化量来调整跟踪步长的方法,当功率变化较大时,采用自适应大步长以使系统快速跟踪到最大功率点附近,反之较小时,根据功率对占空比的二次微分值的正负进一步划分跟踪区域：即当功率二次微分值为正时,采用固定大步长以使系统快速跟踪到最大功率点附近;当功率二次微分值为负时,采用自适应小步长以使系统能够稳定工作在最大功率点处。实验结果表明,与现有变步长MPPT算法相比,该算法具有良好的跟踪性能     

基于改进量子粒子群算法的光伏多峰MPPT研究

针对光伏阵列在局部遮阴时呈现的功率多峰特性,提出一种改进DCWQPSO算法与INC算法相结合的光伏最大功率追踪(MPPT)控制算法。该算法采用改进DCWQPSO算法进行最大功率点的全局搜索,然后利用INC算法对最大功率点进行局部跟踪,可避免动态过程中功率的震荡。仿真结果表明:所提出的MPPT控制算法跟踪速度快、精度高、功率震荡小,可有效提升不确定环境下光伏发电系统的最大功率追踪效率和动态品质,并具有较好的鲁棒性。     

基于电导增量法与改进粒子群算法混合控制的最大功率点跟踪策略

利用传统电导增量法跟踪最大功率点时,若跟踪步长较大,则跟踪速度较快,但跟踪精度较差;反之,则跟踪精度较好,但跟踪速度较慢。当外界环境发生变化时,利用传统电导增量法得到的功率变化曲线振荡幅度较大,功率损失较多。改进粒子群算法能够对外界环境的突变迅速作出响应,利用该方法得到的功率变化曲线振荡幅度较小,但是很难精确地定位到最大功率点(MPP)。因此,文章提出一种混合控制的最大功率点跟踪(MPPT)策略,先利用改进粒子群算法快速跟踪到MPP附近,然后利用小步长电导增量法对MPP进行精细搜索。仿真结果表明,该跟踪策略在一定程度上能够增加跟踪系统的响应速度、跟踪精度,减小功率变化曲线的振荡幅度。     

基于差分进化的光伏MPPT算法改进

基于差分进化(DE)算法提出一种改进的最大功率追踪(MPPT)算法。针对DE算法MPPT时收敛较慢且追踪过程中会产生较大的尖峰电压和振铃的问题,该文采用新的差分策略并增加种群个体排序,提出一种差分进化和扰动观察法(PO)相结合的OMDE-PO算法。首先通过OMDE算法快速达到最大功率对应的电压附近,然后通过PO算法快速稳定到最大功率点。通过Matlab仿真及硬件实验,验证该算法的可行性。     

基于模糊控制的光伏MPPT算法改进

基于模糊控制算法提出一种改进的最大功率点跟踪(MPPT)算法。观察光伏(PV)组件的功率-电压(P-V)特征曲线,在同一温度下,不同光照情况下的最大功率点近似在一条曲线上。通过对不同环境条件下的最大功率点进行拟合,由光伏组件的输出功率和环境温度可以得到一个用于模糊控制器输入的电压值。由于拟合曲线不一定精确,单独使用模糊控制追踪最大功率点存在误差。针对上述问题,在使用模糊控制使光伏组件的输出功率稳定在最大功率点附近后,再使用电导增量法(INC)追踪并稳定在最大功率点。通过Matlab仿真和硬件实验,验证改进算法的可行性。     

复杂光照条件下串联光伏阵列特性研究及最大功率跟踪

分析复杂光照条件下旁路二极管的接入对串联光伏阵列输出特性的影响,根据单个光伏模块的数学模型,导出复杂光照条件下串联光伏阵列的数学模型;通过对各种光照条件下串联光伏阵列输出特性的分析研究,总结U-I曲线中呈现恒流源特性的电压区间与不同光照之间存在的关系,提出一种在复杂光照条件下快速追踪串联光伏阵列最大功率点(maximum power point,MPP)的算法,算法能够在复杂光照导致的多个MPP中确定全局最大功率点(global maximum power point,GMPP)。仿真表明,提出的算法能够识别阵列是否处于复杂光照情况下并快速追踪到GMPP。     

基于β参数的光伏系统最大功率点跟踪算法研究

针对扰动观察法在最大功率点(maximum power point,MPP)附近存在振荡、跟踪步长与跟踪精度无法兼顾等问题,提出一种基于β参数的最大功率点跟踪算法,通过分析β-U曲线,在跟踪过程中分别采用变步长占空比扰动法和模糊控制法,进而提高系统跟踪速度和稳态精度。为了验证该方法的有效性,在Matlab平台对光伏系统最大功率点跟踪的稳态和动态性能进行仿真,并用"可编程直流电源"来近似模拟光伏系统进行实验研究,仿真和实验结果表明所提出的方法具有较高的稳定性能和良好的动态性能,能有效提高系统跟踪速度和控制精度,实现最大功率点跟踪。     

基于滞环比较的自寻优扰动观察MPPT控制策略

文章对于光伏发电系统最大功率点跟踪过程中定步长扰动观察法跟踪速度与跟踪精度之间的矛盾,分析了光伏电池的输出特性,并提出了一种基于滞环比较的自寻优扰动观察法。该算法首先以自寻优的方式来确定扰动步长,然后通过滞环比较环节来判断扰动的添加方向,这样能够保证控制系统的跟踪速度与跟踪精度满足要求,并有效地避免了最大功率点处的振荡问题和系统的误判问题。文章利用Simulink软件搭建了光伏发电系统模型。仿真结果表明,基于滞环比较的自寻优扰动观察法能够快速、准确地跟踪到最大功率点,从而提高了光伏发电系统的能量利用率。     

风电系统的无功功率与电网电压稳定

论述了风电容量在占局部电网相当比例时,风电机组的无功功率调整与电网电压之间的关系,对于定速和变速风电机组的运行特性做了分析,提出了在需要做无功功率调整时风电机组应能满足的特殊要求。     

New energy power generation-wind power generation

This paper introduced the status quo of wind power and wind power generation technology. Focusing on the introduction of wind power generating system ibrational self-consistent field（VSCF）, program implementation included Alternating Current （AC）-Direct Current （DC）-AC conversion system, magnetic field modulation generator system, doubly-fed generator system etc. Among these, doubly-fed generator system is the trend. Where to build the wind farm is very important, so a perfect site is needed. Wind power generation will have a bright future. As long as the wind power can be linked to the grid in large scale.     

Output power control for large wind power penetration in small power system

Nowadays, wind turbine generator (WTG) is increasingly required to provide control capabilities regarding output power. Under this scenario, this paper proposes an output power control of WTG using pitch angle control connected to small power systems. By means of the proposed method, output power control of WTG considering states of power system becomes possible, and in general both conflicting objectives of output power leveling and acquisition power increase are achieved. In this control approach, WTG is given output power command by fuzzy reasoning which has three inputs for average wind speed, variance of wind speed, and absolute average of frequency deviation. Since fuzzy reasoning is used, it is possible to define output power command corresponding to wind speed condition and changing capacity of power system momentarily. Moreover, high performance pitch angle control based on output power command is achieved by generalized predictive control (GPC). The simulation results by using actual detailed model for wind power system show the effectiveness of the proposed method.     

Output power variations with solar power satellites

The first comprehensive evaluation of output power variations expected from Solar Power Satellites is presented. The various factors are classified in a two tier manner as: deterministic (either periodic or non-periodic) and statistical (either constant with system life or changing with life). The largest variations are due to seasonal periodic factors, namely variations in the solar constant (± 3.3 per cent) and a solar illumination variation with the photovoltaic array held perpendicular to the orbit plane (± 4.2 per cent). Other key factors delineated which are being quantified presently include power reductions due to microwave power tube failure and silicon solar cell radiation damage, while multiple shadowing of adjacent power stations in geosynchronous orbit and rectenna structural factors and combining efficiency variations are representative of areas that need further study.     

Microthermophotovoltaic power generator with high power density

A promising energy source for portable MEMS devices, microthermophotovoltaic (micro-TPV) power generator, is described in this paper. The system mainly consists of a micro SiC combustor, and a GaSb photovoltaic (PV) cell array and a simple nine-layer dielectric filter, with a volume of about 3.1 cm³. When the flow rate of H₂ is 4.2 g/h, and H₂/O₂ ratio is 0.7, the system is able to deliver 3.06 W electrical power, the open-circuit voltage and short-circuit current are 2.31 V and 1.74 A, respectively, the result is a power density of about 1.0 W/cm³ (1 MW/m³). The effect of all kinds of factors on the performance of the micro-TPV system is also discussed in this paper.     

Wind power and market power in competitive markets

Average market prices for intermittent generation technologies are lower than for conventional generation. This has a technical reason but can be exaggerated in the presence of market power. When there is much wind smaller amounts of conventional generation technologies are required, and prices are lower, while at times of little wind prices are higher. This effect reflects the value of different generation technologies to the system. But under conditions of market power, conventional generators with market power can further depress the prices if they have to buy back energy at times of large wind output and can increase prices if they have to sell additional power at times of little wind output. This greatly exaggerates the effect. Forward contracting does not reduce the effect. An important consequence is that allowing market power profit margins as a support mechanism for generation capacity investment is not a technologically neutral policy.     

A hybrid power source for pulse power applications

Portable 12 V power supplies are used extensively for communications and power tool applications. These devices demand fast response times of the power supply. Fuel cells are generally best suited to continuous power applications and require an initial warm-up period, although they offer the prospect of increased operational duration over a battery for a given weight of portable system. This paper investigates the combination of specific energy performance from the fuel cell system with the specific power and response time of the battery. Two separate hybrid systems have been developed and tested; a planar, 20-cell, polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) stack together with either a lead–acid or nickel/cadmium battery; and a conventional 20-cell, bipolar, PEMFC stack. Both systems have been tested under pulse-load conditions at temperatures between −20°C and +40°C, and for comparison, the individual components have undergone similar tests. The hybrid systems have successfully operated continuously for several weeks under load profiles that the fuel cell alone could not sustain.     

Environmental/economic power dispatch with wind power

Economic environmental dispatch (EED) is a significant optimization problem in electric power system. With more wide spread use of wind power, it is necessary to include wind energy conversion system (WECS) in the EED problem. This paper presents a model to solve the EED problem incorporating wind power. In addition to the classic EED factors, the factors accounting for overestimation and underestimation of available wind power in both economic and environmental aspects are also considered. In order to obtain some quantitative results, the uncertain characteristic of available wind power and the performance of WECS are determined on the basis of the statistical characteristic of wind speed. The optimization problem is numerically solved by a scenario involving two conventional generators and two wind-powered generators. The results demonstrate that the allocation of system generation capacity may be influenced by multipliers related to the cost for overestimation and underestimation of available wind power, and by the multiplier related to the emissions for underestimation of available wind power. Nevertheless, the multiplier related to the emissions for overestimation of available wind power has little impact on the allocation. Taking account of economic factors, environmental factors and impacts of wind power penetration, the proposed EED model is beneficial to finding the right balance between radical and conservative strategy for wind power development.     

Electric power quality-the strong connection with power electronics

Early power equipment was designed to withstand disturbances such as lightning, short circuits, and sudden overloads without extra expenditure. Current power electronics (PE) prices would be much higher if the equipment was designed with the same robustness. Pollution has been introduced into power systems by nonlinear loads such as transformers and saturated coils; however, perturbation rate has never reached the present levels. Due to its nonlinear characteristics and fast switching, PE create most of the pollution issues. This article shows how PE and electric power quality (PQ) are related in almost every aspect of commercial, domestic, and industrial application.     

Got power? [power engineers recruitment]

This paper discusses the different factors that can help to ensure that the future demand for power engineers will be met. These factors include the articulation of a compelling mission, development of a comprehensive strategy, execution of supporting tactics, and demonstration of leadership.