基于状态回溯代价分析的启发式Q学习

由于强化学习算法动作策略学习比较费时,提出一种基于状态回溯的启发式强化学习方法.分析强化学习过程中重复状态,通过比较状态回溯过程中重复动作的选择策略,引入代价函数描述重复动作的重要性.结合动作奖赏及动作代价提出一种新的启发函数定义.该启发函数在强调动作重要性以加快学习速度的同时,基于代价函数计算动作选择的代价以减少不必要的探索,从而平稳地提高学习效率.对基于代价函数的动作选择策略进行证明.建立两种仿真场景,将算法用于机器人路径规划的仿真实验.实验结果表明基于状态回溯的启发式强化学习方法能平衡考虑获得的奖赏及付出的代价,有效提高Q学习的收敛速度.     

基于启发式奖赏塑形方法的智能化攻击路径发现

渗透测试作为一种评估网络系统安全性能的重要手段, 是以攻击者的角度模拟真实的网络攻击, 找出网络系统中的脆弱点。而自动化渗透测试则是利用各种智能化方法实现渗透测试过程的自动化, 从而大幅降低渗透测试的成本。攻击路径发现作为自动化渗透测试中的关键技术, 如何快速有效地在网络系统中实现智能化攻击路径发现, 一直受到学术界的广泛关注。现有的自动化渗透测试方法主要基于强化学习框架实现智能化攻击路径发现, 但还存在奖赏稀疏、学习效率低等问题, 导致算法收敛速度慢, 攻击路径发现难以满足渗透测试的高时效性需求。为此, 提出一种基于势能的启发式奖赏塑形函数的分层强化学习算法(HRL-HRSF), 该算法首先利用渗透测试的特性, 根据网络攻击的先验知识提出了一种基于深度横向渗透的启发式方法, 并利用该启发式方法设计出基于势能的启发式奖赏塑形函数, 以此为智能体前期探索提供正向反馈, 有效缓解了奖赏稀疏的问题;然后将该塑形函数与分层强化学习算法相结合, 不仅能够有效减少环境状态空间与动作空间大小, 还能大幅度提高智能体在攻击路径发现过程中的奖赏反馈, 加快智能体的学习效率。实验结果表明, HRL-HRSF 相较于没有奖赏塑形的分层强化学习算法、DQN 及其改进算法更加快速有效, 并且随着网络规模和主机漏洞数目的增大, HRL-HRSF 均能保持更好地学习效率, 拥有良好的鲁棒性和泛化性。     

动态环境中的分层强化学习

现有的强化学习方法都不能很好地处理动态环境中的学习问题,当环境变化时需要重新学习最优策略,若环境变化的时间间隔小于策略收敛时间,学习算法则不能收敛.本文在Option分层强化学习方法的基础上提出一种适应动态环境的分层强化学习方法,该方法利用学习的分层特性,仅关注分层任务子目标状态及当前Option内部环境状态的变化,将策略更新过程限制在规模较小的局部空间或维数较低的高层空间上,从而加快学习速度.以二维动态栅格空间内两点间最短路径规划为背景进行了仿真实验,实验结果表明,该方法策略学习速度明显高于以往的方法,且学习算法收敛性对环境变化频率的依赖性有所降低.     

一种大规模离散空间中的高斯强化学习方法

针对大规模离散空间中强化学习的"维数灾"问题,即状态空间的大小随着特征的增加而发生指教级的增长,提出了一种基于高斯过程的强化学习方法.在本方法中,高斯过程模型有表示函数分布的能力,使用该模型之后,可以得到的不只是一个所需的估计值,而是关于该值的一个分布.实验结果表明,结合了高斯过程的强化学习方法在各方面性能,如收敛速度以及最终实验效果等都有所提高.使用高斯方法的回归模型可以在一定程度上解决大规模离散空间上的"维数灾"问题.     

一种基于智能调度的可扩展并行强化学习方法

针对强化学习在大状态空间或连续状态空间中存在的“维数灾”问题,提出一种基于智能调度的可扩展并行强化学习方法—IS-SRL,并从理论上进行分析,证明其收敛性.该方法采用分而治之策略对大状态空间进行分块,使得每个分块能够调入内存独立学习.在每个分块学习了一个周期之后交换到外存上,调入下一个分块继续学习.分块之间在换入换出的过程中交换信息,以使整个学习任务收敛到最优解.同时针对各分块之间的学习顺序会显著影响学习效率的问题,提出了一种新颖的智能调度算法,该算法利用强化学习值函数更新顺序的分布特点,基于多种调度策略加权优先级的思想,把学习集中在能产生最大效益的子问题空间,保障了IS-SRL方法的学习效率.在上述调度算法中融入并行调度框架,利用多Agent同时学习,得到了IS-SRL方法的并行版本—IS-SPRL方法.实验结果表明,IS-SPRL方法具有较快的收敛速度和较好的扩展性能.     

基于最小最大逼近强化学习的误差分析

在基于动态规划的强化学习中,利用状态集结方法可以减小状态空间的大小,从而在一定程度上克服了维数灾的困难,同时还可以加快学习速度。但状态集结是一种逼近方法,由此产生的问题是,状态集结后的Ｑ－ｈａｔ强化学习收敛所得的最优Ｑ值函数与集结前相应的最优Ｑ值函数会有多大的误差。为此提出了基于最小最大逼近强化学习的误差估计。     

一种基于启发式轮廓表的逻辑强化学习方法

强化学习通过试错与环境交互获得策略的改进,其自学习和在线学习的特点使其成为机器学习研究的一个重要分支.针对强化学习一直被"维数灾"问题所困扰的问题,提出在关系强化学习的基础上,引入启发式轮廓表的方法,采用含轮廓表的一阶谓词表示状态、活动和Q-函数,充分发挥Prolog表的优势,将逻辑谓词规则与强化学习相结合,形成一种新的逻辑强化学习方法--CCLORRL,并对其收敛性进行了证明.该方法使用轮廓形状谓词产生形状状态表,大幅度地减少状态空间;利用启发式规则指导动作的选择,减少了样本中不存在状态选择的盲目性.CCLORRL算法应用于俄罗斯方块中,实验表明,该方法是比较高效的.     

在线更新的信息强度引导启发式Q学习

针对强化学习收敛速度慢的问题,提出可在线更新的信息强度引导的启发式Q学习算法。该算法在启发式强化学习算法的基础上引入依据每次训练回报情况进行在线更新的信息强度,通过结合强弱程度不同的动作信息强度更新的启发函数和状态-动作值函数来确定策略,从而提高算法收敛速度。给出该算法并对其收敛性进行证明,同时针对不同仿真环境和参数设置进行路径规划的仿真对比实验以验证其性能。实验结果表明信息强度引导的启发式Q学习算法能更快地得到回报较高的策略且不会陷入局部收敛,能够有效提高算法的收敛速度。     

分层强化学习中的动态分层方法研究

分层强化学习中现有的自动分层方法均是在对状态空间进行一定程度探测之后一次性生成层次结构,不充分探测不能保证求解质量,过度探测则影响学习速度,为了克服学习算法性能高度依赖于状态空间探测程度这个问题,本文提出一种动态分层方法,该方法将免疫聚类及二次应答机制融入Sutton提出的Option分层强化学习框架,能对Option状态空间进行动态调整,并沿着学习轨迹动态生成Option内部策略,以二维有障碍栅格空间内两点间最短路径规划为学习任务进行了仿真实验,结果表明,动态分层方法对状态空间探测程度的依赖性很小,动态分层方法更适用于解决大规模强化学习问题.     

关系强化学习方法的初步研究

强化学习方法是人工智能领域中比较重要的方法之一,自从其提出以来已经有了很大的发展,并且能用来解决很多的问题。但是在遇到大规模状态空间问题时,使用普通的强化学习方法就会产生“维数灾”现象,所以提出了关系强化学习,把强化学习应用到关系领域可以在一定的程度上解决“维数灾”难题。在此基础上,简单介绍关系强化学习的概念以及相关的算法,以及以后有待解决的问题。     

Only connect: teaching, technology and telesis

Abstract This paper describes an approach to the design of interactive multimedia materials being developed in a European Community project. The developmental process is seen as a dialogue between technologists and teachers. This dialogue is often problematic because of the differences in training, experience and culture between them. Conditions needed for fruitful dialogue are described and the generic model for learning design used in the project is explained.     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

Avoiding semantic and temporal gaps in developing software intensive systems

Development of software intensive systems (systems) in practice involves a series of self-contained phases for the lifecycle of a system. Semantic and temporal gaps, which occur among phases and among developer disciplines within and across phases, hinder the ongoing development of a system because of the interdependencies among phases and among disciplines. Such gaps are magnified among systems that are developed at different times by different development teams, which may limit reuse of artifacts of systems development and interoperability among the systems. This article discusses such gaps and a systems development process for avoiding them.     

Designing economic np control charts: A programmed simulation approach

This paper presents control charts models and the necessary simulation software for the location of economic values of the control parameters. The simulation program is written in FORTRAN, requires only 10K of main storage, and can run on most mini and micro computers. Two models are presented - one describes the process when it is operating at full capacity and the other when the process is operating under capacity. The models allow the product quality to deteriorate to a further level before an existing out-of-control state is detected, and they can also be used in situations where no prior knowledge exists of the out-of-control causes and the resulting proportion defectives.     

The development of robot art

Going through a few examples of robot artists who are recognized worldwide, we try to analyze the deepest meaning of what is called “robot art” and the related art field definition. We also try to highlight its well-marked borders, such as kinetic sculptures, kinetic art, cyber art, and cyberpunk. A brief excursion into the importance of the context, the message, and its semiotics is also provided, case by case, together with a few hints on the history of this discipline in the light of an artistic perspective. Therefore, the aim of this article is to try to summarize the main characteristics that might classify robot art as a unique and innovative discipline, and to track down some of the principles by which a robotic artifact can or cannot be considered an art piece in terms of social, cultural, and strictly artistic interest. This work was presented in part at the 13th International Symposium on Artificial Life and Robotics, Oita, Japan, January 31–February 2, 2008     

煤矿井下安全监控分站的设计及其仿真实现

为了设计一种具有低成本、低功耗、易操作、功能强且可靠性高的煤矿井下安全分站,针对煤矿安全生产实际,文章提出了采用MCS-51系列单片机为核心、具有CAN总线通信接口的煤矿井下安全监控分站的设计方案;首先给出煤矿井下安全监控分站的整体构架设计,然后着重阐述模拟量输入信号处理系统的设计过程,最后说明单片机最小系统及其键盘、显示、报警、通信等各个组成部分的设计;为验证设计方案的可行性与有效性,使用Proteus软件对设计内容进行仿真验证,设计的煤矿井下安全监控分站具有瓦斯、温度等模拟量参数超标报警功能和电机开停、风门开闭等开关量指示功能;仿真结果表明:设计的煤矿井下安全监控分站具有一定的实际应用价值.     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。