复合材料层合板静压痕试验及全过程数值分析

复合材料层合板在静压痕力作用下主要发生层间分层、基体开裂、基体压缩破坏、纤维断裂和纤维压坏这几种损伤模式。本文利用ABAQUS有限元程序,对在静压痕力作用下的复合材料层合板建立一个基于Hashin强度准则的全过程模型,并对各层各单元进行损伤演判。利用有限元模型对碳纤维NCF材料层合板在静压痕力作用下的荷载-位移曲线进行预测,并模拟层合板的损伤全过程,以及预测凹坑深度与静压痕力的关系曲线。对层合板进行静压痕试验,测试复合材料层合板在静压痕力作用下的荷载-位移曲线,并在试验过程中用凹坑深度仪测量层合板的凹坑深度。将数值模拟与试验结果比较,两者结果较为吻合。     

复合材料加筋层合板准静态压痕实验研究及数值分析

利用ABAQUS有限元程序所建立了一种基于用户子程序USDFLD和Hashin强度准则的复合材料损伤计算模型,用该模型对复合材料加筋层合板在静压痕力作用下主要发生的纤维拉伸破坏、纤维微屈破坏、基体拉伸破坏、基体压缩破坏、层间拉伸破坏、层间压缩破坏这几种基本损伤模式进行分析。对复合材料加筋层合板在静压痕力作用下进行损伤全过程数值研究,利用该有限元模型预测复合材料层合板静压痕力作用下的荷载-位移曲线以及凹坑深度与静压痕力的关系曲线。数值仿真与实验结果吻合较好,表明该损伤模型方法的可行性。复合材料层合板加筋后拐点处的凹坑深度明显加大,达到0.84mm。通过对加筋板的刚度和强度失效规律的分析,为进一步的复合材料格栅加筋结构(如飞机结构中复合材料后压力框)的性能分析提供参考。     

复合材料层合板损伤区域扩展全过程分析

对碳纤维NCF层合板进行了2组准静态压痕试验。第1组采用不同的压头尺寸探究不同压头直径对层合板损伤区域和面积的影响;第2组进行固定压头尺寸的重复试验,使用非接触空气耦合超声波扫描试样损伤情况,研究静压痕力、凹坑深度、损伤面积三者之间的联系。利用Abaqus有限元软件,根据Hashin准则和内聚力单元的结合,对第2组层合板准静态压痕试验进行全过程的损伤扩展分析。分析结果表明,基体拉伸的破坏是层合板最容易出现的破坏,而且其损伤区域涵盖了其他4种损伤区域。凹坑深度与损伤面积存在一定联系,试验开始阶段凹坑增加速度缓慢,损伤面积增加速度较快;接近极限载荷时,凹坑深度增加速度加快,损伤面积增加速度减缓。     

冲头形状对层合板低能量冲击损伤尺寸及剩余压缩强度的影响

为探索冲头形状对层合板低能量冲击损伤尺寸及剩余压缩强度的影响,采用不同形状的冲头对T700/DS1202层合板进行了低能量冲击试验,测量损伤尺寸及其冲击后的剩余压缩强度。结果表明:随着冲击能量等级的增加,锥形冲头造成的损伤更易向深度方向发展,当损伤深度≥0.315 mm时,层合板背部出现裂纹,造成层合板剩余压缩强度退化到90%以下;同时,冲头形状会影响冲击能量门槛值,锥形冲头与圆形冲头的冲击能量门槛值分别为5 J·mm-1、6.67 J·mm-1。     

复合材料层合板冲击损伤剩余强度分析

民用飞机复合材料结构设计时必须考虑复合材料层合板的冲击损伤。通过试验测量和数值模拟两种方法分析碳纤维增强复合材料层合板低速冲击损伤后的剩余压缩强度,试验采用标准试验规范进行测量,数值模拟分析采用层内渐进损伤模型和层间Cohesive模型模拟分析层合板冲击损伤以及剩余压缩强度。数值模拟与试验结果对比表明,该数值模拟分析方法的有效性,为民用飞机复合材料结构设计时预测和计算复合材料层合板的剩余强度提供方法。     

平纹编织复合材料层板高速冲击损伤机理研究

根据碳纤维平纹编织复合材料层板在高速冲击下的断裂形貌特征,基于能量守恒原理构建层板的能量解析模型。模型考虑弹体动能被层合板的剪切破坏、拉伸断裂、压缩变形、分层损伤以及冲击区运动等损伤模式吸收,最终得到常微分形式的能量平衡方程。方程的几何参数中剪切充塞孔深度由试验弹道极限速度及理论求解得到,裂纹长度和分层损伤区域通过弹道冲击试验测量获得。在验证模型准确性的基础上,研究表明层合板在中速冲击时纤维拉伸断裂损伤吸收最多的能量,而高速冲击时压缩变形成为主要的吸能方式。在整个冲击过程中,较大的分层损伤区域使得基体的能量吸收作用不可忽视。层合板在平头弹冲击下与圆头弹相比吸收了更多的能量。     

低速冲击后三维中空夹层复合材料的压缩损伤容限

为了研究低速冲击后三维中空夹层复合材料的压缩损伤容限(剩余压缩强度),制作了满足要求的实验件并进行了剩余压缩强度对比实验.采用数码照片和外观检测等方法对压缩破坏损伤发展的过程进行了研究,分析了压缩破坏机理.结果表明,冲击损伤严重影响了三维中空夹层复合材料板的抗压能力,剩余压缩强度随冲击能量的增加而减少;三维中空夹层复合材料的压缩破坏主要由前面板控制,前面板发生局部屈曲的载荷与板的压缩破坏载荷几乎相等;表面蒙皮不仅能减少冲击损伤,而且能使板内的损伤显露在表面,容易让人发现.     

金属网对玻璃纤维增强复合材料低速冲击损伤特性的影响

为研究304不锈钢网对玻璃纤维编织复合材料低速冲击损伤特性的影响,利用落锤试验机分别对2 mm厚的不含、含一层和含三层304不锈钢网的玻璃纤维编织复合材料板进行5 J、20 J、40 J和60 J能量下的冲击实验,从层合板载荷峰值、最大凹陷位移、能量吸收和损伤机理等方面,分析不锈钢网对层合板抗冲击性能的影响规律。研究结果表明,当冲击能量未达到层合板击穿能量阈值前,载荷峰值和最大凹陷位移随着冲击能量的增大而增大。三层不锈钢网的加入使得层合板在较小凹陷位移时就能达到最大载荷,具有良好的抗冲击性能。层合板损伤形状呈十字形,损伤程度沿着厚度方向逐渐加深,背面中心点处损伤最为严重。当冲击能量超过层合板能量阈值时,中心区域损伤呈花瓣开裂状,主要损伤模式为纤维拉伸断裂和基体破碎、金属丝拉伸断裂。     

高应力水平下T700/MTM46复合材料层合板拉-拉疲劳性能研究

本文研究了T700/MTM46复合材料层合板在高应力水平下的拉-拉疲劳性能。首先开展了层合板静拉伸试验研究,得到了静拉伸强度、模量和破坏应变,各项静力性能指标分散性小,静力破坏模式以小范围内的脆性断裂为主。然后根据得到的静强度确定疲劳应力水平,开展层合板拉-拉疲劳性能试验研究,各应力水平下疲劳寿命分散性大,且并没有随应力水平高低表现出规律性;疲劳破坏模式以分层失效为主,几乎整个工作段长度内都出现了严重的分层现象;疲劳应力水平越高,破坏时刚度下降程度越小,且归一化刚度退化曲线表现出"快-慢-快"三阶段性;疲劳过程中损伤起源于90°层,且在疲劳过程中该层内的损伤扩展最为严重,0°层的损伤出现最晚,但是0°层纤维断裂预示着即将发生灾难性的疲劳破坏。     

复合材料层合板低速冲击后的力学性能试验研究

对特定铺层的5224/CF3052平纹织物复合材料层合板进行了低速冲击和冲击后拉伸、压缩及弯曲试验。探讨了层合板在冲击试验过程中的损伤过程、特征和机理;分析了凹坑深度对层合板冲击后拉伸、压缩和弯曲强度的影响规律。结果表明:冲击后拉伸、压缩及弯曲强度降幅分别为60.9%、50.4%及28.4%,冲击后拉伸强度降幅最大,应引起注意。与冲击后压缩试验结果类似,凹坑深度与冲击后拉伸、弯曲剩余强度关系曲线存在拐点现象。     

脆性夹心复合材料层合板冲击损伤研究

通过冲击损伤试验，揭示了脆性夹心复合材料层合板的损伤机理，并提出了用于此类结构材料剩余强度预测的一套工程计算方法。     

Study on the damage behavior of carbon fiber composite after low-velocity impact under hygrothermal aging

In this article, T800 carbon fiber/epoxy resin composite was subjected to hygrothermal aging. By analyzing the mass change, surface morphology before and after aging, infrared spectra, and dynamic mechanical properties, the effect of hygrothermal aging on the composite properties was studied. The hygrothermal aging of the composite after low-velocity impact, the effects of environmental factors on the damaged area, and the post-impact compression properties of composites were studied. The results showed that the saturation moisture absorption rate of the composite after aging (71°C constant temperature) was 0.88%. Upon increasing the impact energy, an indentation appeared before the inflection point at 35 J. When the impact energy was less than 15 J, aging did not affect invisible damage. Above this, the damaged area and number of internal cracks and defects in the composite were increased. After aging, the compressive strength of composite laminates with impact damage decreased obviously. During the aging stage, the residual compressive strength of the sample was the lowest in the moisture saturated state, and hygrothermal aging had little effect on the compression failure mode after impact.     

ZTM陶瓷表面机加工损伤的初步研究

本文对热压烧结ＺＴＭ／ＳｉＣｐ陶瓷的表面机加工损伤及其对材料强度的影响进行了研究，发现机加工在陶瓷表面引入两类损伤，即机加工裂纹及机加工表面残余应力。材料在机加工后强度下降较大，而机加工后的退火处理则可以使强度有所提高。     

Ion-Exchanged Glass Laminates that Exhibit a Threshold Strength

Glass laminates, fabricated to include periodic thin layers containing biaxial compressive stresses, exhibit a threshold strength, i.e., a stress below which failure will not occur. Ion-exchange treatments in KNO₃ at 350°–450°C for periods of 3–72 h were used to create residual compressive stresses at the surface of soda lime silicate glass sheets. Wafer direct bonding of the ion-exchanged glass sheets resulted in glass laminates with thin layers of compressive stress adjacent to the glass interface and perpendicular to the laminate top surface. Critical strain energy release measurements of the bonded interface were used to optimize the bonding temperature/time to avoid significant relaxation of the stress produced by ion exchange. Stress profiles, determined via the wafer curvature measurement method, showed a residual compressive stress maximum of 328 MPa for an ion exchange temperature of 450°C. The threshold flexural strength of the ion exchanged glass laminates was determined to be 112 MPa after the introduction of indentation cracks with indent loads ranging from 1 to 5 kg. In contrast to similar ceramic laminates, where cracks either propagate across the compressive layer or bifurcate within the compressive layer, the cracks in the glass laminates were deflected along the interface between the bonded sheets.     

Thermal shock effects on the impact resistance,tolerance and flexural strength of alumina based oxide/oxide ceramic matrix composites

In this study the effects of thermal shock on the impact damage resistance, damage tolerance and flexural strength of Nextel 610/alumina silicate ceramic matrix composites were experimentally evaluated. Composite laminates with balanced and symmetric layup were gradually heated to 1200°C in an air-based furnace and held for at least 30 min before being removed and immersed in water at room temperature. The laminates were then subjected to low velocity impacts via a hemispherical steel impactor. The resultant damage was characterized non-destructively, following which the laminates were subjected to compression tests. Three-point bend tests were also performed to evaluate the effect of thermal shock on the flexural strength and related failure modes of the laminates. Thermally shocked laminates showed smaller internal damage and larger external damage areas in comparison to their pristine counterparts. For the impact energy and resultant damage size considered, the residual compressive strengths for the thermally shocked and pristine laminates were similar.     

Effects of Grain Size of Hot-Pressed Silicon Nitride on Contact Damage Morphology and Residual Strength

Effects of the grain size of hot-pressed Si₃N₄ on contact damage morphology and residual strength were studied using the elastic/plastic indentation method with a spherical indenter. The contact damage, initially formed with increasing indentation load, was Hertzian cracks in the Si₃N₄ consisting of fine grains (mean grain size: 0.2 μm). In the coarser-grained Si₃N₄ (mean grain size: 0.8 μm), there was a damage texture, consisting of grain-sized microcracks. The residual strength was degraded at a load slightly higher than the critical load for contact damage formation. The strength degradation was not caused by contact damage but the residual stress formed around the impressions.     

Tailored Residual Stresses in High Reliability Alumina-Mullite Ceramic Laminates

A design and processing approach to fabricate ceramic laminates with high mechanical reliability, i.e., high failure resistance, limited strength scatter, and increased damage tolerance is presented in this paper. Different ceramic layers are stacked together to develop a specific residual stress profile after sintering. By changing the composition of the laminae and the composite architecture it is possible to produce a material with predefined failure stress which can be evaluated from the fracture toughness curve correlated to the residual stresses. In addition, by tailoring the fracture toughness curve, surface defects can be forced to grow in a stable way before reaching the critical condition, thus obtaining a unique-value strength ceramic material. Laminates composed of alumina/mullite composite layers are designed and created in this work by the implementation of the proposed approach. The material obtained shows a "constant" strength of 456 MPa (standard deviation <7%) even when large surface damage is produced by Vickers indentation.     

缝合混杂针织结构复合材料准静态弯曲试验及有限元模拟

利用MTS-810材料试验机,研究缝合层合板复合材料的准静态三点弯曲实验,分析准静态下材料的破坏机制,即上表面的压缩破坏和下表面的拉伸破坏。根据缝合层合板的细观结构建立单胞模型,连接用户子程序,进行有限元模拟,深入分析材料破坏机理和最终破坏模式,两者均说明经向材料和纬向材料的破坏无显著区别,并且两者的载荷-位移曲线和能量吸收曲线具有良好的一致性,证明有限元模拟的正确性,为进一步研究纺织复合材料的力学性能奠定良好的基础。