B2O3负载量对MoO3/CeO2-Al2O3耐硫甲烷化性能的影响

考察B₂O₃负载量对于MoO₃/CeO₂-Al₂O₃催化剂对耐硫甲烷化活性的影响,利用BET、XRD、TEM、NH₃-TPD等手段对催化剂进行了表征。结果表明,催化剂的耐硫甲烷化活性随B₂O₃负载量增加呈现先升高后降低的变化规律;当B₂O₃负载量为0.5%时,催化剂的耐硫甲烷化活性最高,CO转化率达到55%。结合表征分析,发现添加B₂O₃会影响催化剂载体的结构和表面酸度,从而影响活性组分的分散程度,进而影响MoO₃/CeO₂-Al₂O₃催化剂的耐硫甲烷化性能。催化剂的晶化程度太高或单位面积上的强酸量太多均不利于甲烷化反应;较好的活性组分分散度有利于催化剂甲烷化活性的提高。     

不同载体负载的Mo基甲烷化催化剂

研究γ-Al₂O₃、CeO₂和ZrO₂负载的Mo基催化剂性质及其甲烷化性能。采用N2物理吸附、H₂程序升温还原、X射线衍射和透射电镜对催化剂进行表征,使用固定床,在550 ℃、3 MPa、5 000 h^-1、V(H₂)∶V（CO）=1.0且含有H2S的合成气中对催化剂甲烷化性能进行测试。结果表明,3种载体中,Mo在ZrO₂载体上分散度最高,甲烷化反应中Mo/ZrO₂催化剂活性最高; CeO₂负载的Mo相抗烧结能力最强,甲烷化反应中Mo/CeO₂催化剂稳定性最好。     

二氧化碳甲烷化催化剂的研究进展

CO₂催化加氢甲烷化反应是温室气体CO₂资源化利用的有效途径之一。本文回顾了CO₂催化加氢甲烷化催化剂的研究现状, 其中Ni基催化剂是研究最为广泛的CO₂甲烷化催化剂。重点介绍了Al₂O₃、SiO₂和La₂O₃载体及CeO₂和La₂O₃助剂等对Ni基催化剂CO₂甲烷化性能的影响, 阐述了载体的结构、电子性能、化学性能和助剂等对Ni基催化剂CO₂甲烷化性能的影响。结合几种非Ni基CO₂甲烷化催化剂的对比研究发现, 具有有序介孔结构的Co基催化剂也表现出了优越的CO₂甲烷化性能。由此表明, 催化剂新颖的结构也是影响CO₂甲烷化性能的重要因素, 通过催化剂结构、组成等的调变, 能实现CO₂低温高效甲烷化, 为CO₂甲烷化工业化进程奠定基础。     

ZrO2添加对MoO3/Al2O3催化剂耐硫甲烷化性能的影响

采用共沉淀法制备了ZrO₂-Al₂O₃复合载体,并进一步制备了MoO₃/ZrO₂-Al₂O₃催化剂,考察了不同ZrO₂质量分数对催化剂结构及其耐硫甲烷化性能的影响。利用N₂物理吸附、X射线衍射、H₂程序升温还原和透射电子显微镜等手段对催化剂的结构进行了表征。结果表明,MoO₃/ZrO₂-Al₂O₃中ZrO₂的添加可以明显削弱MoO₃与载体间的相互作用,促进Mo物种的还原,适量ZrO₂的存在还有助于提高催化剂的比表面积,改善Mo活性相的分散性,使催化剂表现出优异的耐硫甲烷化活性。     

CeO2助剂对Ni基催化剂甲烷化性能的影响

甲烷化工艺是煤制天然气的关键技术,甲烷化催化剂则是甲烷化技术的核心。Ni基催化剂具有活性高、选择性好和价格低廉等优点,但易积炭,积炭堵塞催化剂孔道,覆盖表面金属活性位,导致催化剂失活。稀土类金属氧化物（如CeO₂、La₂O₃等）对Ni基催化剂的活性、稳定性、抗积炭性能以及活性组分的分散有明显的促进作用。采用共沉淀法制备了CeO₂-La₂O₃复合氧化物载体,负载Ni后用于CO甲烷化反应,利用N2物理吸附、XRD、H₂-TPR、XPS和TG等对催化剂结构进行表征。结果表明,Ni/CeO₂-La₂O₃中CeO₂的添加主要发挥了电子助剂的作用,CeO₂的存在提高了催化剂表面Ni0周围的电子密度,促进Ni物种的还原,同时还能提高催化剂的抗积炭能力,使催化剂表现出更好的甲烷化活性与稳定性。在V（H₂）∶V（CO）=1、反应温度450 ℃、空速24 000 h^-1和常压下,Ni/CeO₂-La₂O₃催化剂的CO转化率达82.7%。     

CeO2-Al2O3复合载体负载Ni基催化剂催化COx共甲烷化性能

通过浸渍沉淀法分别制备Ni/Al₂O₃、Ni/CeO₂和Ni/CeO₂-Al₂O₃催化剂，并对其分别进行不同CO/CO₂比例下COx共甲烷化性能评价。发现Ni/Al₂O₃催化剂催化CO转化为CH4的能力明显高于Ni/CeO₂，而催化CO₂甲烷化的性能则相反。采用Ni/CeO₂-Al₂O₃催化剂，可以在提高CO转化率的同时而不降低CO₂转化率。结合BET、XRD、TPR、TPD和原位红外等各种表征手段，发现CeO₂掺杂虽然降低了催化剂的比表面积和金属Ni的分散度，但却可明显提高其吸附活化CO₂的能力，这主要是由于具有较高含量氧空位的CeO₂的掺杂可以提高载体表面碱性位，促使共甲烷过程中CO_...     

CO2甲烷化催化剂的研究进展

CO₂甲烷化反应因其可以将温室气体CO₂转化为清洁能源(CH₄)而受到广泛关注。本文介绍了CO₂甲烷化反应的机理与热力学研究进展,分析了CO₂甲烷化催化剂活性中心、粒子尺寸和载体效应对催化剂反应性能的影响规律。介绍了高熵合金、溶出型金属等新型催化剂在CO₂甲烷化反应中的应用,总结了影响Ni基CO₂甲烷化催化剂反应稳定性的2个主要因素(粒子烧结和硫中毒)以及提高Ni基催化剂抗烧结和抗硫中毒的举措(利用限域效应、添加CeO₂等),从而为新型CO₂甲烷化催化剂的研究和开发提供理论基础。最后,对CO₂甲烷化催化剂的研究开发进行了展望。     

制备方法对钼基耐硫甲烷化催化剂性能的影响

合成气甲烷化是煤制天然气工艺的主要过程之一。与传统的镍基催化剂相比,钼基催化剂用于耐硫甲烷化可以省去精脱硫过程和水汽变换过程,具有一定的技术和成本优势。但是钼基催化剂活性相对较低,尤其是低温活性和高温稳定性有待提高。对比研究不同方法制备的MoO₃/ZrO₂催化剂在固定床反应器上的耐硫甲烷化性能,发现采用溶液燃烧法制备的催化剂在相同条件下具有较高的耐硫甲烷化活性,当空速为5000 h^-1、反应压力为3MPa、反应温度为300℃和400℃时其CO转化率可分别达到26%和79%。催化剂的N₂物理吸附、透射电镜、X射线衍射和Raman光谱等表征结果表明,溶液燃烧法制备的催化剂具有较小的ZrO₂晶粒尺寸和较大的比表面积,活性组分Mo物种在ZrO₂载体上的分散性更好。而采用共沉淀法和浸渍法制得的MoO₃/ZrO₂催化剂存在不同程度的Mo物种团聚现象,导致其耐硫甲烷化活性较低。     

碱/碱土金属修饰Ni基催化剂的CO2吸附与甲烷化性能

采用分步浸渍法制备了碱/碱土金属修饰Ni基催化剂Ni-M/Al₂O₃ (M=K₂CO₃, Na₂CO₃, MgO, CaO)。探究了碱/碱土金属的添加对改性Ni基催化剂CO₂吸附和甲烷化性能的影响。研究发现,碱/碱土金属的添加提高了Ni/Al₂O₃催化剂表面的碱性活性位点密度,强化了其CO₂吸附性能。碱/碱土金属类型影响Ni-M/Al₂O₃催化剂碱性活性位点的分布、NiO物相的转化及Ni的分散度,进而影响其甲烷化性能。MgO添加使NiO物相转化为与载体呈强相互作用的β型和γ型NiO,降低了催化剂表面的强碱性活性位点比例,有利于CO₂吸附活化。Ni-MgO/Al₂O₃的CO₂吸附容量最高为0.68mmolCO₂/g,其CO₂转化率和CH₄选择性分别高达58.4%和95.4%,其在烟气CO₂捕集与原位甲烷化中极具应用前景。     

煤制天然气甲烷化催化剂及机理的研究进展

煤制天然气技术是将高碳能源转化为富氢、低碳能源的有效途径,发展以煤为原料、将合成气通过甲烷化反应制备天然气是今后煤清洁利用的重要途径。介绍了国内外煤制天然气的研究现状和甲烷化反应在煤制天然气中的应用。阐述了近年来CO、CO₂甲烷化催化剂中几种常见的氧化物负载型Ni基催化剂载体(Al₂O₃、ZrO₂、SiO₂、TiO₂)和催化剂助剂的制备方法以及化学结构特点,分析了一些新型催化剂载体（MWCNT、SiC、LaFeO₃）、贵金属催化剂、非晶态合金催化剂、钙钛矿催化剂的研究现状和制备方法对催化剂催化性能的影响。分别对因高温烧结、催化剂中毒和催化剂积炭在工业上引起的甲烷化催化剂失活进行分析,并提出催化剂的改进方法。阐述CO甲烷化反应的次甲基机理、表面碳机理和变换-甲院化反应机理;近年来CO₂甲烷化反应机理尽管一直存在分歧,但在催化过程中生成含碳中间物种的理论已被认同。今后甲烷化催化剂的研究方向包括开发新型甲烷化催化剂（低温催化剂、催化剂掺杂改性）、新型复合载体、抗硫催化剂（钼、钨催化剂）以及开发甲烷化新工艺和进一步深入探索甲烷化反应机理。     

Effect of a promoter on the methanation activity of a Mo-based sulfur-resistant catalyst

The effect of adding Co, Ni or La on the methanation activity of a Mo-based sulfur-resistant catalyst was investigated. As promoters, Co, Ni and La all improved the methanation activity of a 15% MoO₃/Al₂O₃ catalyst but to different extents. Similar improvements were also found when Co, Ni or La was added to a 15% MoO₃/25%-CeO₂-Al₂O₃ catalyst. The promotion effects of Co and Ni were better than that of La. However, the catalytic methanation activity deteriorated the most with time for the Ni-promoted catalyst. The used catalysts were analyzed by nitrogen adsorption measurement, X-ray diffraction and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy.     

Catalytic reduction of NO by CO over NiO/CeO2 catalyst in stoichiometric NO/CO and NO/CO/O2 reaction

A new catalyst composed of nickel oxide and cerium oxide was studied with respect to its activity for NO reduction by CO under stoichiometric conditions in the absence as well as the presence of oxygen. Activity measurements of the NO/CO reaction were also conducted over NiO/γ-Al₂O₃, NiO/TiO₂, and NiO/CeO₂ catalysts for comparison purposes. The results showed that the conversion of NO and CO are dependent on the nature of supports, and the catalysts decreased in activity in the order of NiO/CeO₂ > NiO/γ-Al₂O₃ > NiO/TiO₂. Three kinds of CeO₂ were prepared and used as support for NiO. They are the CeO₂ prepared by (i) homogeneous precipitation (HP), (ii) precipitation (PC), and (iii) direct decomposition (DP) method. We found that the NiO/CeO₂(HP) catalyst was the most active, and complete conversion of NO and CO occurred at 210 °C at a space velocity of 120,000 h⁻¹. Based on the results of surface analysis, a reaction model for NO/CO interaction over NiO/CeO₂ has been proposed: (i) CO reduces surface oxygen to create vacant sites; (ii) on the vacant sites, NO dissociates to produce N₂; and (iii) the oxygen originated from NO dissociation is removed by CO.     

低温耐硫甲烷化催化剂硫化过程

采用燃烧法制备MoO₃/ZrO₂催化剂,该催化剂由于具有比表面积大、粒径小的优点,表现出很高的低温耐硫甲烷化活性。通过考察硫化工艺条件的影响发现,硫化过程中硫化时间、硫化压力、硫化氢浓度的影响不大,而硫化温度的影响较明显,300℃下恒温硫化效果最佳,表征结果表明,300℃下恒温硫化可以使催化剂完全硫化,得到较多的MoS₂晶格条纹,有利于提高催化剂的甲烷化活性。恒温硫化时,硫化温度低于300℃时,催化剂硫化不完全,形成的MoS₂晶格条纹较少;硫化温度过高会导致催化剂过度硫化并发生团聚,从而导致催化剂的耐硫甲烷化活性降低。分步硫化时目标温度为400℃时效果最佳,且与300℃恒温硫化的效果接近,对于MoO₃/ZrO₂催化剂,可选择300℃恒温硫化,适宜的硫化条件为：硫化压力0.1 MPa,硫化温度300℃,硫化氢浓度3% H₂S/H₂,硫化时间4 h。     

CeO2纳米棒负载Co催化CO脱除NOx的机理

以碱法水热合成径向尺寸6～10 nm的CeO₂纳米棒,采用湿法浸渍在纳米棒上负载不同含量的Co氧化物。通过实验探究Co含量改变对脱硝性能的影响原理,实验结果显示浸渍方案为3 g CeO₂∶30 ml 10%（质量分数） 硝酸钴溶液时,脱硝效率最高,在NO与CO摩尔比为1∶5,体积空速为30000 h^-1,无氧状态下,250℃ 即能达到70%以上的效率。采用氮气吸附、XPS、TEM以及XRD测试不同钴含量催化剂的物化性质,与催化性能结果比对分析后得出Co的添加是通过改变催化剂表面的活性官能团来提高效率,其中Co₂O₃对于催化CO与NO_x进行反应具有较高的效率,提高催化剂中Co₂O₃的比重可以将高效率温度段降低,CoO在一定程度上对CO与NO_x反应具有负面作用,而Co₃O₄对低温阶段N₂O选择性影响较大。     

Ultrahigh temperature water gas shift catalysts to increase hydrogen yield from biomass gasification

Noble metal (Rh, Pt, Pd, Ir, Ru, and Ag) and Ni catalysts supported on CeO₂–Al₂O₃ were investigated for water gas shift reaction at ultrahigh temperatures. Pt/CeO₂–Al₂O₃ and Ru/CeO₂–Al₂O₃ demonstrated as the best catalysts in terms of activity, hydrogen yield and hydrogen selectivity. At 700 °C and steam to CO ratio of 5.2:1, Pt/CeO₂–Al₂O₃ converted 76.3% of CO with 94.7% of hydrogen selectivity. At the same conditions, the activity and hydrogen selectivity for Ru/CeO₂–Al₂O₃ were 63.9% and 85.6%, respectively. Both catalysts showed a good stability over 9 h of continuous operation. However, both catalysts showed slight deactivation during the test period. The study revealed that Pt/CeO₂–Al₂O₃ and Ru/CeO₂–Al₂O₃ were excellent ultrahigh temperature water gas shift catalysts, which can be coupled with biomass gasification in a downstream reactor.     

The nature of metal oxide on adsorptive and catalytic properties of Pd/MeOx/Al2O3 catalysts

The role of ceria, niobium and molybdenum oxides on the promotion of the NO reduction by CO was studied. A bifunctional mechanism was discussed as a function of both the nature of interaction between metal oxide and palladium and the redox properties of each metal oxide.

The NO dissociation was better on the Pd/MoO₃/Al₂O₃ catalyst than on the Pd/CeO₂/Al₂O₃ and Pd/Nb₂O₅/Al₂O₃ catalysts. The explanation for the very high N₂ production on Pd–Mo catalyst during the TPD analysis may be attributed to the NO+Me^δ+ stoichiometric reaction.

The promoting effect of a reducible oxide for the NO+CO reaction at low temperature can be ascribed mainly to its easiness for a redox interchange and its interaction with the noble metal particles. This would increase the surface redox ability and favor the dynamic equilibrium needed for high N₂ selectivity.     

尿素燃烧法制备镍基甲烷化催化剂及其催化反应性能

以拟薄水铝石、硝酸镍以及镁、钴、镧和铁的硝酸盐为原料,尿素为燃烧剂,采用尿素燃烧法制备系列镍基(以及含助剂)甲烷化催化剂。通过XRD和BET等对催化剂结构进行表征,采用固定床反应器评价催化剂的合成气甲烷化催化反应性能,考察Ni含量、尿素与原料质量比、焙烧温度和不同助剂等对催化剂结构和性能的影响,评价催化剂的稳定性。结果表明,Ni O质量分数为7.5%~44.8%时,采用尿素燃烧法均可制备γ-Al2O3为载体的镍基甲烷化催化剂,最佳制备条件为:尿素与原料质量比3∶1,焙烧温度450℃,燃烧时间40 min。26.1%Ni O/γ-Al2O3催化剂表现出较好的催化性能,在230℃和常压条件下,CO转化率和CH4选择性分别达99.5%和98.3%。26.1%Ni O-2.6%La2O3/γ-Al2O3催化剂在(230~700)℃经过多次升降反应温度和1 460 h的长周期稳定性测试,表现出较好的稳定性和耐热冲击性能。