求解混凝土等效断裂韧度的小波基无单元方法

考虑混凝土主裂缝亚临界扩展长度及虚拟裂缝区粘聚力,利用,积分与应力强度因子的解析关系,建立基于小波基无单元方法求解混凝土等效断裂韧度的数值方法,研究不同基底小波分辨率对混凝土等效断裂韧度计算值的影响。对8个带裂缝试件的混凝土等效断裂韧度的计算结果表明:在相同小波基分辨率下,4根体积系列试件的计算值的均方差和变异系数分别小于0.0244和0.0231,4根高度系列试件的计算值的均方差和变异系数分别小于0.0384和0.0362,计算结果的一致性好;与解析解相比,8个试件的计算值的最大相对误差均在5%左右,计算结果的精度高;且不同小波基分辨率对计算结果影响不大。由此得出结论,小波基无单元方法是求解混凝土等效断裂韧度的一种可靠的高精度数值方法,可以作为混凝土断裂力学的一种有力的计算工具。     

用实用解析法计算混凝土基于裂缝粘聚力的新KR阻力曲线

对三点弯曲梁混凝土试件,虚拟断裂过程区上粘聚力呈线性或双线性分布的,可以用实用解析法计算混凝土双K断裂参数及新KR阻力曲线。实用解析方法是用简单函数拟合Green函数,将粘聚力在裂缝尖端产生的应力强度因子积分算式转化为简单的算术表达式。该方法无需进行数值积分,简化了计算过程。采用不同尺寸的三点弯曲梁混凝土试件的试验结果...     

采用无缝试件确定混凝土岩石的断裂韧度

该文建立了由无缝试件确定混凝土和岩石断裂韧度的理论模型及其解析表达式。该模型考虑了混凝土骨料粒径与岩石颗粒尺寸的重要影响,仅需小尺寸无缝试件的峰值荷载,即可直接确定出无尺寸效应的混凝土与岩石的断裂韧度。进一步,进行了含不同裂缝长度的岩石试件的系列断裂试验,研究结果表明:基于该文模型由无缝试件确定的岩石断裂韧度,与采用含1 mm预制浅裂缝试件的确定结果相吻合,与基于回归分析方法由含不同长度预制裂缝试件确定的断裂韧度基本一致。同时,基于所提模型,对其他学者完成的岩石与混凝土无缝与含缝试件的试验成果进行了深入分析,验证了所提模型与方法的合理性及适用性。该文研究为由实验室小尺寸无缝试件确定混凝土与岩石无尺寸效应的断裂韧度提供了新思路。     

基于虚拟裂缝模型的混凝土等效断裂韧度

本文采用虚拟裂缝模型,将临界裂缝尖端张开位移ＣＴＯＤｃ作为控制参数,利用三点弯曲梁试件通过迭代求得了混凝土裂缝亚临界扩展量的临界值△ａｃ,据此求得了混凝土起裂断裂韧度ＫｉｎｉＩｃ、等效断裂韧度ＫｕｎＩｃ值。计算结果表明,随着试件尺寸的增大,△ａｃ增大,但ＫｉｎｉＩｃ、ＫｕｎＩｃ值却是与试件尺寸无关的断裂参数。这表明线弹性断裂韧度准则可应用于混凝土结构的裂缝评定。     

权函数法计算的混凝土断裂韧度

在采用解析方法确定混凝土的双K断裂韧度时,粘聚断裂韧度计算的准确性直接影响起裂韧度断裂控制参数计算的准确性。根据权函数法,给出了基于CEB-FIP粘聚应力软化函数计算的粘聚断裂韧度的表达式。使用最大高度为1000mm的五组楔入劈拉紧凑拉伸试件测量的最大荷载和临界裂缝嘴张开口位移,计算了混凝土的双K断裂韧度,并与积分解析计算公式进行了对比。结果表明,两种解析计算方法较为吻合,最大误差不超过2%。     

几何与非几何相似试件确定混凝土韧度及强度

几何相似与非几何相似试件,分别为尺寸效应与边界效应模型的推荐试件型式。考虑尺寸效应和边界效应模型的各自特点与优势,提出了改进的混凝土离散颗粒断裂模型。基于几何相似与非几何相似两类试件的断裂试验,确定出混凝土的材料参数——断裂韧度与拉伸强度,并与试验强度值及由尺寸效应模型确定的断裂韧度进行了比较。结果表明:当韧带高度(W-a0)与骨料代表尺寸di的比值约为10时,对应的断裂韧度与拉伸强度的确定曲线的相关系数最佳,且与试验强度值、尺寸效应模型断裂韧度计算值吻合较好。采用几何相似、非几何相似、几何与非几何相似试件确定的混凝土材料参数,分别建立了不同情况下混凝土断裂破坏设计预测曲线,其±20%即可涵盖全部试验数据。基于统计归纳,可取虚拟裂缝扩展量Δafic=ndi和特征裂缝长度a*∞=0.5di,进而建立了峰值荷载与断裂韧度、峰值荷载与拉伸强度的解析关系式,实现了由实测峰值荷载直接确定出混凝土的断裂韧度与拉伸强度的目的,预测值的±15%可涵盖所有试验数据。基于解析公式,预测了满足线弹性断裂的大尺寸真实结构的峰值状态。     

混凝土软化本构关系对双K断裂参数的影响

混凝土裂缝扩展的双K 断裂准则，用于描述混凝土结构裂缝的起裂、稳定扩展和失稳断裂。其相 应的双K 断裂参数ini c K I 、un c K I 可通过简便的实验和基于虚拟裂缝扩展粘聚力的解析方法确定。已取得的 研究结果表明，起裂韧度ini c K I 的解析解与所确定的混凝土软化本构关系有关。对于简单实用的双线性软化 本构曲线而言，参数s s 、s w 、0 w 的取值直接影响软化本构关系的确定。根据本课题组新近所做楔入劈 拉实验，经分析对比得到了与实测结果相符合、为确定双K 断裂参数所使用的双线性软化本构曲线的相应 参数。     

基于裂缝扩展准则的K_R阻力曲线研究

根据混凝土I型裂缝扩展准则,将起裂断裂韧度作为材料参数,提出了一种新的计算混凝土结构裂缝扩展过程KR阻力曲线模型。该模型认为,裂缝扩展阻力由混凝土材料固有的抗裂能力和粘聚力提供的阻力组成并等于裂缝扩展的驱动力;应用该模型并借助有限元法计算了混凝土三点弯曲梁、楔入劈拉试件的裂缝扩展量、断裂过程区（FPZ）长度,在此基础上...     

低热水泥全级配混凝土断裂试验及尺寸效应分析

该文分析了低热水泥全级配混凝土断裂性能的尺寸效应规律。通过在大坝工程施工现场浇筑成型试件有效高度为0.75 m、1.5 m和2.25 m的楔入劈拉试件并开展试验,获得低热水泥全级配混凝土稳定的双K断裂参数。基于试验结果,采用理论方法推求全级配混凝土无尺寸效应的失稳和起裂韧度,预测任意尺寸试件的最大和起裂水平荷载。研究发现,当韧带高度与骨料最大粒径比值大于等于6.0后,双K断裂参数趋于稳定。尺寸效应模型及其演化形式可用于确定全级配混凝土无尺寸效应的起裂和失稳断裂韧度,定量分析强度与韧度对裂缝扩展的影响,并可通过引入等效几何参数,分别建立任意尺寸试件最大和起裂水平荷载的预测方程。     

混凝土裂缝扩展的断裂过程准则与解析

该研究工作对混凝土这一多相的复合材料,通过实验和理论相结合的科学手段,建立了一套完整的描述混凝土裂缝发展的断裂理论以及分析方法。根据实验观测结果提出了双K断裂参数,可以反映混凝土裂缝发展特性。在线形渐进叠加假定基础上,给出了双K断裂参数的解析表达式。根据分布于断裂过程区上粘聚力对裂缝扩展阻力的增强作用,得到了双K断裂参数适用的解析解,并通过实验分析了各种可能因素对双K断裂参数的影响。在考虑粘聚力影响条件下,提出了裂缝扩展阻力的新KR曲线,并将双K断裂参数与之对应起来。研究工作又通过能量的观点提出了与双K断裂参数相对应的以能量释放率为参数的双G断裂参数。通过数值计算和实验分析证实了能量法和应力场法在描述混凝土断裂性能方面的等效性。     

Fracture toughness of concrete determined on large specimens

It has often been questioned whether linear elastic fracture mechanics can be applied to describe crack propagation and failure of concrete. An important argument is that most test results are obtained on specimens too small to be representative of a material with a composite structure such as concrete. Large specimens with four different geometries have been prepared and tested. Crack length was increased under controlled conditions to at least 250 mm. It was found that fracture toughness increases initially as a crack propagates, but that a length-independent value is reached asymptotically. Within the range of accuracy, asymptotic values obtained with the four different geometries were the same. It is concluded that failure of large size concrete elements can be predicted realistically on the basis of linear elastic fracture mechanics. For comparatively small specimens, however, an approach which takes total fracture energy into consideration (for instance the fictitious crack model) is more appropriate. It is pointed out that the role of subcritical crack growth on fracture toughness needs further investigation.     

Evaluation of Fracture Parameters by Double-G,Double-K Models and Crack Extension Resistance for High Strength and Ultra High Strength Concrete Beams

This paper presents the advanced analytical methodologies such as Double- G and Double - K models for fracture analysis of concrete specimens made up of high strength concrete (HSC, HSC1) and ultra high strength concrete. Brief details about characterization and experimentation of HSC, HSC1 and UHSC have been provided. Double-G model is based on energy concept and couples the Griffith's brittle fracture theory with the bridging softening property of concrete. The double-K fracture model is based on stress intensity factor approach. Various fracture parameters such as cohesive fracture toughness (K_Ic^c), unstable fracture toughness (K_Ic^un) and initiation fracture toughness (K_Icⁱⁿⁱ) have been evaluated based on linear elastic fracture mechanics and nonlinear fracture mechanics principles. Double-G and double-K method uses the secant compliance at the peak point of measured P-CMOD curves for determining the effective crack length. Bi-linear tension softening model has been employed to account for cohesive stresses ahead of the crack tip. From the studies, it is observed that the fracture parameters obtained by using double - G and double - K models are in good agreement with each other. Crack extension resistance has been estimated by using the fracture parameters obtained through double - K model. It is observed that the values of the crack extension resistance at the critical unstable point are almost equal to the values of the unstable fracture toughness K_Ic^un of the materials. The computed fracture parameters will be useful for crack growth study, remaining life and residual strength evaluation of concrete structural components.     

成层混凝土的剪切强度和Ⅱ型断裂韧度

该文对成层混凝土的层间结合性能进行研究,通过直接剪切试验和双边缺口单边加载断裂试验测得混凝土层间的抗剪强度参数和Ⅱ型断裂韧度,研究了混凝土浇筑的层间间隔时间对成层混凝土层间结合性能的影响。试验结果表明:Ⅱ型断裂韧度K_Ⅱc与粘聚力c具有较好的线性相关性,而其与摩擦系数f不具有明显相关性。同时根据Ⅱ型断裂的定义假定断裂时满足摩尔库伦准则,推导出K_Ⅱc与c具有线性相关性。因此Ⅱ型断裂韧度可根据粘聚力直接估计出,避免了进行复杂而难以控制试验要素的Ⅱ型断裂试验。此方法为成层混凝土日后的断裂力学研究,提供了可参考的参数。     

A comparative study on five approaches to evaluate double-K fracture toughness parameters of concrete and size effect analysis

The current paper presents a comprehensive comparison of double-K fracture toughness parameters of concrete evaluated using experimental method and four existing analytical methods. Fracture tests were carried out on compact tension wedge splitting specimens with various depths varying from 200 mm up to 1000 mm. In the analytical calculation, depending on the relationship between critical crack tip opening displacement and the abscissa value of turning point on bilinear softening curve, two different distributions of cohesive stress are considered along crack extension. Results show that four available analytical calculations yield almost the same values of double-K fracture toughness parameters and agree well with those obtained from the experiment, which confirms the consistency of five approaches. Size effect was discussed, including unstable fracture toughness, initiation fracture toughness, critical effective crack length, the length of critical fracture process zone and critical crack tip opening displacement.     

混凝土/花岗岩界面Ⅰ-Ⅱ复合型动态断裂试验研究

为研究混凝土/岩石界面在复合型应力条件下的动态断裂性能,考虑四种应变率(10-5~10-2 s-1)及三种模态(21.8°,41.7°和60.3°)工况,对混凝土/花岗岩复合试件进行了四点剪切试验,获得了荷载与裂缝张开位移及裂缝剪切位移的关系曲线;结合界面力学理论和结构动力分析得到了界面Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型动态应力强度因子,据此得到并分析了断裂韧度、应变能释放率的率相关性及模态比相关性。结果表明:在所研究的应变率和模态角范围内,同一时刻的裂缝张开位移均大于裂缝剪切位移;Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型断裂韧度均随应变率的提高而增加,Ⅰ型断裂韧度随模态角的增大而减小,Ⅱ型断裂韧度随模态角的增大而增加;应变能释放率随应变率和模态角的增加均呈现出增长趋势。     

Weight function approach for determining crack extension resistance based on the cohesive stress distribution in concrete

The use of universal form of weight functions for determining the K_R-curves associated with the cohesive stress distribution for complete fracture process of three-point bending notched concrete beam is reported in the paper. Closed form expressions for the cohesion toughness with linear and bilinear distribution of cohesive stress in the fictitious fracture zone during monotonic loading of structures are obtained. Comparison with existing analytical method shows that the weight function method yields results without any appreciable error with improved computational efficiency. The stability analysis and the size-effect study using K_R-curves of crack propagation are also described.     

混凝土断裂及亚临界扩展的细观机制

通过模型和三点弯曲断裂SEM试验,详细研究了混凝土断裂全过程及亚临界扩展的细观机理。结果表明:混凝土断裂是一个复杂的不规则过程,存在明显的亚临界扩展现象。混凝土亚临界扩展路径是曲折的,并非经典断裂力学假定的平直路径,混凝土亚临界扩展和临界失稳扩展呈现分形特征。用起裂断裂韧性iICK和分形等效断裂韧性feICK,来描述混凝土抵抗初裂和临界失稳扩展的能力。给出了考虑亚临界扩展弯折效应的混凝土亚临界扩展长度、混凝土起裂断裂韧性iICK和分形等效断裂韧性feICK,的计算表达式。计算表明:混凝土失稳断裂时的分形等效断裂韧性feICK ,与混凝土亚临界扩展的分维数D成正比。     

砼双K断裂参数的实用解析方法

采用标准三点弯曲梁砼试件,利用试验中测得的最大荷载maxP及对应的裂缝口张开位移CMODc计算了砼裂缝亚临界扩展量caD。提出了由虚拟裂缝闭合力)(xs产生的应力强度因子cKI的实用解析方法,进而计算了砼双K断裂参数iniKIC及unKIC。采用这一方法,只需在试验中测得最大荷载maxP及对应的裂缝口张开位移CMODc、砼弹性模量及抗拉强度即可确定双K断裂参数并且无需对cKI进行数值积分。大量的计算分析表明,这一实用解析方法不但可使计算过程进一步简化,而且具有很高的精度。     

A study on the influence of cohesive zone interface element strength parameters on mixed mode behaviour

This paper presents a detailed study of the influence of maximum interfacial stress on interface element analyses for composites delamination. The development of the non-linear cohesive zone ahead of a crack tip is analysed with respect to length, stress distribution and mode ratio. The energy absorbed by interface elements is compared with the crack tip strain energy release rate from fracture mechanics analyses. These studies are performed initially on standard fracture toughness specimens, where mode-ratio is fixed by the applied displacement constraints. Results show close agreement with linear elastic fracture mechanics solutions. A simple ply drop specimen is then modelled, where the mode ratio is not constrained by the boundary conditions, and results are compared with the Virtual Crack Closure Technique. In this case maximum interfacial stress has a far greater influence on the numerical results, due to its significant influence on cohesive zone length, mode ratio and energy absorbed.