Modes of making smart cities: Or,practices of variegated smart urbanism

The ‘actually existing’ smart city is not a monolith. It is not directed by a universal logic, nor does it develop in a standardised way. As recent research has argued, the spatial, material, and political contexts of cities have major influence over what smart urbanism looks like in practice. This paper adds analytical depth to, and broadens the geographical scope of, research on the variegated modes of making smart cities. Based on empirical research in multiple Australian cities we use three case studies to explore three different modes of smart urbanism, each one centred on the interests of a different key actor: corporate-centric, citizen-centric, and planner-centric. These different modes can, and do, co-exist in the same city. At times, they are competing logics that fight to pull the city in different directions. Yet, they can also work together to shape smart city initiatives. In describing these different modes, we pay particular attention to the ways that these projects and strategies must contend with the already existing spatial, cultural, and political contexts of each place.     

智慧城市网络安全问题探讨

智慧城市是以物联网、互联网等通信网络为基础,通过物联网、互联网、智能使城市各功能模块协同运行的新型城市发展模式。它的特点是高度集成的智能技术,智能产业的高端发展和高效便捷的智能服务。然而,随着一切都变得更加互联和依赖技术,城市变得更加“智能”,这意味着它们不可避免地拥有更多的技术基础设施和数据,这意味着它们更容易受到新的威胁,随之而来的是更多的网络安全隐患。文章探讨了智慧城市带来的网络安全问题,并给出了相应的解决方案,使得智慧城市的建设更加安全,能更好的改善市民的生活,使得城市治理更加有效。     

What Makes Indian Cities Smart? A Policy Analysis of Smart Cities Mission

Despite widespread practices worldwide and increasing research centred on smart urbanism, there is no universal definition for ‘smart cities’. More importantly, a growing line of research warns about the north-centric notion of smart city research which underestimates the fast rate of uptake in the global South. In a search for a contextually informed definition of smart cities, the paper focuses on India: Home to one-third of the global South population, and the cradle of the ambitious Smart City Mission to develop 100 smart cities nationwide. It investigates the Smart City Proposals (SCPs) prepared for the first 20 smart cities prioritised, as part of the Mission. Findings offer a typology of smart city approaches; and shed light on the smart dimensions prioritised (e.g. smart governance, smart citizen and smart infrastructure) versus those overlooked (e.g. smart environment and smart economy) at the smart city policymaking level in India. The paper calls for further empirical research to investigate how the typologies pan out at the implementation of smart cities across the nation.     

Smart city and remote services: The case of South Korea’s national pilot smart cities

This study aimed to develop a comprehensive research model, and identify the factors that are positively associated with usage intention of remote smart city services. A theoretical model was developed based on the stimulus–organism–response framework, and the impact of stimulus and organism constructs on responses were investigated. A total of 376 survey responses were collected from two national pilot smart cities (Busan and Sejong) in South Korea, and partial least squares structural equation modeling was employed to test the hypotheses. Among the three stimuli factors, the citizens of Busan perceived the importance of ubiquity and autonomy most highly. However, the citizens of Sejong considered information exchange and ubiquity as crucial determinants of satisfaction. The findings revealed that the significant stimuli factors are not the same between smart cities, and there can be differences in the detailed attributes required in smart cities.     

From smart cities to smart social urbanism: A framework for shaping the socio-technological ecosystems in cities

Advocated mostly by technology companies, the smart city concept promises participation, democratization and innovative urbanism. Tracking these promises and ideas, this paper explores “smart urbanism” in ten cities from all over Israel. Based on interviews with leading figures in municipalities, smart city consultants and key figures in technological companies (n = 40), the aims of this paper are to assess the efforts of cities to become smart by responding to the following questions: 1. What is guiding the decision-making process in developing technological initiatives? 2. Does context play a role in implementing technological initiatives? 3. How are the residents perceived, and what tools are being used to address residents' digital differences? The key argument of this paper is threefold: first, in the process of becoming a smart city, the roles of public and private actors are blurred, influencing the process of decision making. Second, despite contextual differences, cities adopt similar digital initiatives. Third, technological initiatives that focus on social needs and address inequality in the digital age are still at the margins. The final discussion suggests that most municipalities are still at an early stage of digitization implementation and have the ability to shape and form a vision for the cities as socio-technological ecosystems in a way that will serve their publics as a whole. The paper ends with a call for shifting the focus from the city to society in developing digital initiatives and cultivating smart social urbanism.     

Cloudy landscapes: On the extended geography of smart urbanism

The hypervisibility of the projects of smart urbanism in urban cores masks and obfuscates an extended geography of extraction, processing, storage, transmission, and control that underlies the ideologies, practices, and forms of smart cities. By adopting a hybrid analytical framework, assembled from recent work emerging from critical urban geography, media studies, and design, this paper argues for a spatial recontextualization of smart urbanism. Expanding the scope of urban analysis beyond cities and into the enabling geography of “the cloud,” this paper positions smart urbanism within an uneven and socio-technically constructed planetary landscape, to problematize and more effectively map the “where” of smart cities. As an initial grounding of this discussion, a typological categorization of the extended geography of smart urbanism identifies a number of conditions and avenues for further research.     

基于CIM智慧城市的规划

文章对基于CIM智慧城市的规划领域进行研究,指出目前CIM仍停留在BIM和GIS阶段。通过对CIM应用场景的调研,阐述在基于CIM的智慧城市业态下,如何能够更好的开展“智慧城市”规划,以提升城市规划水平。文章指出,把智能化手段融入到传统城市规划的过程中,应把CIM相关内容(BIM、GIS和IOT)与AI、大数据和云计算等技术相结合,在多场景下对规划方案优选,实现规划精准、要素全面、场景真实的规划效果。还提出CIM不仅应用在智慧城市的规划建筑行业,还覆盖政务服务、城市治理、公共服务、产业经济等多个智慧城市的其他领域,通过基于CIM的智慧城市相关规划手段,可加快智慧城市向前演进的速度。     

DORS: A data overhead reduction scheme for hybrid networks in smart cities

Today, smart cities represent an effective digital platform for facilitating our lives by shifting all stakeholders toward more sustainable behavior. Consequently, the field of smart cities has become an increasingly important research area. The smart city comprises a huge number of hybrid networks, with each network containing an enormous number of nodes that transmit massive amounts of data, thus giving rise to many network problems, such as delay and loss of connectivity. Decreasing the amount of such transmitted data is a great challenge. This paper presents a data overhead reduction scheme (DORS) for heterogeneous networks in smart city environments that comprise five different methods: median, nonlinear least squares, compression, data merging, and prioritization. Each method is applied according to the current status of quality of service. To measure the performance of the proposed model, a simulation environment is constructed for a smart city using network simulation package, NS2. The obtained results indicate that DORS has the capability to decrease the size of transmitted data in the simulated smart city environment while attaining a notable performance enhancement in terms of data reduction rate, end‐to‐end delay, packet loss ratio, throughput, and energy consumption ratio.     

广电光网在智慧城市建设中的实际应用

智慧城市是借助现代信息、通信等各种技术手段,对城市运行过程中的各类信息加以科学监测、分析、整合,并对包含民生、医疗、城市服务等在内的各类需求做出及时响应,提供智能服务。在新阶段,广电要积极参与到智慧城市建设过程中来,这是推动自身发展转型的有利时机。广电要对自身发展情况进行科学定位,清楚自身在智慧城市建设中的优势及存在的问题,制定有效的参与方式和模式,促使自身更好地发展、升级。基于此,对广电光网在智慧城市建设中的作用、存在的问题进行了分析,并提出了广电光网在智慧城市建设中得应用措施。     

Evaluation of the smart city: Applying the dematel technique

The smart city is a growing multi-dimensional and systematic urban model that offers smart, technological, and sustainable solutions for urban challenges and is separated into various conceptual main and sub-dimensions. In this paper, the smart city concept is addressed by developing a hybrid methodology consisting of two phases. In the first phase, a qualitative analysis is established to determine the smart city concept. In the second phase, the DEMATEL (Decision Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory) technique is used to examine smart city focusing on the dimensions derived from the literature in the form of six main and 33 sub-dimensions. Data is collected by contacting ten academia experts through a questionnaire specifically designed; open-ended questions and DEMATEL technique assessments. Results indicated that both phases had different outputs. While technology was highlighted and possible managerial issues emerged in the qualitative section, on the contrary, in the quantitative section, ‘smart people’ has emerged as the most important predictor of the smart city while ‘smart governance’ was the least. By the DEMATEL, not only the most and the least important dimensions within each group revealed but also the causer and receiver effects of each dimension. Further, the results and implications of the study are discussed.     

Smart cities education: An insight into existing drawbacks

Smart cities aim to increase citizens’ quality of life by employing technology. Education is one of the areas of focus in smart cities and in this context, smart education is a term used to refer to education provided by smart cities. As research in this area has expanded recently as shown by the number of literature reviews in a smart city context, a review could help summarize existing directions focusing in this case on education in the smart cities context. As our understanding on negative consequences is limited, this research will address this knowledge gap by concentrating on challenges and difficulties when it comes to education in smart cities. The articles indexed in Scopus and Web of Science were review and a qualitative analysis of the articles fitting our research criteria was done. Three themes were identified: shortcomings on the existing educational initiatives to address the needs of smart cities, negative consequences of smart city education in other areas and problems that arise as a result of employing technology in education.     

Smart cities with a Nordic twist? Public sector digitalization in Finnish data-rich cities

The article studies the urban digitalization and smart city development in the context of Nordic society. The exploration focuses on city officials' views concerning the two largest cities in Finland, Helsinki and Espoo. Both cities are investing heavily on urban digitalization, and they are also building specific smart city districts. The central contexts for the study are the Nordic welfare state model and Finnish cities’ role in society as crucial service providers. The article follows especially conceptualizations connected to urban data which have been highlighted in recent critical smart city research and are also at the heart of the studied cities’ digitalization programmes.     

智慧城市将成为新型城镇化的先导

通过总结多年来中国智慧城市与新型城镇化建设的实践,并对二者的指导思想、建设目标、原则和内容、技术方案等进行分析和论证,得出智慧城市将成为新型城镇化的先导的论断;认为智慧城市(中心城市)必然以它的核心力和支撑力,把城市智慧的理念、规划、设计和实施方案外延至城市郊区、乡镇乃至村;给出了一张未来网络技术的全景图,以实现城乡一体的信息网络全覆盖。     

An enhanced anonymous identity‐based key agreement protocol for smart grid advanced metering infrastructure

Sprouting populace mass within the urban areas furnishes critical challenges of providing uninterruptible community services to fulfill the primitive needs of inhabitants in smart cities. Smart cities facilitate and uplift the living standards of inhabitants through various smart systems or infrastructures, and smart grid is one of them. Secure transmission is a key requirement in the advanced metering infrastructure (AMI) of most smart grids, and key establishment cryptographic protocols can be used to achieve such a requirement. Designing efficient and secure key establishment protocols for AMI remains challenging. For example, in this paper, we reveal several weaknesses in the identity‐based key establishment protocol of Mohammadali et al (published in IEEE Trans Smart Grid, 2017), which is based on elliptic curves. We then improve their protocol and prove its security in the random oracle model. We also demonstrate that the improved protocol achieves both anonymity and untraceability, before presenting a comparative summary of the security and computational overheads of the proposed protocol and several other existing protocols.     

智慧城市及其评价指标和评估方法研究

结合业界现有智慧城市研究和我国城市的特点,提出了智慧城市的定义。对国内外智慧城市的发展现状和特点进行了分析和对照。研究了智慧城市评价指标和评估方法,提出了一套科学化、可定制、易剪裁的评估指标体系,可以满足不同规模（大、中、小）、不同特色（综合型、工业型、旅游型、港口型等）的智慧城市评估需求。     

Dynamic traffic congestion pricing and electric vehicle charging management system for the internet of vehicles in smart cities

The integration of the Internet of Vehicles (IoV) in future smart cities could help solve many traffic-related challenges, such as reducing traffic congestion and traffic accidents. Various congestion pricing and electric vehicle charging policies have been introduced in recent years. Nonetheless, the majority of these schemes emphasize penalizing the vehicles that opt to take the congested roads or charge in the crowded charging station and do not reward the vehicles that cooperate with the traffic management system. In this paper, we propose a novel dynamic traffic congestion pricing and electric vehicle charging management system for the internet of vehicles in an urban smart city environment. The proposed system rewards the drivers that opt to take alternative congested-free ways and congested-free charging stations. We propose a token management system that serves as a virtual currency, where the vehicles earn these tokens if they take alternative non-congested ways and charging stations and use the tokens to pay for the charging fees. The proposed system is designed for Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks (VANETs) in the context of a smart city environment without the need to set up any expensive toll collection stations. Through large-scale traffic simulation in different smart city scenarios, it is proved that the system can reduce the traffic congestion and the total charging time at the charging stations.     

Making (in) the smart city: The emergence of makerspaces

Critical approaches to the smart city concept are used to begin highlighting the promises of makerspaces, that is to say, those emerging urban sites that promote sharing practices; exercise community-based forms of governance; and utilize local manufacturing technologies. A bird’s-eye-view of the history of makerspaces is provided tracing their roots back to the hacker movement. Drawing from secondary sources, their community-building, learning and innovation potential is briefly discussed. Makerspaces, this essay argues, can serve as hubs and vehicles for citizen-driven transformation and, thus, play a key part in a more inclusive, participatory and commons-oriented vision of the smart city.     

TD-LTE智能天线小型化应用研究

本文研究的小型化智能天线,基于微带陶瓷智能天线设计思路,通过引入多重微型结构,明显提高了单阵元辐射效率,从而使得在天线增益接近常规智能天线条件下,天线整体体积缩小到常规智能天线的1/4左右.LTE试验网测试和应用研究表明,目前该小型化智能天线各指标已达到或接近常规大天线水平,已基本具备规模组网试商用能力,在城区、密集城区及建站困难区域有着广阔而良好的应用前景.     

测绘地理信息技术在智慧城市测绘工程中的应用

如今,智慧城市的建设水平和规模正在进一步提高,不断完善的地理信息系统被广泛应用到城市测绘工程中,有效弥补了传统测绘方式的不足,在精细化评估及确保城市交通网络、运输线路通达性等方面发挥着重要作用。文中分析了测绘地理信息在智慧城市测绘工程中的应用价值,并深入探究了测绘地理信息技术及其具体应用,以期能进一步提高智慧城市测绘工程的质量。     

Sustainable Framework for Smart Transportation System: A Case Study of Karachi

In this paper, a framework of smart transportation system is proposed, aiming to address the transportation problem in Karachi city. In modern day world, the mega cities and urban areas are on the edge of transformation into smart cities. With the advancement of engineering and technology, smart cities are designed to integrate and utilize these scientific innovations to provide smart solutions and social innovations for sustainable infrastructure, thus they are able to provide its resident highest quality of life by utilizing its resources effectively. One of the major application of smart cities is the Smart Transportation System, which provides safer, quick, environment friendly service to the residents. Thus, this study highlights the current traffic situation of Karachi and propose a framework to transform it into a smart transportation system. In order to have a smart transportation system, it is necessary to have in-depth knowledge and information about the city dynamics and its traffic related issues. Therefore, this study also highlights current traffic situation of Karachi, its road conditions and capacity, vehicles condition, alternate mean of transport (other than road-based system) and its present condition, and finally proposes a framework to develop a smart transportation system while keeping in mind the aforesaid traffic problems.