两种不同入口结构旋风分离器内涡核摆动的对比

为了探究入口结构对旋风分离器内涡核摆动的影响,采用雷诺应力模型(Reynolds stress model,RSM)对两种不同入口结构旋风分离器内旋转流动进行了气相流场的数值模拟。结果表明,切向速度在截面上呈现明显的非轴对称现象,主要表现为等值线分布不对称,零值所在位置与几何中心不重合,零值靠近壁面的一侧,切向速度较大,零值远离壁面的一侧切向速度较小。直切式旋风分离器内部偏心比(|Δr|/D)多在0.025～0.050,而蜗壳式旋风分离器内部偏心比则多在0.000～0.025,偏心程度明显下降。蜗壳式旋风分离器在90～270°截面和180～360°截面上的旋转中心偏移轴线值(|Δx|和|Δy|)的平均值均减小,蜗壳式旋风分离器偏心距(|Δr|)的平均值相对于直切式减小23.5%。     

RSM与LES模拟旋风分离器流场动态特性的对比分析

为评价雷诺应力模型(RSM)与大涡模拟(LES)两种方法计算旋风分离器动态流场的精度,利用FLUENT14对旋风分离器内气相动态流场特性进行数值模拟及分析,考察了两种方法计算得到的瞬时切向速度分布、切向速度脉动强度及切向速度频谱特性。计算结果与热线风速仪(HWA,Hot-wire anemometer)测量的切向速度数据进行无量纲对比表明,在时均切向速度上,LES的模拟结果比RSM的准确性高;在瞬时切向速度上,LES预测的瞬时切向速度可以反映旋流摆动造成的切向速度的波动特性,呈现出接近实验测量值的高频速度脉动变化;而RSM难以预测瞬时切向速度的波动变化,仅给出低频小幅值的波动。因此采用LES预测旋风分离器流场能够捕捉动态信息,揭示流场的动态特性。     

旋风分离器内气相旋转流不稳定性的实验研究

旋风分离器内气相旋转流具有较强的不稳定性,其表现形式是旋转流的旋转中心围绕几何中心的偏心摆动,导致流场的瞬时速度随时间发生脉动变化。这种旋流的不稳定特性难以用时均流场参数进行描述,需要用动态流场参数描述,为此采用热线风速仪测量了?300 mm旋风分离器内瞬时切向速度随时间的变化。实验结果表明瞬时切向速度是由气体湍流形成的高频脉动和旋转流偏心摆动形成的低频脉动两部分叠加构成,据此探讨了旋转流摆动形成的机制。瞬时切向速度的低频脉动来源于刚性涡的偏心摆动,脉动幅值与偏心距成正比。通过瞬时切向速度频域建立了旋转流的摆动频率与入口速度、筒体直径和排气管直径的计算模型。     

旋风分离器内气相旋转流不稳定性的实验研究

旋风分离器内气相旋转流具有较强的不稳定性,其表现形式是旋转流的旋转中心围绕几何中心的偏心摆动,导致流场的瞬时速度随时间发生脉动变化。这种旋流的不稳定特性难以用时均流场参数进行描述,需要用动态流场参数描述,为此采用热线风速仪测量了?300 mm旋风分离器内瞬时切向速度随时间的变化。实验结果表明瞬时切向速度是由气体湍流形成的高频脉动和旋转流偏心摆动形成的低频脉动两部分叠加构成,据此探讨了旋转流摆动形成的机制。瞬时切向速度的低频脉动来源于刚性涡的偏心摆动,脉动幅值与偏心距成正比。通过瞬时切向速度频域建立了旋转流的摆动频率与入口速度、筒体直径和排气管直径的计算模型。     

蜗壳式旋风分离器气相流场的非轴对称特性的模拟

采用Fluent软件提供的雷诺应力模型（RSM）对蜗壳式旋风分离器内气相流场进行了数值模拟,重点考察流场的非轴对称特性.模拟结果表明旋风分离器环形空间的流场呈现明显的非轴对称分布;筒体空间和锥体空间的流场也存在一定的非轴对称性.旋风分离器流场的非轴对称性是由于其入口结构不对称产生的,其主要特点是沿轴向气流的旋转中心与旋风分离器的几何中心不重合,旋转中心偏离几何中心的距离和方位在不同的轴向位置而不同,最大约为0.07R.由于气流旋转中心偏离旋风分离器的几何中心,使参考几何中心的径向速度分布呈现明显的非轴对称性,一部分向内,一部分向外.     

新型旋风分离器气相流场测试实验研究

针对高温高压的特殊情况提出了一种新型的旋风分离器,并用三维动态粒子分析仪PDA对不同结构参数和操作条件下的气相流场进行了测试,得出该旋风分离器内气相流场的整体特性———流场的切向速度分布在分离空间具有明显的对称性,任一截面上的分布分成内外2层旋流,外旋流是准自由涡,内旋流是准强制涡;同时分析了入口角度、排气管直径、高径比和入口气速等因素对其切向速度的影响规律,在此基础上依据实验数据关联出了计算内旋流直径和速度分布指数的公式。     

导流板对旋风分离器内气固两相分离性能的影响

通过数值模拟对环形空间设有导流板的旋风分离器进行了研究. 与常规单入口旋风分离器相比,设置导流板显著改善了旋风分离器内的非轴对称流动,使流场的旋转中心与分离器的几何中心重合,从而抑制了旋风分离器内的涡核摆动现象. 气固两相模拟结果表明,加入导流板可明显提高旋风分离器的分离效率,尤其是对于粒径为5 mm的小颗粒,分离效率从53.4%提高到94.6%,捕集效率显著提高.     

循环旋风分离器内气液两相流动数值模拟

采用雷诺应力模型RSM对循环旋风分离器内气液两相流动的情况进行了数值模拟研究,讨论了循环旋风分离器内切向速度、轴向速度、径向速度、压力场、雷诺应力的分布特点以及相同入口速度下分离器内液滴运动轨迹与分离器的分离效率。数值模拟结果表明,循环旋风分离器切向速度呈现明显的驼峰状,轴向速度上行流和下行流明显,径向速度相对较小,压力由轴心向外逐渐升高,雷诺应力分布复杂且无明显规律,分离器对小直径液滴分离效率较低,入口速度对分离效率的影响比较明显。     

升气管插入深度对旋风分离器内部流场影响的数值模拟

针对旋风分离器内部复杂的三维强湍流,在仿真过程中,采用雷诺应力模型(RSM),利用贴体网格技术,模拟得到不同升气管插入深度时的旋风分离器内的切向速度分布、轴向速度分布和进出口压降。结果表明,当升气管插入深度减小时,会使总压力损失有所降低,但有一部分气流将从入口直接进入升气管形成短路,使旋风分离器的分离性能下降;对于特定的旋风分离器,升气管插入深度存在最优值,可保证较高的分离效率和较低的压降。     

蜗壳式旋风分离器内气相流场非轴对称特性分析

采用Fluent软件对蜗壳式旋风分离器内气相流场进行了数值模拟，并在此基础上对流场的非轴对称特性进行了机理分析。蜗壳式旋风分离器入口结构的非轴对称以及气相旋流的不稳定性造成了气流的旋转中心与旋风分离器的几何中心不重合，从而导致了气相流场三维速度的非轴对称分布以及速度分量由于基准不同而产生的大小和方向变化。环形空间流场的非轴对称性主要是非轴对称入口结构影响的结果，分离空间流场的非轴对称性主要是旋流的不稳定性造成的。根据Rayleigh准则，旋风分离器内旋流流场的不稳定性是固有的，提高流场的旋流数可使流场的不稳定性降低，流场的非轴对称性降低。入口速度的变化不影响旋流数，也不影响流场的非轴对称性，但增加入口截面积比或减小量纲1升气管内径均可提高流场的旋流数，使流场的非轴对称性降低。旋风分离器的非轴对称性可以用角动量参量来描述。     

Electrolytes: From a Thorn Comes a Rose,and from a Rose,a Thorn

In this article we take a stroll through the metaphorical rose garden, part of the flower garden, that is electrochemical storage systems. We take a closer look at batteries as the center‐pieces – the roses – and especially at the system component of batteries, the electrolyte and its development, throughout history. Just as a rose can only develop its unique beauty when taken good care of and provided with clean water and suitable nutrients, a battery cell cannot function without its electrolyte; the seemingly trivial component that has to juggle a multitude of requirements in order to make batteries truly bloom.     

Extraction into a flow of a fluid with a velocity gradient

Unsteady extraction from a system of semi-infinite capillaries to the flow of a fluid with a linear velocity gradient is studied. An assumption that the diffusion in the flow is a quasi-steady-state process is taken to obtain a linear equation for the local mass flux from the pore space, which involves fractional derivatives with respect to time and flow coordinate. Limiting solutions for the total diffusion flux at small and large times that cover the entire time interval are found.     

Mesomorphic transitions in a mixture of a flexible and a semi-rigid polymer

Phase studies on a mixture of two polymers are presented, one of which is mesomorphic. We have systematically examined the influence of the molecular weight of the flexible polymer (including the oligomers) and of the semi-flexible polymer. In addition to the effect of the molecular weight, specific interactions are important for compatibility and formation of a homogeneous mesomorphic phase. The nature of this phase is demonstrated to be cholesteric and the pitch is determined.     

Propagation of a burning front over a condensed material from a focus

Measured propagation speeds are given for the combustion front in a blind gap in a condensed substance, which are related to gap height and mean pressure. The front may propagate monotonically, which is characteristic of relatively high pressures and wide gaps, or as a result of additional burning foci arising at a certain distance from the main front. At low pressures and particularly with small gap heights, the front propagates in an unstable fashion over the surface.Moscow. Translated from Fizika Goreniya i Vzryva, Vol. 28, No. 4, pp. 49–53, July–August, 1992.     

When is a Beam a Plate?

Formulas associated with simple beam or plate theories are used extensively in structural design, to determine You's modulus, and to determine fracture strength of brittle nonmetallic materials. The question may arise as to whether the proper ratio of beam-width-to-beam-depth is such that the bent structural element can be considered as a beam and, if not, what is the correction factor that should be used with the simple beam formula. These questions are answered for a range of structural metallic and brittle nonmetallic materials.     

Detonation of a Column of a Chemically Active Bubbly Medium in a Liquid

The problem of a detonation wave propagating in a cylindrical column of a chemically active bubbly medium screened by a liquid from the tube walls is formulated and numerically solved within the framework of the Iordanskii–Kogarko two-phase model with allowance for energy dissipation due to acoustic radiation of bubbles. The wave structure of the reaction zone and the detonation velocity of the bubbly medium column are calculated. It is found that the self-sustaining wave can propagate with a velocity greater than the velocity of one-dimensional bubble detonation by a factor of 1.5–2.5.     

Growth of a Bonelike Apatite Layer on a Substrate by a Biomimetic Process

A dense and uniform bonelike apatite layer was formed on a substrate by the following biomimetic method. The substrate was first placed on granular particles of CaO, SiO₂-based glass soaked in a simulated body fluid (SBF) with ion concentrations nearly equal to those of human blood plasma and then soaked in another fluid highly supersaturated with respect to the apatite. The thickness of the apatite layer increased in proportion to the soaking time in the second solution. The rate of increase in the thickness of the apatite layer increased from 0.5 to 7.0 μm/day with increasing temperature of the second solution from 10° to 60°C, increased from 0.15 to 1.7 μm/day with increasing ion concentrations of the second solution from 0.2 to 1.5 times those of the SBF, and doubled by shaking the second solution. These results indicate that the growth of the apatite layer is controlled by mass transport across the interface between the crystal and the fluid.