退火温度对冷轧中锰钢组织性能和断裂行为的影响

 为了系统研究临界区退火和全奥氏体区退火对中锰钢性能的影响,为中锰钢的实际应用提供理论基础,在650~900 ℃范围内系统研究了冷轧中锰钢的显微组织和力学性能,并通过断口形貌观察分析了试验钢的断裂特性。结果表明,试验钢在临界区退火的综合力学性能明显优于全奥氏体区退火。650~750 ℃退火时,抗拉强度在1 000 MPa左右,强塑积超过30 GPa·%,发生韧性断裂,宏观上可以观察到明显的层状裂纹,微观下为大量韧窝;在800~900 ℃退火时,抗拉强度在743~1 154 MPa范围内波动较大,强塑积不足10 GPa·%,断口平整,发生脆性沿晶断裂;退火温度为650 ℃时,组织为片层状和等轴状的奥氏体、铁素体双相及大量渗碳体;随着退火温度的升高,渗碳体逐渐溶解消失,等轴状组织所占体积分数明显增加,奥氏体体积分数也不断增加,在750 ℃时达到52.2%;退火温度为800 ℃时,有马氏体产生,奥氏体体积分数下降;退火温度为900 ℃时,组织基本为马氏体,残留奥氏体体积分数仅为14.6%。     

The effect of intercritical annealing temperature on the structure of niobium microalloyed dualphase steel

The structures produced in a Nb-microalloyed steel by oil quenching after intercritical anneals at 760 and 810 °C have been examined by light and transmission electron microscopy. After both anneals, the periphery of the austenite pool transforms on cooling to ferrite in the same orientation as the ferrite retained during intercritical annealing. Thus the ferrite forms by an epitaxial growth mechanism without the formation of a new interface or grain boundary. The new ferrite is precipitate-free in contrast to the retained ferrite which develops a very dense precipitate dispersion during intercritical annealing. In the carbonenriched interior of the austenite pool beyond the epitaxial ferrite only martensite forms in specimens annealed at 760 °C but various mixtures of ferrite and cementite form in specimens annealed at 810 °C. The latter structures include lamellar pearlite, a degenerate pearlite, and cementite interphase precipitation. All Nb is in solution in the austenite formed at 810 °C, and therefore the low hardenability of the specimens annealed at that temperature is best explained by the effect of low austenite carbon content.     

加热工艺对中锰钢残余奥氏体含量的影响

 研究了不同加热方式对0.2%C-5%Mn钢650℃临界退火后残余奥氏体含量的影响。采用透射电镜TEM、电子背散射EBSD等技术研究了碳化物析出和组织形貌,利用XRD技术测定了残余奥氏体体积分数。结果表明：较低温度下等温一段时间后加热到650℃,或直接快速加热到650℃进行临界退火,可获得较多残余奥氏体。因为快速加热既能抑制升温过程中组织的回复和再结晶,也能抑制粗大渗碳体颗粒的析出;在较低温度等温处理时可析出细小弥散的碳化物并在临界退火时迅速固溶,这些细小弥散的碳化物作为形核核心加速了奥氏体相变。     

两相区退火处理含铝中锰钢的组织和力学性能

 为了研究两相区退火处理对冷轧含铝中锰钢(0.2C-0.6Si-5Mn-1.2Al)(质量分数,%)微观组织和力学性能的影响规律,利用SEM、XRD及单轴拉伸等试验方法表征了不同工艺状态后的微观组织及测试了拉伸性能。结果表明,冷轧试验钢在退火过程中组织发生奥氏体逆转变,在退火温度为670 ℃、退火时间为10 min时可获得较佳的力学性能,即抗拉强度达到1 276 MPa,总伸长率达到51.8%,强塑积高达66.1 GPa·%。随着退火温度升高,残余奥氏体组织逐渐粗化且向马氏体组织转变,机械稳定性逐渐降低。残余奥氏体机械稳定性主要受残余奥氏体中碳质量分数及其晶粒尺寸的影响,而残余奥氏体中锰质量分数对其影响较小。     

Benefits of Intercritical Annealing in Quenching and Partitioning Steel

Compared to the quenching and partitioning (Q&P) steel produced by full austenization annealing, the Q&P steel produced by the intercritical annealing shows a similar ultimate tensile stress but a larger tensile ductility. This property is attributable to the higher volume fraction and the better mechanical stability of the retained austenite after the intercritical annealing. Moreover, intercritical annealing produces more ferrite and fewer martensite phases in the microstructure, making an additional contribution to a higher work hardening rate and therefore a better tensile ductility.     

Microstructure Characterization and Mechanical Properties of TRIP-aided Steel under Rapid Heating for Different Holding Time

In order to develop a comprehensive understanding about the effect of different holding time under rapid heating on the microstructural evolution and mechanical properties of transformation-induced plasticity (TRIP)steel, continuous annealing process simulations were performed using a thermal system with resistance heating method. The morphology and distribution of all phases present in the microstructure and the mechanical properties of TRIP steel were revealed.It appeared that the final tensile strength of the TRIP steel increased and retained austenite car-bon content decreased with increasing holding time.An overlap between ferrite recrystallization and austenitization was observed during intercritical holding.In addition,the work hardening of the samples was evaluated by calculat-ing the instantaneous n value as a function of the true strain.The difference in work hardening behavior corresponds to the rate of the retained austenite transformation during straining,which can be attributed to the carbon content and the morphology of the retained austenite.     

Optimizing the Morphology and Stability of Retained Austenite in a δ-TRIP Steel

δ-TRIP is a low-alloy steel in which ferrite persists at all temperatures in the solid-state, with the remaining microstructure consisting of carbide-free bainite and carbon-enriched retained austenite. The present work explores for the first time, how changes in the intercritical annealing temperature and the transformation conditions associated with bainite influence the morphology and stability of the austenite, and hence the behavior of the microstructure during tensile deformation. It is found that the structure can be optimized to consist of a combination of blocky and film austenite that undergo transformation over a range of plastic strains, thus minimizing the possibility of plastic instabilities, and hence imparting considerable strength and uniform elongation.     

Microstructure and tensile behavior of nitrogen-alloyed,dual-phase stainless steels

Two alloys of high-nitrogen stainless steel have been heat treated to produce dual-phase microstruc-tures. The first alloy, N10CrNiMol7 1, a Ni-containing stainless steel, was processed conventionally. The second alloy, N20CrMol7, a Ni-free stainless steel, was processed to obtain a higher nitrogen content by pressurized electroslag remelting. The martensite in N10CrNiMol7 1 was homogeneously distributed in the ferrite and obtained a near-constant volume fraction as a function of intercritical annealing temperature. Microprobe analysis and microhardness measurements of the martensite con-stituent suggested that up to 0.4 pct N was dissolved in the austenite before quenching. Austenite formation, martensite transformation, undissolved nitrides, and retained austenite were evaluated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The Ni-containing alloy exhibited classic dual-phase tensile behavior in that continuous yielding was observed together with good combinations of ultimate tensile strength and total elongation. The martensite constituent in alloy N20CrMol7 was concen-trated within bands. Comparison of tensile properties of the two alloys at similar volume fractions and hardness levels of martensite and ferrite showed that the microstructure containing banded mar-tensite had inferior combinations of strength and ductility. The degradation of tensile ductility was accompanied by a fracture mode transition from microvoid coalescence to transgranular cleavage. The deformation and fracture behavior of both alloys were related to the microstructure.     

预处理组织对低碳钢IQ&P工艺下组织及性能影响

采用γ单相区和γ+α双相区轧制并淬火工艺以及双相区再加热-淬火-碳配分(IQ&P)工艺,研究预处理组织对低碳钢室温状态多相组织特征及力学性能的影响规律.实验用低碳钢经两种工艺轧制并淬火处理,获得马氏体和马氏体+铁素体的预处理组织,再经双相区IQ&P工艺处理后均获得多相组织.马氏体预处理钢的室温组织由板条状亚温铁素体、块状回火马氏体以及一定比例的针状未回火马氏体和8.2%的针状残余奥氏体组成;马氏体+铁素体预处理钢由板条状亚温铁素体、块状和针状未回火马氏体以及14.3%的短针状或块状残余奥氏体组成.在相同的双相区IQ&P工艺参数下,预处理组织为马氏体的钢抗拉强度为770 MPa,伸长率为28%,其强塑积为21560 MPa·%;而预处理组织为马氏体+铁素体的钢抗拉强度为834 MPa,伸长率增大到36.2%,强塑积达到30190 MPa·%,获得强度与塑性的优良结合.      

Influence of Al on the Microstructural Evolution and Mechanical Behavior of Low-Carbon,Manganese Transformation-Induced-Plasticity Steel

Microstructural design with an Al addition is suggested for low-carbon, manganese transformation-induced-plasticity (Mn TRIP) steel for application in the continuous-annealing process. With an Al content of 1 mass pct, the competition between the recrystallization of the cold-rolled microstructure and the austenite formation cannot be avoided during intercritical annealing, and the recrystallization of the deformed matrix does not proceed effectively. The addition of 3 mass pct Al, however, allows nearly complete recrystallization of the deformed microstructure by providing a dual-phase cold-rolled structure consisting of ferrite and martensite and by suppressing excessive austenite formation at a higher annealing temperature. An optimized annealing condition results in the room-temperature stability of the intercritical austenite in Mn TRIP steel containing 3 mass pct Al, permitting persistent transformation to martensite during tensile deformation. The alloy presents an excellent strength-ductility balance combining a tensile strength of approximately 1 GPa with a total elongation over 25 pct, which is comparable to that of Mn TRIP steel subjected to batch-type annealing.     

临界退火中锰钢的组织性能和变形行为

 为了研究临界退火中锰钢的微观组织演变规律以及组织对力学性能和变形行为的影响,对冷轧中锰钢(0.1C-7Mn-0.35Si)在570～650 ℃范围内进行了临界退火处理。研究结果表明,随着退火温度升高,双相“奥氏体+铁素体”组织逐步趋于等轴化且晶粒有粗化的趋势,并且在650 ℃时出现了马氏体组织;试验钢的抗拉强度随温度升高而增加,而伸长率和屈服强度均呈下降趋势,局部不均匀变形带随着退火温度升高逐步弱化,在620和650 ℃时完全消失;在相对较高的退火温度下,粗化的等轴奥氏体晶粒中形变诱导马氏体相变的增强和大尺寸的铁素体晶粒中动态回复的减弱,以及更高温度时马氏体的引入等,均改善了屈服阶段的加工硬化能力,从而有效减弱或抑制吕德斯带的扩展。     

低碳中锰热轧TRIP钢退火工艺及组织演变

研究了第三代高强度高塑性TRIP钢的退火工艺对性能的影响和组织演变规律.热轧后形成的原始马氏体与临界退火时形成的残余奥氏体使TRIP钢具有良好的强度和塑性.结果表明:实验用钢可获得1000MPa以上的抗拉强度和30%以上的断后延伸率,且强塑积>30 Gpa·%;退火温度和保温时间对钢的力学性能具有显著影响,热轧TRIP钢临界退火温度为630℃,保温时间18 h时,实验用钢能获得最佳的综合力学性能.      

超细晶钒微合金化双相钢性能

研究了钒微合金化对高强双相钢微观组织及性能的影响。与Fe-0.186C-1.5Mn-0.3Si-0.008N参照钢相比,加入0.14%V带来如下效果:(1)在冷轧及退火状态铁素体晶粒高度细化;(2)严重推迟在连续退火过程中铁素体向奥氏体转变的初始动力学;(3)慢冷条件下铁素体开始转变温度稍微提高,但珠光体和贝氏体转变被抑制,导致淬透性提高;(4)在临界退火温度≤740℃时观察到未溶渗碳体;(5)750℃/180 s退火后铁素体相中发现大量V(C,N)析出(平均直径7.4 nm),而马氏体(奥氏体)中析出物稀少,尺寸更大(平均直径13.4 nm);(6)不含钒参照钢抗拉强度随马氏体体积分数增量为~16 MPa/%,而含钒钢由于晶粒细化和铁素体选择强化,强度随马氏体含量变化增量相当低(~4 MPa/%),在马氏体体积分数45%变软。     

C和Mn元素配分行为对冷轧中锰TRIP钢组织性能的影响

采用冷轧+两相区温轧退火（CR+WR+IA）热处理工艺,研究了两相区退火时间对超细晶铁素体与奥氏体中组织形貌演变、C和Mn元素配分行为以及力学性能的影响。结果表明,冷轧试验钢经两相区形变退火处理后,获得了由铁素体、残余奥氏体或新生马氏体组成的超细晶复相组织。在645℃随退火时间的延长,形变马氏体向逆相变奥氏体配分的C、Mn元素增多,C、Mn元素富集位置增加,同时富Mn区形变马氏体回复再结晶现象明显;伴随少量碳化物溶解,试验钢的屈服强度由741持续降低到325MPa。两相区退火10min时,试验钢力学性能最佳,此时抗拉强度达到最大值1141MPa,断后伸长率及均匀伸长率分别为236%和181%,强塑积达到26928MPa·%。     

Retained austenite and mechanical properties of 0. 1C- 5Mn steel after intercritical annealing

The effect of annealing temperature on the microstructure, mechanical property and austenite content for 0. 1C- 5Mn steel was studied by ART (Austenite Reverted Transformation) heat treatment process. The morphology, metastable austenite content and mechanical properties of experimental steel were characterized by means of SEM, XRD and tensile testing at room temperature. The results indicate that the structure of experimental steel is composed of ferrite and retained austenite; with the increase of the inintercritical annealing temperature, precipitation and redissolution of carbides are found in experimental steels; simultaneously, the lath- like deformed martensite reverts to form equiaxed ferrite through the recovery and polygonization, and granular austenite undercools to lath- like and blocky martensite; the contents of retained austenite are similar in 630, 645 and 660?? samples, which are 18. 4 vol.%, 19. 5 vol.% and 18. 8 vol.%, respectively; with the increase of the annealing temperature, the volume fraction of the retained austenite suddenly drops and a large amount of reversed austenite changes into martensite; the combination of different annealing temperatures indicates that the experimental steel can obtain the best comprehensive mechanical properties when the annealing temperature is 660??.     

New thermomechanical strategies for the production of high strength low alloyed multiphase steel showing a transformation induced plasticity (TRIP) effect

In the last years a lot of research was done in the development of TRIP-assisted multiphase steels. Two principal ways were proposed: - controlled cooling during the hot-rolling process to obtain hot-rolled TRIP-assisted multiphase steels and - the combination of intercritical annealing and isothermal holding at bainite formation temperatures during continuous annealing resulting in cold-rolled TRIP-assisted steel products. Unfortunately both proposed thermomechanical methods require a high silicon level to inhibit cementite precipitation in order to avoid a loss of stability for the metastable retained austenite. In addition, due to high silicon levels, red scale surface defects and a moderate hot dip galvanizability appear. In this article, new thermomechanical strategies for the production of high strength low alloyed TRIP-assisted multiphase steels with good hot-dip galvanizability and without red scale defects will be presented. Regarding the thermomechanical path, the stabilization of the retained austenite in the final microstructure can be optimized by the application of the additional step of batch annealing between hot rolling and cold rolling. This additional thermomechanical step activates manganese diffusion in the ferrite matrix and manganese enrichment processes of the cementite. During the step of continuous annealing, the manganese enriched cementite is transformed into stabilization-optimized retained austenite. Regarding the final microstructure, a fine grained ferrite matrix of about 3 μm grain size containing small islands of intragranular and intergranular stabilzation-optimized retained austenite can be obtained.     

冷轧中锰钢的成形性能

 研究了两相区退火时间对中锰钢(0.1C-5Mn)的微观组织结构、力学性能及扩孔性能的影响。利用扫描电镜(SEM)和背散射电子成像技术(EBSD)对退火过程中微观组织结构的演化进行了表征;通过拉伸和扩孔试验测定了不同退火状态下中锰钢的强度、塑性和扩孔率。研究表明,中锰钢在650℃下逆转变退火获得了含有大量奥氏体相的基体为超细晶组织的奥氏体、铁素体双相钢组织,强塑积（Rm·A）达到30GPa·%以上;奥氏体体积分数随退火时间的延长而逐步增加,但过多亚稳奥氏体对钢的综合成形性能不利。     

Effect of Thermomechanical Processing on Microstructures of TRIP Steel

 In order to control retained austenite, the effect of hot deformation in the intercritical region on the microstructure of hot rolled transformation induced plasticity (TRIP) steel was studied on a Gleeble 1500 hot simulator. Compressive strains varying in amounts from 0 to 60% were imposed in the intercritical region, and effects on the formation of polygonal ferrite, carbide free bainite and retained austenite were determined. With increasing the hot deformation amount and the ferrite content and decreasing the carbide free bainite content, the volume fraction of retained austenite decreases. Increased dislocation density, grain refinement of ferrite and carbon enrichment are the main factors which control retained austenite stability.     

Mechanical Property and Microstructural Characterization of C-Mn-Al-Si Hot Dip Galvanizing TRIP Steel

 Mechanical properties and microstructure in high strength hot dip galvanizing TRIP steel were investigated by optical microscope (OM), transmission electron microscope (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), dilatometry and mechanical testing. On the heat treatment process of different intercritical annealing (IA) temperatures, isothermal bainitic transformation (IBT) temperatures and IBT time, this steel shows excellent mechanical properties with tensile strength over 780 MPa and elongation more than 22%. IBT time is a crucial factor in determining the mechanical properties as it confirms the bainite transformation process, as well as the microstructure of the steel. The microstructure of the hot dip galvanizing TRIP steel consisted of ferrite, bainite, retained austenite and martensite during the short IBT time. The contents of ferrite, bainite, retained austenite and martensite with different IBT time were calculated. The results showed that when IBT time increased from 20 to 60 s, the volume of bainite increased from 14.31% to 16.95% and the volume of retained austenite increased from 13.64% to 16.28%; meanwhile, the volume of martensite decreased from 7.18% to 1.89%. Both the transformation induced plasticity of retained austenite and the hardening of martensite are effective, especially, the latter plays a dominant role in the steel containing 7.18% martensite which shows similar strength characteristics as dual-phase steel, but a better elongation. When martensite volume decreases to 1.89%, the steel shows typical mechanical properties of TRIP, as so small amount of martensite has no obvious effect on the mechanical properties.     

冷轧TRIP590钢带的成分优化

 化学成分和热处理工艺是影响TRIP钢力学性能的关键因素。通过热模拟试验方法研究了不同成分试验钢在临界区退火过程中的微观组织变化规律。结果表明：随着两相区退火温度的升高,铁素体平均晶粒尺寸逐渐减小,铁素体体积分数随着加热温度的升高而降低;残余奥氏体量和其中的C质量分数先随着退火温度的升高而降低,达到一个低谷以后,再随退火温度的升高而升高;在相同的退火温度下,随着Nb的加入,多边形铁素体晶粒尺寸细化,铁素体体积分数逐渐减少;既加Nb又高Si的试验钢钢中残奥数量最多,不加Nb的试验钢中残奥数量最少。TRIP钢试制结果表明,钢带组织类型为典型的TRIP钢组织,多边形铁素体平均晶粒尺寸约8μm,体积分数67%,残余奥氏体体积分数为5.58%,残余奥氏体中C质量分数为1.34%,同时,力学性能也完全满足TRIP590的性能要求。