日积极制定清洁煤能源战略

据外刊报道,多目的的利用煤炭技术主要是指煤炭的液化和气化技术。在液化技术方面,日本开发了直接加氢法、溶剂萃取法和溶剂分解法,并且在此基础上开发了独特的ＮＥＤＯＬ工艺,能够把普通煤以及褐煤、沥青煤等各种煤炭液化为重质油、中质油或轻质油等用途不同的油类。在气化技术上,日本的重点是开发加氢制造代用天然气和燃料电池用煤气两项技术。煤炭制氢技术已经达到连续运转1000个小时、转换率98%、冷气效率78%的既定目标。1999年,日本制定了“21世纪煤炭技术战略”,计划综合性地应用种种技术手段在2030年以前把煤炭转化为干净的、不产生…     

壳类生物质与煤共液化的研究

以核桃壳和褐煤为研究对象,系统考察了核桃壳/煤质量配比、原料/四氢萘溶剂质量比、反应温度、反应时间及催化剂对共液化效果的影响。结果表明,当核桃壳/煤质量配比为50/50,原料/四氢萘溶剂比例为1/10,反应温度300℃和反应时间为31min时,可获得较好的共液化效果。碳酸钠与硫铁催化剂对核桃壳与煤的共液化均具有明显的催化作用,转化率和油产率可获大幅提高。核桃壳与煤的共液化存在明显协同作用,且这种作用在催化剂条件下更明显。     

“煤变油”设备研发在沪启动

近日,在上海电气集团公司与中科院合作的第三批16个项目中,两个“煤变油”的研发项目格外引人瞩目。这两个项目分别是“煤液化装备材料和工艺技术”项目和“煤液化用泵材料、工艺开发及产业化”项目。此次启动的两个合作项目,能解决煤液化设备制造中的新材料运用问题。煤直接液化需要在4 0 0℃高温、15 0个大气压及耐腐蚀的环境下进行,因而煤液化过程中所使用的加氢反应器、泵、压缩机等都必须耐高温耐高压,需要用新材料来研制。今年7月,在神华公司提供相关设备的基础上,上海电气、中科院将在上海进行煤液化设备和工艺的中间试验,而这两个项…     

煤的液化技术

正煤的液化技术,有间接液化和直接液化2种。间接液化是先将煤气化,然后再把煤气液化,如煤制甲醇,可替代汽油,我国已有应用。直接液化是把煤直接转化成液体燃料,比如直接加氢将煤转化成液体燃料,或煤炭与渣油混合成油煤浆反应生成液体燃料,我国已开展研究和实践。     

污泥催化水热液化制备生物油的研究进展

水热液化是“双碳”背景下实现废弃生物质资源化、能源化利用的有效途径,特别是针对含水率高的污泥,可将其直接转化为生物油。然而水热液化转化效率和生物油中化合物的形成取决于水热液化工艺的各种参数,其中合适的催化剂在水热液化反应中具有非常重要的作用。均相催化剂中的碱催化剂主要作用于碳水化合物、木质素以及脂质等物质的液化反应,能够有效降低生物油中的氧含量,并能将生物油产率提高到48%左右。而酸催化剂可以促进蛋白质的水解以及脱氨反应,将生物油中的氮元素转移到水相中,从而降低生物油中的氮元素含量,提高生物油品质。非均相催化剂则促进了脱羧反应及美拉德反应,尤其是金属负载型催化剂,双金属的协同作用及过渡金属的加氢作用,将生物油产率最高提高至53.12%(Ni/Mo催化剂)。今后对各类催化剂的具体作用机理仍需进一步明确,以期开发出高性能、稳定性好、高选择性且成本适宜的催化剂,在提高生物油产率的同时改善生物油品质。     

“四大利好”应对能源危机

煤制油项目正式启动据了解,我国用煤炼油的煤制油”项目,已经正式启动。国神华集团“煤制油”直接液工业化装置已于2004年8月25在内蒙古自治区鄂尔多斯市开,该项目将是世界上第一套煤接液化的商业化示范装置。“煤制油”是以煤炭为原料,过化学加工过程生产油品和石化工产品的产业。神华煤直接化项目总建设规模为年产油品00万t,分二期建设,其中一期程建设规模为年产油品320万由三条主生产线组成,包括液化、煤制氢、溶剂加氢、加改质、催化剂制备等14套主要产装置。中国是世界上最大的煤炭生产国和消费国,煤炭保有储量高达1万亿t以上。“煤制…     

煤直接液化技术的进展及发展探讨

对国内外煤直接液化技术进行了分析对比,并根据我国的能源结构、煤炭利用状况和煤炭直接液化技术的发展状况,对我国发展煤直接液化的可行性及经济效益进行了探讨。     

焦炉气加氢净化工艺及催化剂问世

以煤制合成气合成甲醇在我国发展迅速，为了降低甲醇生产成本及寻找更廉价的原料，现在人们又把目光投向了焦炉气，而焦炉气制甲醇技术的关键是净化处理及高效转化。近日从西北化工研究院获悉，该院在加氢脱硫系列催化剂研究的基础上，开发成功焦炉气加氢净化工艺及催化剂，使焦炉气制甲醇合成气实现了工业化。     

生物质高压液化

<正>生物质的高压液化与煤液化相比,生物质液化可在较温和的条件下进行。也可以把生物质的直接液化和它的水解工艺结合起来,用水解中生成的木质素残渣作液化原料。木质素的含氧量较低、能量密度较高对液化有利,已有的生物质液化研究许多是以木质素为原料的。生物质的高压液化主要有氢/供氢溶剂/催化剂路线和CO/H2O/碱金属催化剂路线。前者如德国联邦森林和林产品研     

煤基液体燃料生产技术的评价

本文介绍了采用CCTM模型对于煤基液体燃料生产技术(包括煤炭直接液化、煤炭间接液化、煤制甲醇、煤制二甲醚)的评价结果。结果表明,相对于生产单位能量的产品,能效以煤炭直接液化为最高,在55%～58%,其次为煤制甲醇,在45%～48%,煤炭间接液化在40%～42%,煤制二甲醚能效与煤炭间接液化相当;煤耗以间接液化最高,煤制二甲醚次之,再次为煤制甲醇和直接液化;水耗依次为煤制二甲醚、煤制甲醇、煤炭间接液化和煤炭直接液化;投资以间接液化高温合成为最高,二甲醚次之,以下为低温合成、煤炭直接液化和煤制甲醇;产品成本依次为煤制二甲醚、间接液化高温合成、低温合成、煤制甲醇、煤炭直接液化;污染物排放几项技术均很低。利用我国比较丰富的煤炭生产煤基液体燃料,是解决液体燃料不足的重要途径。当前国家应进一步加强煤基液体燃料生产技术的全生命周期比较论证,合理布局各项技术的示范和发展规模。     

Liquefaction of Shengli lignite with methanol and CaO under low pressure

The behavior of liquefaction of Shengli (SL) lignite with methanol and CaO in the presence of FeS and tetralin (THN) was studied. The effects of reaction temperature and time on the liquefaction behavior of SL lignite with methanol and CaO were preliminarily investigated. The liquefaction products obtained were analyzed by FTIR spectrum and elemental analysis. The results show that SL lignite liquefaction with methanol and CaO in the presence of FeS is one of the feasible liquefaction methods. This method has some advantages such as the higher liquefied product yields and n-hexane soluble (HS) + gas yield compared to that of liquefaction in H₂ atmosphere; and carrying out at lower pressure, which was only one third of that of liquefaction in H₂ initial pressure of 5 MPa. The reaction temperature and time significantly affect the liquefied product yields and distributions. The lignite liquefied product yield and gas + HS yield reach to 81.8% and 62% respectively at 400 °C for 2 h, which are significantly higher than those of liquefaction in H₂ initial pressure 5 MPa.     

Comprehensive evaluation of hydro-liquefaction characteristics of lignocellulosic subcomponents

This study investigated the hydro-liquefaction behaviors of cellulose, xylan and lignin in ethanol at various temperatures. The interactions between the reaction medium and individual biomass component under different temperatures were evaluated using the Monte Carlo method. The simulation results indicated that the compatibility from cellulose and xylan system was superior to that of lignin with the elevated temperature. The liquefaction characteristics of cellulose and xylan were highly affected by temperature variation due to the existence of active chemical region and functional groups in the structures. In comparison, the reaction behavior of lignin-containing complicated polyaromatic structure was slightly dependent on the elevated temperature. The variation trend of chemical structures from solid residues was highly related to the nature of the raw feedstock. The properties of bio-oil derived from liquefaction of single biomass composition were also associated with the inherent composition of each biomass subcomponent.     

Hydrogen transfer during co-liquefaction of Elbistan lignite and biomass: liquid product characterization approach

In this study, Elbistan lignite (EL) and manure were liquefied under catalytic conditions in an inert atmosphere. Red mud, tetralin, and distilled water were used as a catalyst and solvent, respectively. The liquefaction studies were carried out under catalytic conditions in the catalyst concentration of 9%, solvent/solid ratio of 3/1, reaction time of 60 min, waste/lignite ratio of 1/3, and at temperature of 400°C. Stirring speed and initial nitrogen pressure were kept constant at 400 rpm and 20 bar, respectively. At the end of liquefaction process, the soluble liquefaction products were separated by successive solvent extraction to preasphaltene, asphaltene, and oils. Oil products characterized by H-NMR to be able to differ hydrogen transfer from manure to EL surface. To obtain the hydrogen transfer way, liquefaction experiments conducted under inert atmosphere which does not related to hydrogen reaction, other above experimental conditions were kept same but only solvent type changed. The reason of using distilled water instead of tetraline is tetraline known as hydrogen donor but not water. Because water behaves supercritical conditions during the liquefaction stage. EL liquefied alone while using tetraline however EL liquefied with manure with using distilled water as a solvent. The obtained oil products form both experiments characterized by H-NMR. The radical groups diffraction and range values are not changed significantly shows that manure behaved as an hydrogen donor. So, EL with manure is the one great option to reduce cost of hydrogen source for direct coal liquefaction plant.     

Bio-oil production from hydrogenation liquefaction of rice straw over metal (Ni,Co, Cu)-modified CeO2 catalysts

This paper describes catalytic hydrogenation liquefaction of rice straw over metal (Ni, Co, and Cu)-modified CeO₂ catalysts for bio-oil production. The results show that the highest rice straw conversion (89.08%) and bio-oil yield (66.7%) were obtained over Ni/CeO₂ catalyst. The bio-oil contains mainly phenols, high-value-added, and widely used chemicals. Furthermore, metal-modified CeO₂ catalysts can significantly influence the components of bio-oil with the highest percentage of C7-C10 compounds. This work thus demonstrates that metal/CeO₂ catalysts can be effective in improving the bio-oil yield and selectivity in hydro-liquefaction of rice straw into bio-oil.     

Liquefaction/Solubilization of Low-Rank Turkish Coals by White-Rot Fungus (Phanerochaete chrysosporium)

Microbial coal liquefaction/solubilization of three low-rank Turkish coals (Bursa-Kestelek, Kütahya-Seyitömer and Mu?la-Yata?an lignite) was attempted by using a white-rot fungus (Phanerochaete chrysosporium DSM No. 6909); chemical compositions of the products were investigated. The lignite samples were oxidized by nitric acid under moderate conditions and then oxidized samples were placed on the agar medium of Phanerochaete chrysosporium. FTIR spectra of raw lignites, oxidized lignites and liquid products were recorded, and the acetone-soluble fractions of these samples were identified by GC-MS technique. Results show that the fungus affects the nitro and carboxyl/carbonyl groups in oxidized lignite sample, the liquid products obtained by microbial effects are the mixture of water-soluble compounds, and show limited organic solubility.     

利用微藻热化学液化制备生物油的研究进展

微藻是制备生物质液体燃料的良好材料,利用微藻热化学液化制备生物油在环保和能源供应方向都具有非常重要的意义。目前国内外研究者主要采用快速热解液化和直接液化两种热化学转化技术进行以微藻为原料制备生物油的研究。快速热解生产过程在常压下进行,工艺简单、成本低、反应迅速、燃料油收率高、装置容易大型化,是目前最具开发潜力的生物质液化技术之一。但快速热解需要对原料进行干燥和粉碎等预处理,微藻含水率极高,会消耗大量的能量,使快速热解技术在以微藻为原料制备生物油方面受到限制。直接液化技术反应温度较快速热解低,原料无需烘干和粉碎等高耗能预处理过程,且能产生更优质的生物油,将会是微藻热化学液化制备生物油发展的主流方向,极具工业化前景。国内外研究者还尝试利用超临界液化、共液化、热化学催化液化、微波裂解液化等多种新型液化工艺进行微藻热化学液化制备生物油的实验研究。今后的主要研究方向应是将热化学液化原理研究、生产工艺开发、反应器研发、反应条件优化、产品精制等有机地结合起来,进行深入研究。同时应努力节约成本、降低能耗。     

褐煤提质技术浅析

褐煤因其热值低、含水量高、易风化自燃等特点,给其燃烧、运输、储存等方面带来了很多困难,如何实现褐煤的高效利用已成为亟待解决的问题。褐煤提质是指褐煤通过干燥或热解工艺降低水分、转化成具有烟煤性质的提质煤。提质技术已成为近年来褐煤应用方面的主要研究方向之一。     

生物质液化技术面临的挑战与技术选择

生物质液化技术可将低品位的固体生物质完全转化成高品位的液体燃料或化学品,是生物质能高效利用的主要方式之一。按照机理,液化技术可以分为热化学法、生化法、酯化法和化学合成法(间接液化),热化学法液化又分为快速热解技术和高压液化(直接液化)技术。生物质热化学法液化已成为国内外生物质液化的研究开发重点和热点,快速热解液化技术和高压液化技术是最具产业化前景的生物质能技术,生化法液化技术也是生物质能的研究热点。化学合成法液化技术并不适用于生物质液化,而利用生物柴油进一步生产生物航空煤油是得不偿失的,不仅成本高、资源利用率低,而且全生命周期碳排放增加,还不符合未来生物航煤的发展趋势。生物质含水量的高低是影响生物质液化过程中能耗、效率、污染指数和经济性指标等的关键因素,应根据含水量合理选择生物质液化技术。快速热解液化技术适用于低含水农林废弃物,高压液化和生化法液化技术适用于高含水生物质,酯化法液化技术适用于不可食用油脂,而各种液化技术均不适用于城市生活垃圾的处理,建议将其用作燃气型气化原料。     

褐煤干燥及热解机理研究现状

单个大颗粒褐煤干燥、热解机理的研究对于褐煤提质技术的开发具有重要的理论与实际意义,可用于该过程的数值计算与优化研究.对于单个大颗粒褐煤而言,在干燥、热结过程中内部存在较大的温度、水含量及挥发分含量的梯度,所涉及到的科学问题为多孔介质传热与传质问题.文中主要针对褐煤的干燥机理、热解机理及堆积态干燥过程机理进行了详细的文献调研.     

我国电力行业褐煤利用探讨

介绍了国内外褐煤资源分布的情况及发电现状,阐述了褐煤发电的关键技术。研究了褐煤在作为发电燃料时机组所面临的问题并提出了解决办法。褐煤在我国电力应用中前景广阔,应把大容量火电机组结合褐煤集成干燥技术作为主要发展方向,加紧褐煤的开发利用。