基于全概率PBEE方法的RC框架结构地震损失分析

结构损伤机制的选择、评价、设计与控制是建筑结构抗震设计面临的热点与难点。定量评价建筑结构地震损失不仅是结构损伤机制选择与评价的重要环节,也是抗震防灾决策的重要依据。以全概率PBEE方法（PEER-PBEE Methodology）为基础,给出了地震损失计算方法和流程,结合工程实际确定了地震损失评估所需考虑的地震动强度范围,归纳总结了RC框架结构各类构件的易损性函数和损失函数。定量评价了按现行规范设计的不同抗震设防烈度的典型多层RC框架结构的地震损失,分析了设防烈度、倒塌风险、构件类别等因素的影响。研究结果表明,该评估方法可为抗震防灾决策提供参考。根据算例分析结果对不同烈度区的建筑结构地震损失控制提出了有关建议。     

中国宜宾、日本山形、美国加州Ridgecrest地震破坏力分析与对比

该文对近期发生的我国宜宾长宁6.0级地震、日本山形6.7级地震、美国加州7.1级地震进行了破坏力分析和对比,包括典型强震记录的峰值和反应谱对比;典型地震动对典型单体结构与区域的破坏力对比;真实地震灾情的对比。主要对比结果包括:对于自振周期较短的砌体结构,宜宾地震破坏力最强;对于自振周期较大的多层框架结构,加州地震破坏力最强加州地震与山形地震的区域震害均轻于宜宾地震。上述结果表明地震震级、地面运动加速度、建筑物震损情况关系复杂,仅通过震级或最大地震动峰值加速度来判断地震破坏力是不合适的,应结合国家台网建设,发展城市抗震弹塑性分析。     

Cost optimal design of R/C buildings

A systematic approach is proposed for evaluating the cost-effectiveness of existing or proposed design criteria from the standpoint of life-cycle cost consideration. A series of alternative designs of a model structure representing a class of R/C buildings would be developed following an existing code procedure, except that the code requirements or parameters will be varied for the alternative designs so that a suite of different structures will be obtained each with a different level of safety or reliability. For each of the designed structures, the probability of exceeding the various damage levels under a given earthquake intensity may be calculated. Aggregating and integrating all the cost components with the damage probability density functions for each of the designed structures, as well as with the probabilities of all possible earthquake intensities over a given life will yield the expected life-cycle costs for the respective structures as a function of structural reliability. From these results, the design with the minimum expected life-cycle cost may then be identified; its underlying safety or reliability can also be determined. The approach is illustrated for a class of reinforced concrete buildings under earthquake loading.     

基于CFRP加固的钢混排架厂房全寿命周期地震成本研究

采用增量动力分析（incremental dynamic analysis,IDA）对坐落于我国西部具体地区的单层钢混排架工业厂房基于碳纤维布（carbon fiber reinforced polymer,CFRP）加固前后的地震损伤和全寿命周期地震成本进行对比计算分析,研究中参考了中国抗震规范和美国太平洋地震工程研究中心（PEER）强震数据库后拟合建立了与分析地区地质场地条件接近的当地地震风险度概率模型。采用多参数混合加权推导计算出CFRP加固钢混排架柱厂房结构全寿命周期地震损失成本统计值,计算过程中的结构尺寸、材料强度、地震荷载等相关参数变量采用蒙特卡洛（MonteCarlo Sampling,MCS）随机样本法予以考虑,研究结果显示该地区CFRP加固单层钢混排架厂房结构全寿命周期地震成本统计中位值在5.75元/（年·m2）,扣除加固材料成本及加工费用后较同类型未加固普通厂房全寿命期地震成本费用综合节省约16.5%,显示厂房采用CFRP加固技术后具有良好的全寿命周期地震成本经济性,同时CFRP加固后的厂房结构地震年平均成本直接费CoV统计偏差在1.35%~1.36%。     

基于模糊层次分析的建筑物单体震害预测方法研究

建筑物的震害预测方法研究对震害防御和震后应急工作有着十分重要的意义,但随着结构类型和抗震规范的不断更新,当前的震害预测理论仍不完善。该文提出了一种基于模糊层次分析的建筑物单体震害预测方法。具体工作如下:1）通过研究一个城市或地区各类房屋建筑的地震易损性,计算得到该城市或地区建筑结构震害指数基准值;2）根据历史地震震害资料和震害预测资料,综合分析影响各类建筑结构震害的主要因素,利用模糊层次分析法计算得到各影响因素权重;3）通过考虑各影响因素中不同影响因子的平均震害指数的变化,得出其对震害指数的影响程度,给出影响因子修正系数;4）采用加权平均法计算得出单体结构震害指数,并给出单体结构破坏等级。利用该方法对汶川8.0级地震中数栋结构进行了验证,其破坏等级同地震现场房屋安全鉴定结果相符。     

基于易损性指数的钢筋混凝土框架结构地震损伤评估

在传统地震易损性分析的基础上,提出了易损性指数的概念,并用其来评估结构的地震损伤。通过引入群体结构震害评估中震害指数的概念,结合解析地震易损性分析得到的结构破坏状态概率,将震害指数的数学期望作为单体结构的易损性指数。选择8层和10层两组考虑不同抗震设防水平的钢筋混凝土框架结构为研究对象,分析得到结构的地震易损性曲线、破坏状态概率曲线、易损性指数曲线以及结构在小震、中震和大震作用下的易损性指数。分析结果表明:按我国抗震规范设计的钢筋混凝土框架结构基本可以满足“小震不坏”、“中震可修”和“大震不倒”的性能要求。在大震作用下,结构可以较好地控制较严重破坏的发生。随着抗震设防水平的提升,结构的抗震能力得到了加强,但结构在小震、中震和大震作用下的易损性指数却发生了增加。     

Regional seismic-damage prediction of buildings under mainshock–aftershock sequence

Strong aftershocks generally occur following a significant earthquake. Aftershocks further damage buildings weakened by mainshocks. Thus, the accurate and efficient prediction of aftershock-induced damage to buildings on a regional scale is crucial for decision making for post-earthquake rescue and emergency response. A framework to predict regional seismic damage of buildings under a mainshock–aftershock (MS–AS) sequence is proposed in this study based on city-scale nonlinear time-history analysis (THA). Specifically, an MS–AS sequence-generation method is proposed to generate a potential MS–AS sequence that can account for the amplification, spectrum, duration, magnitude, and site condition of a target area. Moreover, city-scale nonlinear THA is adopted to predict building seismic damage subjected to MS–AS sequences. The accuracy and reliability of city-scale nonlinear THA for an MS–AS sequence are validated by as-recorded seismic responses of buildings and simulation results in published literature. The town of Longtoushan, which was damaged during the Ludian earthquake, is used as a case study to illustrate the detailed procedure and advantages of the proposed framework. The primary conclusions are as follows. (1) Regional seismic damage of buildings under an MS–AS sequence can be predicted reasonably and accurately by city-scale nonlinear THA. (2) An MS–AS sequence can be generated reasonably by the proposed MS–AS sequence-generation method. (3) Regional seismic damage of buildings under different MS–AS scenarios can be provided efficiently by the proposed framework, which in turn can provide a useful reference for earthquake emergency response and scientific decision making for earthquake disaster relief.     

考虑累积损伤退化及应变率效应的钢筋混凝土框架结构倒塌分析

该文研究考虑累积损伤导致强度和刚度退化及应变率效应的钢筋混凝土框架结构倒塌过程,基于有限元软件ABAQUS平台,开发了相应的显式分析梁单元用户材料子程序,并对钢筋混凝土柱的动态和静态加载试验进行模拟,对比验证了所开发程序的准确性。采用增量动力时程分析法,研究了多维地震输入下某六层框架结构的倒塌过程,对结构的顶点位移、层间位移、基底剪力进行分析。研究结果表明:考虑应变率效应,构件的承载力有一定的提高,但同时退化效应更加显著,因此地震作用下的结构分析应予以考虑率效应及退化效应;通过定义构件损伤和层损伤,可以明显确定结构的薄弱层及破坏路径,模拟在地震作用下的结构倒塌过程,并揭示结构的倒塌机理,对抗倒塌分析提供一定参考。     

尼泊尔8.1级地震钢筋混凝土框架典型震害及讨论

尼泊尔8.1级地震发生2个月后,该文作者随队开展了为期半个月的尼泊尔地震震害调查。该文报道了尼泊尔8.1级地震中3个调查点的钢筋混凝土（RC）框架结构震害特点。调查表明,除少数医院、政府办公楼、学校建筑为正规抗震设计建造外,大部分RC框架结构为自建民居、商铺。被调查RC框架结构的梁、板、柱均采用现浇混凝土,填充墙均采用粘土砖砌筑。震害主要表现为底层或临街楼层（街道高于底层时）框架柱压弯破坏,填充墙倒塌,柱顶水平施工缝处破坏,部分紧邻填充墙的柱顶部剪切破坏,屋顶女儿墙震损掉落,少数结构发生整体垮塌。该文作者对某一典型区域的框架结构进行了详查,得到6个震损结构的尺寸、材料强度和破坏模式,分析表明,具有较小柱轴压比,较大刚重比的结构具有较好的抗倒塌能力。最后,针对尼泊尔RC框架的震害特点,对比我国相关规范规程和以往震害经验,探讨了防止填充墙相邻柱端剪切破坏的措施、防止施工缝对柱的削弱、非结构构件抗震构造措施的必要性,以及震后建筑安全性鉴定的注意事项。     

基于概率统计方法的隔震结构可靠度

该文用概率统计的方法分析隔震结构的抗震可靠度。对两个实际的隔震结构建立三维有限元模型并进行时程分析,求得层相对加速度、层间位移角、隔震支座剪应变和压应力等结构的动力响应参数,同时,收集隔震支座力学性能的实验数据并结合数值模拟,用假设检验方法,明确了隔震结构的各动力响应参数和隔震支座的抗力参数均服从对数正态分布,再用最大似然估计法,得到了隔震结构各动力响应和隔震支座抗力的概率特征参数。给定隔震结构的失效模式,建立以结构抗力和反应为变量的功能函数,采用一次二阶矩法,分析隔震体系的抗震可靠度,结果发现:按目前《建筑抗震设计规范》的隔震结构,与非隔震结构相比,即使上部结构的水平地震作用减小60%~70%,也不一定能达到“中震不坏”和“极大震不倒”的抗震性能目标,说明在编的《建筑隔震设计规范》对隔震建筑提出更高的要求。     

Damage and performance evaluation of masonry churches in the 2009 L’Aquila earthquake

The seismic behaviour of masonry churches damaged during the 2009 L’Aquila earthquake is studied in this paper. Four important basilicas are considered in order to derive general conclusions from the damage assessment and the performance analysis. As a general result of the comparison between the post-earthquake survey activity and the structural analyses the possibility of evaluating the seismic safety of churches, and therefore of avoiding destructive damage by means of the design and application of appropriate retrofit interventions, is confirmed.Comparative numerical analyses on a sample of four churches have highlighted another important aspect: the dynamic excitation due to the seismic ground motion activates many vibration modes of the building structure, though all of them are characterised by small participation factors. This fact leads to the following important consequences: the high spectral values of the registered record of the L’Aquila earthquake do not correspond to equivalent high values of base shear; in particular the results showed that in all the examined case studies, the base shear V ratio ranged between 20% and 30% of the church weight. Therefore the appropriate choice of the force reduction factor to be adopted for these monumental buildings is not so large since the real shear force value was significantly smaller than the plateau value of the spectral acceleration provided by Italian Code. Furthermore, the awareness of the activation of many local modes under seismic excitation calls for retrofit interventions which have to “tie up” the building, thus avoiding local failures that are often observed.The final conclusion is that the observation of damage and failures under real experimental actions, like real earthquakes, are a precious means for the advancement of knowledge in the field of seismic engineering.     

钢筋混凝土剪力墙基于变形和滞回耗能非线性组合的损伤演化分析

为研究钢筋混凝土结构的损伤演化规律,提出一种基于变形和滞回耗能非线性组合的钢筋混凝土构件损伤模型。通过引入组合参数考虑不同损伤状态下构件变形与滞回耗能的权重,该损伤模型能很好的反映变形和滞回耗能的相互影响,有效评估构件在不同破坏状态下的损伤程度。对4片钢筋混凝土剪力墙的拟静力试验进行数值模拟分析,结果表明:该损伤模型计算的损伤值与试验破坏形态吻合较好,能很好的描述钢筋混凝土剪力墙的损伤演化过程,且能够定量确定构件不同破坏程度的损伤界限;对钢筋混凝土剪力墙进行地震作用下动力时程分析,结果表明,该损伤模型能很好的描述不同峰值加速度作用下剪力墙构件的损伤演化规律,剪力墙损伤在峰值加速度出现时段内发展迅速,并且随着地震强度的增大而增大,损伤值超过限值时构件失效。     

地震灾害农居易损性新方法研究

如何从定性到定量评价研究建筑结构抗震能力,尤其是量大面广的农村民居的抗震能力是一个重要而又棘手的问题。该文对12组墙片进行拟静力试验,得到了墙片的滞回曲线、骨架曲线和破坏状态,墙片的骨架曲线和破坏状态进行对比,按照对应的剪应力和位移角进行破坏等级划分,得到了农居主要承重构件墙片的破坏等级双参数定量划分方法。对五大类农居进行了6度~10度的震害矩阵完善,在农居震害矩阵的基础上提出了易损性指数计算新方法,解决了震害矩阵之间的评价问题。     

Automatic modeling method for regional seismic damage assessment of school buildings in Taiwan

This study proposes a new method for regional seismic damage assessment. Automatic modeling is applied to construct models of school buildings from a property database and component models. The capacity curves of school buildings are obtained through numerical simulation of nonlinear structure analysis instead of deriving the capacity curves by substituting parameters derived from a commonly adopted statistical regression approach into a formula. With professionally pre-set settings, detailed regional seismic damage assessment can be performed using a large number of numerical models generated in a short time. The accuracy and reliability of the proposed method is validated by comparing the base shear – roof displacement curve with data from experimental results and ETABS analysis conducted by the National Center for Research on Earthquake Engineering, as well as data obtained using existing damage assessment methods. Reconnaissance report data on school buildings affected in the Chi-Chi Earthquake is also used for further verification. The proposed regional seismic damage assessment method makes structural analysis on individual structures possible to provide a more accurate and detailed damage assessment.     

Seismic damage and performance of Palazzo Centi after L’Aquila earthquake: A paradigmatic case study of effectiveness of mechanical steel ties

This paper concerns the seismic response of Palazzo Centi after the 2009 L’Aquila earthquake. Built in the second half of XVIII century, Palazzo Centi is a three-storied building characterized by a rectangular plan with a central court. The vertical structural system is made of masonry walls arranged in plan to form a regular mesh.After the 2009 L’Aquila earthquake the building showed a widespread damage occurred in the vertical masonry structures with more intensity at upper storeys; there were also damages to non-structural parts: light masonry and fake vaults. The building case study is a paradigmatic example because during the 2009 earthquake, differently from other historical masonry buildings, it responded “reasonably” well in the main structural parts. The seismic behaviour was analyzed thoroughly in order to investigate the effectiveness of the, initially unknown, recent retrofit interventions carried out in 2003. These mechanical interventions proved to be the reason of the good seismic behaviour of the building and that “saved” it from more serious damages.On the basis of the data acquired by the authors during the post-earthquake reconnaissance activities and from the structural analyzes results, in conclusion, the case study of Palazzo Centi demonstrated to represent a clear example of the effectiveness of the traditional techniques in designing and retrofitting of masonry buildings.     

基于OpenSees的RC框架-核心筒超高层建筑抗震弹塑性分析

近年来我国高层建筑结构抗震弹塑性分析得到广泛应用。但现有的分析多基于商用软件,限制了相关研究的深入发展。该文在通用开源有限元程序OpenSees的基础上,通过开发合理的剪力墙构件模型和混凝土本构模型,实现了RC框架-核心筒超高层结构的抗震弹塑性分析,并以一系列剪力墙和一栋141.8m高框架-核心筒超高层为例,通过与试验结果和通用有限元程序MSC.Marc计算结果的对比,验证了该文提出的单元和计算方法 的合理性和可靠性,可为进一步开展基于开源有限元程序OpenSees的超高层建筑结构地震灾变行为研究提供参考。     

基于位移的钢筋混凝土结构单层厂房易损性分析

通过按建筑结构抗震规范的规定构造加速度反应谱作为随机激励,构筑了我国四川地区典型钢筋混凝土结构单层厂房有限元模型,采用拟动力时程方法对结构的抗震性能进行了分析计算,得到了钢筋混凝土结构厂房的易损性曲线;同时,针对原型结构在地震作用下柱基础容易发生屈服破坏的情况,对原型结构基础采取了铅芯阻尼橡胶支座隔震加固措施,并对加固后的厂房结构进行了计算分析并得到了修正易损性曲线,通过对比得到结构在地基不失稳的前提下,在小震时发生中度以上损伤的概率非常小,在大震时随着承重结构进入塑性屈服发生中度以上的损伤概率开始逐渐变大,而且厂房结构纵横两个方向的易损性概率在大震时有差异,采取隔震加固措施后结构损伤概率明显减小。     

主余震序列作用下钢筋混凝土框架结构的易损性分析及安全评估

余震将给主震损伤结构造成“二次损伤”,威胁结构的地震安全。鉴于此,该文基于传统地震易损性理论,分别采用真实主余震序列和人工构造主余震序列作为地震输入,选择一栋按我国规范设计的5层钢筋混凝土框架结构作为研究对象,对主余震序列作用下的结构易损性进行研究。基于结构在主余震序列作用下的易损性结果,分别计算结构在不同危险性水平的主余震序列作用下的极限状态失效概率、破坏状态失效概率和易损性指数,评估结构在主余震序列作用下的地震安全。分析结果表明:主余震序列作用下的结构易损性要高于主震单独作用下的结构易损性。人工构造主余震序列要比真实主余震序列对结构造成更大的易损性。在真实和人工主余震序列中,基于重复法构造的人工主余震序列对结构的潜在破坏能力最强,而基于衰减法构造的人工主余震序列与真实主余震序列对结构的潜在破坏能力较为接近。     

A non-linear masonry infill macro-model to represent the global behaviour of buildings under cyclic loading

The presence of masonry infill walls in RC buildings is very common. However, and even today, in the design of new buildings and in the assessment of existing ones, these infill walls are usually considered as non-structural elements and their influence in the structural response is generally ignored. For horizontal loading, infill panels can drastically modify the response, attracting forces to parts of the structure that have not been designed to resist them. This paper presents an improved non-linear numerical simulation model for the influence of the masonry infill walls in the seismic behavior of structure. The model is implemented in the PORANL program. After the implementation and calibration of the proposed masonry model, a series of non-linear dynamic analyses of a building representative of Modern Architecture in Europe were carried out. The main objective was to investigate the behavior of this type of building, and any weakness under seismic loading. The building geometry and the dimensions of the RC elements and infill walls were set in the original project, and confirmed in the technical visits. The building under study has nine storeys and the structure is mainly composed of 12 plane frames oriented in the transversal direction. The building was analyzed with a simplified plane model, for each direction, and the existing infill panels were looked at in accordance with their dimensions and location. The earthquake action adopted in this study was simulated through three series of artificially generated earthquakes, for a medium/high seismic risk scenario in Europe.     

Lessons learned from the testing of RC frames with masonry infills and proposals for new solutions / Untersuchungen an mit Mauerwerk ausgefachten Stahlbetonrahmen und neue Lösungsvorschläge

Past experience has shown that inadequate design of unreinforced masonry walls (URM) or inadequate selection of materials can lead to significant economic losses and fatalities in the case of a strong earthquake. In this context, this paper presents the experimental research that has been carried out with the aim of gaining a better insight into the traditional masonry infill walls commonly built in Portugal. The experimental research includes: (1) shaking table tests on reduced‐scale reinforced concrete (RC) buildings with masonry infills with distinct typologies, from traditional solutions to those with enhanced properties and solutions to improve the seismic behaviour; (2) in‐plane static cyclic tests on a representative one‐storey, one‐bay RC frame with masonry infills with distinct typologies but similar to the ones tested in the RC building models. It was concluded that the typology of masonry walls influences the global behaviour of RC buildings, particularly when there is no connection between masonry infill and RC frame. An appropriate design is necessary to prevent an unforeseen failure mechanism due to shear stresses in the RC columns induced by the infill. The in‐plane cyclic tests showed that render plays a central role in the lateral strength and stiffness. Additionally, it was observed that bed joint reinforcement and reinforced render are important measures for controlling damage but do not significantly influence the in‐plane lateral strength and stiffness.