进口参数变化对高压压气机性能影响研究

以某型高压九级轴流压气机为研究对象,利用NUMECA软件在不同进口条件下进行变工况性能模拟计算。研究了变转速下由于进口总温、总压的改变引起的雷诺数变化对压气机性能影响。结果表明:试验条件与设计条件下的试验结果相比,进口雷诺数由1.348×10~6下降到4.318×10~5,压气机设计点折合流量比减小0.008,效率下降0.72%,喘振裕度降低了8.11%,压气机性能曲线整体向左下方移动;在一定范围内升高进口总压或降低进口总温,将改善压气机的压比、效率以及折合流量比;当雷诺数高于一定临界值后,同一转速下的压气机的效率以及折合流量比基本保持不变;当转速降低至设计转速以下时,临界雷诺数将进一步增大,雷诺数效应影响增强;雷诺数降低会导致泄漏流损失增大,径向涡损失增强,加剧叶尖区域的流动分离,此时叶尖区域的流动阻塞成为引起流动失稳与整机性能恶化的主要原因。     

封严篦齿对轴流压气机涡系结构与流动损失的影响

为了解决压气机级间泄漏与二次流流动问题,航空发动机轴流压气机静叶根部与转子之间通常采用篦齿进行封严。为研究封严篦齿泄漏流对压气机性能的影响,基于某轴流压气机建立了带封严篦齿真实结构的几何模型,采用三维数值模拟的方法,研究了篦齿泄漏流对某轴流压气机主流涡系结构和流动损失的影响,并探究了其影响机理。结果表明：封严篦齿泄漏流使压气机的压比和效率都有不同程度的下降;篦齿泄漏会增强上游转子叶根吸力面的尾缘角区涡和静子叶根吸力面的马蹄涡,并使设计工况的上游转子和静子的流动损失分别增大3.1%和13.1%;静子叶根后附面层低能流体被抽吸,改善了下游流场,使下游转子流动损失减小2.4%;在近喘振点,由于压气机内流场恶化严重,篦齿泄漏带来的流场变化并不显著,泄漏流对主流影响小。     

动叶间隙对压气机气动性能的影响

为研究动叶间隙大小对压气机性能及流动的影响,以一台高亚声速一级半压气机级为研究对象,在设计间隙、0. 5倍、1. 5倍及2倍设计间隙下进行定常三维数值模拟。计算结果表明,随着间隙增大,压气机效率及总压比下降。大间隙下泄漏流增强,导致动叶叶尖及其下游区域损失增加,压气机转子效率随间隙增大而线性下降;同时,泄漏流的增强也恶化了动静叶匹配,导致静叶上端壁产生额外损失,压气机级效率下降幅度大于转子效率。     

间隙变化对轴流压气机转子近失速工况叶顶流场的影响研究

为研究间隙变化对轴流压气机转子近失速工况下叶顶流场结构的影响,以轴流压气机转子Rotor37为研究对象,对其叶顶流场进行定常和非定常的数值模拟。计算结果表明：随着叶顶间隙的减小,压气机的总压比和等熵效率均有所提高,稳定运行范围扩大;2倍设计间隙下,叶尖泄漏涡经激波作用后发生膨胀破碎,堵塞来流通道,诱发压气机堵塞失速;0.5倍设计间隙下,吸力面流动分离加剧,发生回流,部分回流与来流在压力面前缘上游发生干涉,进口堵塞加剧,致使部分来流从前缘溢出,导致压气机叶尖失速;不同间隙下压气机失速过程的主导因素不同,大间隙下失速由叶尖泄漏涡破碎的非定常波动引起,小间隙下失速主要由流动分离引发的周期性前缘溢流所主导。     

轴流压气机非轴对称轮毂造型对间隙流控制研究

对带静子间隙的单级轴流压气机进行了全三维数值模拟,流场分析表明静子间隙泄漏流在通道端壁区引起较大的流动分离。为控制流动损失,对静子轮毂进行了非轴对称造型,造型后的压气机总性能得到改善。流场分析表明:非轴对称端壁造型改变了壁面静压分布,改善了间隙泄漏流在通道内的流动结构,消除了通道出口处的回流损失区,使压气机总压比增加,等熵效率提高0.9%。     

叶尖自发射流条件下涡轮非定常流动的数值模拟

为分析自发射流条件下非定常尾迹对叶顶间隙流动、S1流面和S2流面上流场参数、叶尖泄漏比和动叶载荷变化的影响,采用数值模拟方法,以Durham叶栅为原型,将动、静叶栅流场通过滑移网格技术耦合,开展非定常计算。结果表明:在静叶非定常尾迹的影响下,转子区域流场内的流动、叶尖间隙泄漏比及叶片周向载荷均呈现出周期性变化的特征;考虑非定常效应和端壁相对运动效应,相较于无叶尖射流,单孔叶尖自发射流可使泄漏比降低4.57%,比定常计算预测的泄漏比低3.43%,表明要想准确获得叶尖射流条件下的叶栅流动特性和叶尖泄漏抑制效果,其间的非定常效应不可忽略。     

基于雷诺数的离心压气机模化研究

为研究模化时尺寸缩放对压气机性能的影响,以某型燃气轮机的离心压气机为研究对象,通过数值模拟方法分析了雷诺数对其性能的影响。分别设计模化比为0.2、0.6、1.0、1.4、1.8、2.2、2.6的7种模化方案,计算结果表明:雷诺数随模化比增加而增大,伴随雷诺数的增大,压气机在设计点处的等熵效率和总压比都有提升,稳定裕度则先增大后减小。模化比为0.2时,相比原型机,压比和效率分别降低了3.22%和2.82%,降幅最大;模化比为2.6时,压比和效率分别提高1.32%和1.08%,增幅最大;雷诺数增大时有效改善了压气机内大曲率部位的流动,减小气流分离和二次流损失,使性能得到提高;同时雷诺数对压气机的稳定裕度有显著影响,太大或太小都会使稳定裕度降低。模化比为1时,稳定裕度最大;模化比为2.6时,稳定裕度降低51%,降幅最大。     

多级轴流超临界二氧化碳压气机气动性能研究

二氧化碳作为动力循环工质可获得更高的循环效率和部件紧凑性,应用前景广阔。基于给定参数设计了1台4级轴流式超临界二氧化碳(SCO_2)压气机,通过划分六面体网格,采用有限体积法及SSTk-ω湍流模型对其气动性能进行了详细分析,并对叶顶间隙的影响规律进行了研究。研究表明,由于流动加速和引射作用,叶顶间隙泄漏流造成了叶尖吸力侧流体温度和压力的下降,因此该区域可能会发生冷凝现象,并且叶顶间隙的增大进一步降低了该区域的参数,将会导致级效率和压比的降低。研究成果可为SCO_2压气机设计提供参考。     

柴油机高原适应性研究及压气机流场分析

基于试验测试数据建立增压柴油机的仿真模型,开展0～4 000m高原适应性研究工作,研究增压柴油机性能及压气机性能海拔变化关系,并研究不同海拔下压气机内部流动状况,分析压气机效率下降原因。研究结果表明:高海拔工况下,柴油机功率、转矩与燃油消耗率下降,进气流量减少,增压压力下降,压气机压比增大,效率下降。压气机子午面的相对总压的低压区域压力较小,叶顶间隙间及叶轮出口高熵值区域增大且范围提前。跨音速流动区域增大,激波损失增大,叶顶间隙流加强,泄漏损失增大,分流叶片压力侧主流与低速泄漏流掺混,尾迹区域增大,掺混损失增加,压气机叶轮内部损失增大。因此高原环境下,压气机效率降低。     

轮毂泄漏流对跨声速压气机转子性能影响的数值研究

为揭示转子前缘轮毂间隙泄漏流对高负荷压气机气动性能影响的物理机制，采用轮毂间隙边界条件模化处理方法，开展了轮毂泄漏流对跨声速压气机转子性能影响的三维定常数值模拟，分析了不同轮毂泄漏流量下压气机轮毂壁面流场结构与流态变化特征。研究结果表明：轮毂泄漏流会恶化压气机流通能力，影响程度随着泄漏量增加而逐渐增大。在近峰值效率工况下，当泄漏流量达到0.50%时，压气机流量约减小0.74%。当轮毂泄漏流达到一定强度后，反而呈现出部分正面效果，使得压气机压比或效率得到一定程度改善。轮毂泄漏流通过影响轮毂壁面流场结构空间分布来对压气机气动性能施加影响，尤其是鞍点的位置决定着轮毂间隙下游回流区和顺流区的影响范围以及轮毂壁面横向潜流强度。     

气冷涡轮转子变叶尖间距性能试验及数值研究

为量化评估工程应用的气冷低压涡轮带冠转子叶片的叶尖间距大小对涡轮气动性能的影响,综合现有涡轮部件试验能力,以单级轴流低压涡轮性能试验件为基础,通过控制圆度的机加方式磨削转子外环内壁以实现叶尖间距的变化,采用控制冷气流量比的方法,开展5次不同叶尖间距大小的涡轮级性能试验,得到多工况下涡轮效率、换算流量和换算功率等特性参数。采用加载冷气及考虑转子叶冠结构的数值模型进行三维仿真计算,并与试验结果对比分析。研究表明：叶尖间距由0.6 mm增加至3.2 mm,低压涡轮流通能力增大1%,叶冠泄漏量增多3.4%,但做功能力下降2.3%。涡轮效率变化与叶尖间距大小近似呈线性关系,叶尖间距每增加1 mm,效率约降低0.7%,同时,叶尖间距的增加导致了叶冠腔的旋涡结构、气流掺混及主流入侵强度逐渐增大,引起动叶总压损失的增大,叶尖间距增加至3.2 mm导致叶间位置总压损失由0.88增至2.3。     

基于弯曲叶片的氦气轴流压气机优化设计

针对高负荷氦气压气机中角区分离、叶顶泄漏严重带来的效率损失问题,以单级氦气压缩机为研究对象,利用CFD方法,分析了不同弯曲角度下氦气压气机内部的角区损失和叶顶泄漏损失,并优化了现有五级轴流氦气压气机。结果表明：叶片正弯会增加端区处的静压,减少角区分离,进而降低角区损失;对动叶而言,在设计攻角下正弯也会增加前缘损失;动叶叶顶反弯使泄漏流远离下一个叶片的压力面,而合适的反弯角度可以降低叶顶泄漏量;选取合适的弯曲角度使五级轴流压气机设计点效率提高1.85%。     

Investigation on centrifugal impeller in an axial-radial combined compressor with inlet distortion

Assembling an axial rotor and a stator at centrifugal compressor upstream to build an axial-radial combined compressor could achieve high pressure ratio and efficiency by appropriate size augment.Then upstream potential flow and wake effect appear at centrifugal impeller inlet.In this paper,the axial-radial compressor is unsteadily simulated by three-dimensional Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes equations with uniform and circumferential distorted total pressure inlet condition to investigate upstream effect on radial rotor.The results show that spanwise nonuniform total pressure distribution is generated and radial and circumferential combined distortion is formed at centrifugal rotor inlet.The upstream stator wake deflects to rotor rotation direction and decreases with blade span increases.Circumferential distortion causes different separated flow formations at different pitch positions.The tip leakage vortex is suppressed in centrifugal blade passages.Under distorted inlet condition,flow direction of centrifugal impeller leading edge upstream varies evidently near hub and shroud but varies slightly at mid-span.In addition,compressor stage inlet distortion produces remarkable effect on blade loading of centrifugal blade both along chordwise and pitchwise.     

Effects of Width Variation of Pressure-Side Winglet on Tip Flow Structure in a Transonic Rotor

Tip leakage flow has become one of the major triggers for rotating stall in tip region of high loading transonic compressor rotors.Comparing with active flow control method,it’s wise to use blade tip modification to enlarge the stable operating range of rotor.Therefore,three pressure-side winglets with the maximum width of 2.0,2.5 and 3.0 times of the baseline rotor,are designed and surrounded the blade tip of NASA rotor 37,and the three new rotors are named as RPW1,RPW2,and RPW3 respectively.The numerical results show that the width of pressure-side winglet has significant influence on the stall margin and the minimum throttling massflow of rotor,while it produces less effect on the choking massflow and the peak efficiency of new rotors.As the width of the pressure-side winglet increases from new rotor RPW1 to RPW3,the strength of leakage massflow has been attenuated dramatically and a reduction of 20%in leakage massflow rate has appeared in the new rotor RPW3.By contrast,the extended blade tip caused by winglet has not introduced much more aerodynamic losses in tip region of rotor,and the new rotors with different width of pressure-side winglet have the similar peak efficiency to the baseline.The new shape of the leakage channel over blade tip which replaces of the static pressure difference near blade tip has dominated the behavior of the leakage flow in tip gap.As both the new aerodynamic boundary and throat in tip gap have reshaped by the low-velocity flow near the solid wall of extended blade tip,the discharging velocity and massflow rate of leakage flow have been suppressed obviously in new rotors.In addition,the increasing inlet axial velocity at the entrance of new rotor has increased slightly as well,which is attributed to the less blockage in the tip region of new rotor.In consideration of the increased inlet axial velocity and the weakened leakage flow,the new rotor presents an appropriately linear increase of the stall margin when the width of pressure-side winglet increases,and has a nearly 15%increase in new rotor RPW3.     

A similitude method and the corresponding blade design of a low-speed large-scale axial compressor rotor

A similitude method to model the tip clearance flow in a high-speed compressor with a low-speed model is presented in this paper. The first step of this method is the derivation of similarity criteria for tip clearance flow, on the basis of an inviscid model of tip clearance flow. The aerodynamic parameters needed for the model design are then obtained from a numerical simulation of the target high-speed compressor rotor. According to the aerodynamic and geometric parameters of the target compressor rotor, a large-scale low-speed rotor blade is designed with an inverse blade design program. In order to validate the similitude method, the features of tip clearance flow in the low-speed model compressor are compared with the ones in the high-speed compressor at both design and small flow rate points. It is found that not only the trajectory of the tip leakage vortex but also the interface between the tip leakage flow and the incoming main flow in the high-speed compressor match well with that of its low speed model. These results validate the effectiveness of the similitude method for the tip clearance flow proposed in this paper.     

Numerical investigation of the unsteady tip leakage flow and rotating stall inception in a transonic compressor

<正>It is well known that tip leakage flow has a strong effect on the compressor performance and stability. This paper reports on a numerical investigation of detailed flow structures in an isolated transonic compressor rotor-NASA Rotor 37 at near stall and stalled conditions aimed at improving understanding of changes in 3D tip leakage flow structures with rotating stall inception.Steady and unsteady 3D Navier-Stokes analyses were conducted to investigate flow structures in the same rotor.For steady analysis,the predicted results agree well with the experimental data for the estimation of compressor rotor global performance.For unsteady flow analysis, the unsteady flow nature caused by the breakdown of the tip leakage vortex in blade tip region in the transonic compressor rotor at near stall condition has been captured with a single blade passage.On the other hand, the time-accurate unsteady computations of multi-blade passage at near stall condition indicate that the unsteady breakdown of the tip leakage vortex triggered the short length-scale-spike type rotating stall inception at blade tip region.It was the forward spillage of the tip leakage flow at blade leading edge resulting in the spike stall inception. As the mass flow ratio is decreased,the rotating stall cell was further developed in the blade passage.     

Numerical study on the influence mechanism of inlet distortion on the stall margin in a transonic axial rotor

A numerical study is conducted to investigate the influence of inlet flow condition on tip leakage flow (TLF) and stall margin in a transonic axial rotor.A commercial software package FLUENT,is used in the simulation.The rotor investigated in this paper is ND_TAC rotor,which is the rotor of one-stage transonic compressor in the University of Notre Dame.Three varied inlet flow conditions are simulated.The inlet boundary condition with hub distortion provides higher axial velocity for the incoming flow near tip region than that for the clean inflow,while the incoming main flow possesses lower axial velocity near the tip region at tip distortion inlet boundary condition.Among the total pressure ratio curves for the three inlet flow conditions,it is found that the hub dis-torted inlet boundary condition improves the stall margin,while the tip distorted inlet boundary condition dete-riorates compressor stability.The axial location of interface between tip leakage flow (TLF) and incoming main flow (MF) in the tip gap and the axial momentum ratio of TLF to MF are further examined.It is demonstrated that the axial momentum balance is the mechanism for interface movement.The hub distorted inflow could de-crease the axial momentum ratio,suppress the movement of the interface between TLF and MF towards blade leading edge plane and thus enhance compressor stability.     

Unsteady Tip Clearance Flow Pattern in an Isolated Axial Compressor Rotor with Micro Tip Injection

A numerical study of the effect of discrete micro tip injection on unsteady tip clearance flow pattern in an isolatedaxial compressor rotor is presented,intending to better understand the flow mechanism behind stall control meas-ures that act on tip clearance flow.Under the influence of injection the unsteadiness of self-induced tip clearanceflow could be weakened.Also the radial migration of tip clearance vortex is confined to a smaller radial extentnear the rotor tip and the trajectory of tip clearance flow is pushed more downstream,So the injection is benefi-cial to improve compressor stability and increase static pressure rise near rotor tip region.The results of injectionwith different injected mass flow rates show that for the special type of injector adopted in the paper the effect ofinjection on tip clearance flow may be different according to the relative strength between these two streams offlow.For a fixed injected mass flow rate,reducing the injector area to increase injection velocity can improve theeffect of injection on tip clearance flow and thus the compressor stability.A comparison of calculations betweensingle blade passage and multiple blade passages validates the utility of single passage computations to investi-gate the tip clearance flow for the case without injection and its interaction with injected flow for the case with tipinjection.     

Study on the performance deterioration of mixed flow impeller due to change in tip clearance

Performance of mixed flow compressor with un-shrouded impeller strongly depends upon unsteady, asymmetrical flow fields in the axial directions. The flow through the mixed flow impeller is complex due to three-dimensional nature of geometry. In mixed flow impeller, there are clearances between the rotating impeller blades and the casing as the high pressure ratio compressors are usually open shrouded impellers. As a result, certain amount of reduction in the performance is unavoidable due to clearance flows. In the present investigations, numerical analysis is performed using a commercial code to investigate tip clearance effects on through flow. The perform- ance of mixed flow impeller with four different clearances between impeller and stationary shroud are evaluated and compared with experimental results. The impeller performance map was obtained for different operating speeds and mass flow rates with different tip clearances. The result shows that the tip leakage flow strongly inter- acts with mainstream and contributes to total pressure loss and performance reduction. The pressure and per- formance decrement are approximately linearly proportional to the gap between impeller and stationary shroud. The analysis showed scope for improvement in design of the compressor for better performance in terms of effi- ciency and operating range.