Dimensionality of Social Capital and Organizational Citizenship Behavior in Information Systems Project Teams

Knowledge sharing and organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) among project team members are crucial for project success due to the particularities of information systems (IS) projects. Bonding social capital is known to increase knowledge sharing and collaboration. However, the influence of bridging social capital on knowledge sharing is unclear. The interplay between bridging and bonding social capital is especially interesting in a collectivistic society such as South Korea where in-group ties are particularly strong. In this study, we examine the effect of the sub-dimensions of the above constructs (i.e., bonding, bridging, OCB) on knowledge sharing. The results suggest that bonding and citizenry behavior improves knowledge sharing. Bridging improves knowledge sharing by increasing organizational citizenry behavior. Unexpectedly, the effect of citizenship behavior on knowledge sharing differs from the effect of its sub-dimensions. Only helping others is positively related to knowledge sharing. Similarly, the sub-dimensions of bridging and bonding influence knowledge sharing and citizenship behavior differently than the first-order constructs. For example, shared team mental model positively affects OCB, but has no direct influence on knowledge sharing. Conversely, shared vision is the only sub-dimension of bridging that positively affects OCB. Thus, the results suggest that project managers should facilitate shared project vision and team mental model to encourage team members’ citizenship behavior and control the potential adverse influence of bridging social capital.     

Social Loafing in Technology-Supported Teams

This study examines the occurrence of social loafing in technology-supported teams along with methods for diminishing loafing. A controlled laboratory experiment with a 3 × 2 × 2 factorial design is used. The independent variables – feedback, anonymity, and group size – are manipulated experimentally. It was expected that social loafing – a widely observed phenomenon – would indeed occur in technology supported teams. It was also expected that the traditional means of reducing social loafing (i.e., identifiability and feedback) within physical work environments would also have similar effects within technology-supported work environments. As expected, social loafing is found to occur in teams operating in a technology-driven realm. An unexpected finding is that social loafing is measurable only when participants are provided self-feedback. While other forms of feedback have a positive influence on productivity, they fail to reduce this phenomenon, and identifiability of group members is found to have no observable effect on social loafing. Computer Supported Cooperative Work.     

A Process for Managing Risks in Distributed Teams

Distributed software projects represent particular risks that need careful managerial attention. The authors present a process for managing the risks that apply to distributed team structures. The process is based on the current literature on distributed team risks. It offers resolution techniques addressing these risks and guidelines for applying the techniques. Following CMMI's generic approach to risk management, the process describes steps that are readily understood and implemented. An illustration of the process is based on a large-scale, strategic software project with multiple subprojects that cross organizational and national boundaries. The authors include suggestions for tailoring the process to a particular project or organization.     

Multimodal Computer-Mediated Communication and Social Support among Older Chinese Internet Users

Using the grounded theory approach, this ethnographic study examines the relationship between the use of three different modes of computer-mediated communication (CMC) and the types of social support exchanged within an online community of older Chinese (age 50 or older). The findings indicate that the voice chat room is best suited for companionship while the online forum is used primarily for informational support. The exchange of emotional and instrumental support is most likely to occur via instant messaging (IM). These findings suggest that each of these particular modes of CMC, due to its inherent features, may be specialized to sustain certain interactions and relationships. Yet, because older Chinese in this study employ multiple modes of CMC to interact and develop relationships, the overall relationships developed through CMC are multidimensional.     

社会网络中弱关系团队形成问题研究

随着在线社会网络的迅速发展,社会网络的团队形成问题逐渐成为研究热点。现有的社会网络中团队形成问题目标是寻找一个成员间沟通代价最小的团队。然而,实际应用中团队成员间的不紧密关系使得团队的观点多样化、多角度、无偏见,可以广泛应用于形成专家评审团队、大众评审团等。基于此需求,将社会学的弱关系概念引入团队形成问题中,提出了一种社会网络中弱关系团队形成问题。该问题旨在寻找成员间为弱关系,同时满足技能、经验值要求的一个团队,为NP-hard问题。提出了3类算法解决该问题,分别为贪心算法、精确算法、α-近似算法,每类算法有各自的特点与适用范围。利用ACM和DBLP两类真实的数据集进行实验,综合评估了各类算法的效率与求解质量,证明了提出算法的有效性。     

Cultivating Social Resources on Social Network Sites: Facebook Relationship Maintenance Behaviors and Their Role in Social Capital Processes

This study explores the relationship between perceived bridging social capital and specific Facebook‐enabled communication behaviors using survey data from a sample of U.S. adults (N=614). We explore the role of a specific set of Facebook behaviors that support relationship maintenance and assess the extent to which demographic variables, time on site, total and “actual” Facebook Friends, and this new measure (Facebook Relationship Maintenance Behaviors) predict bridging social capital. Drawing upon scholarship on social capital and relationship maintenance, we discuss the role of social grooming and attention‐signaling activities in shaping perceived access to resources in one's network as measured by bridging social capital.     

Trust in Distributed Teams: Support through Continuous Coordination

In this article we report on our investigation of trust in distributed development teams and the role that software tools can play in supporting teams. Our investigation shows that the continuous coordination paradigm tools Palantir, Ariadne, World View, and Workspace Activity Viewer help distributed teams develop trust by sharing information across boundaries through visualizations and in other ways. Our analysis provides insights into the role existing tools can play in developing trust and how future tools can promote trust.     

有限存储分布式社交网络中数据的动态划分和复制

社交网络的庞大数据需求分布式存储,多个用户的数据分散存储在各个存储和计算节点上可以保持并行性和冗余性。如何在有限的分布式存储空间内高性能存储和访问用户数据具有现实意义。在当前的社交网络系统中,用户数据之间的读写操作会导致大量跨存储节点的远程访问。减少节点间的远程访问可以降低网络负载和访问延迟,提高用户体验。提出一种基于用户交互行为的动态划分复制算法,利用用户之间的朋友关系和评论行为描述社交网络的结构,周期性划分复制用户数据,从而提高本地访问率,降低网络负载。通过真实数据集验证,该算法相比随机划分和复制算法能够大大提升本地访问率,降低访问延迟。     

The Benefits of Facebook "Friends:" Social Capital and College Students' Use of Online Social Network Sites

This study examines the relationship between use of Facebook, a popular online social network site, and the formation and maintenance of social capital. In addition to assessing bonding and bridging social capital, we explore a dimension of social capital that assesses one's ability to stay connected with members of a previously inhabited community, which we call maintained social capital. Regression analyses conducted on results from a survey of undergraduate students (N = 286) suggest a strong association between use of Facebook and the three types of social capital, with the strongest relationship being to bridging social capital. In addition, Facebook usage was found to interact with measures of psychological well-being, suggesting that it might provide greater benefits for users experiencing low self-esteem and low life satisfaction.     

融合网络的分布式虚拟化组网系统的设计与实现

云计算是一种新型的计算模型,能够给用户提供可靠的、弹性的、高资源利用率的服务。通过将云计算和虚拟化技术引入融合网路中,本文设计并实现了一种在融合网络下的,分布式虚拟化组网的解决方案。     

Fast Distributed Network Decompositions and Covers

This paper presents deterministic sublinear-time distributed algorithms for network decomposition and for constructing a sparse neighborhood cover of a network. The latter construction leads to improved distributed preprocessing time for a number of distributed algorithms, including all-pairs shortest paths computation, load balancing, broadcast, and bandwidth management.     

CORBA技术与开放分布式网络管理

开放分布式网络系统的出现,因其异构性和复杂性的增加,给网络的管理带来了许多难题。本文在对开放分布式处理系统和CORBA进行简要介绍的基础上,对CORBA在开放分布式网络管理系统中的应用进行了探讨,并给出了基于CORBA的网络管理系统的开发方法与步骤。     

多网卡链路绑定策略的研究与实现

在考虑到NAS(Network Attached Storage system)服务器处于网络中的中枢位置,为了提高网络性能和安全,文中提出了多网卡链路绑定MNCB(Multiple Network Channel Bonding)的解决方案．本文描述了在FreeBSD操作系统下实现MNCB的解决方案．着重描述了网卡负载均衡ALB(Adapter Load Balancing)网卡出错冗余AFT(Adapter Fault Tolerance)技术,并对该方案的性能和提高网络可用性作出了分析．研究表明,多网卡链路绑定解决方案可以明显增加系统整体网络接口的吞吐率和提高网络子系统的可用性．     

分布式防火墙与校园网络安全

在指出边界防火墙固有的、欠缺的基础上,阐述了分布式防火墙的体系结构和工作原理,并且给出了分布式防火墙的一个具体的应用,实践表明：分布式防火墙不仅能够保留边界防火墙的所有优点,而且又能克服它的大部分缺点。     

Automatic Deployment of Distributed Teams of Robots From Temporal Logic Motion Specifications

We present a computational framework for automatic synthesis of decentralized communication and control strategies for a robotic team from global specifications, which are given as temporal and logic statements about visiting regions of interest in a partitioned environment. We consider a purely discrete scenario, where the robots move among the vertices of a graph. However, by employing recent results on invariance and facet reachability for dynamical systems in environments with polyhedral partitions, the framework from this paper can be directly implemented for robots with continuous dynamics. While allowing for a rich specification language and guaranteeing the correctness of the solution, our approach is conservative in the sense that we might not find a solution, even if one exists. The overall amount of required computation is large. However, most of it is performed offline before the deployment. Illustrative simulations and experimental results are included.      

分布式网络系统中时钟同步的实现

分布式网络系统对时钟同步的需求日益迫切,要求也越来越高。文章针对分布式舰载网络系统提出了采用NTP协议的分层式混合时钟同步方案,并描述了方案的实现。     

分布式数据库在网络教学中的应用

随着全球计算机的普及,计算机网络技术的应用进程加快,当前形势下,分布式数据库顺应时代需求,呼之欲出。如今,分布式数据库已成功应用于网络教学中,促进了网络教学的全面革新。本文概述了分布式数据库特点,阐述了分布式网络教学现状,基于CSCW分布式数据库,分析了分布式数据库在网络教学中的应用实现。     

VPN技术在分布式校园网络中的应用

针对当前高校分布式校园网建设中所遇到的问题,结合VPN技术的特点,提出将VPN技术应用在高校网络的建设中,用于提供低成本、高效、安全的网络数据传输,该技术的应用还可以提供可靠的校区互联、移动办公和校际交流三个方面拓展功能,并给出了一种基于VPN技术的高安全性网络解决方案。     

Mining Task-Based Social Networks to Explore Collaboration in Software Teams

Mining social networks from software repositories is becoming a popular research area. Mining approaches often use technical artifacts, such as source code, or communication artifacts, such as emails, to create social networks. The authors describe a repository-independent approach of mining task-based communication in social networks. In their approach, collaborative tasks that tools record in software engineering repositories provide the constructed networks' context that link developers' task-based social networks if they've communicated about a collaborative task. These social networks demonstrate the applicability of their approach through two research studies that mined the IBM Rational Jazz development repository. They then propose practical applications that utilize their approach to directly support development projects.     

局域网分布式并行计算环境的建立及应用

主要介绍了以PVM系统作为局域网并行计算平台,在工作站机群上,建立了局域网分布式并行计算环境,简单介绍了在此并行环境中开发的多层二维二相油藏数值模拟的并行计算软件,利用工作站机群开发并行油藏模拟软件是为了探索解决大规模油藏模拟的行之有效的方法。