亚临界流体挤出制备木粉/聚丙烯复合材料

提出了一种通过亚临界流体辅助反应挤出制备木粉/聚丙烯(PP)复合材料的新型制备方法,其关键是在挤出过程中引入流体(乙醇和正丙醇),并使流体处于亚临界状态。同时,对木粉/PP复合材料进行了力学性能测试、FTIR和SEM观察。结果表明:在亚临界流体辅助反应挤出中,木粉发生了溶胀、液化等,有利于马来酸酐接枝聚丙烯渗入到木粉内部,其中酸酐基团与木粉中含有的大量羟基发生酯化反应增强,从而提高了木粉/PP复合材料的界面结合。在亚临界乙醇(190℃,(2.4±0.1)MPa,120r/min)作用下制备的木粉/PP复合材料的力学性能(拉伸强度、弯曲强度、弯曲模量和无缺口冲击强度)与无流体时制备的木粉/PP复合材料相比,其性能得到了一定的提高,它们分别达到了23.5 MPa、52.5 MPa、4.8GPa和5.9kJ·m~(-2)。     

木粉含量对木粉-淀粉/聚乳酸复合材料性能的影响

以杨木粉、玉米淀粉和聚乳酸(PLA)为原料,甘油为相容剂,利用熔融挤出法制备了木粉-淀粉/PLA复合材料。研究了木粉含量对复合材料界面相容性、热性能、力学性能、流变性能以及吸水率的影响。结果表明:随着木粉含量的增加,PLA与木粉之间的界面相容性下降,木粉-淀粉/PLA复合材料的热稳定性下降,储能模量、损耗模量和复数黏度逐渐增加;随着木粉含量的增加,木粉-淀粉/PLA复合材料的拉伸强度和弯曲强度呈现先增大后减小的趋势,当木粉含量为18wt%时,复合材料的拉伸强度和弯曲强度均达到最大值,最大值分别为40.65 MPa和60.91 MPa;随木粉含量的增加,复合材料的断裂伸长率由9.64%减小到5.97%,而吸水率由5.38%增大到13.43%。     

木粉表面改性对聚氯乙烯/木粉复合材料性能的影响

选用不同偶联剂对木粉(WF)进行表面改性。对聚氯乙烯/木粉(PVC/WF)复合材料力学性能测试结果表明,异氰酸酯偶联剂更适合对WF的表面改性。WF经异氰酸酯偶联剂处理后疏水性得到明显改善。随WF填充量增加,PVC/WF复合材料冲击强度和线性热膨胀系数下降,吸水率和维卡软化温度上升,并且异氰酸酯偶联剂处理WF填充的PVC/WF复合材料(PVC/WF-1)各种性能都较未处理WF填充的PVC/WF复合材料(PVC/WF-2)好。填充30份时,PVC/WF-1复合材料的拉伸强度比纯PVC提高约10%,吸水率小于0.6%,维卡软化温度比PVC提高2.9℃,线性热膨胀系数从PVC的8.55×10-5℃-1降低到6.01×10-5℃-1。扫描电镜观察结果证明异氰酸酯偶联剂处理WF有利于提高WF与PVC基体的界面相互作用。     

MAH/GMA共接枝聚乳酸对木粉/PLA复合材料性能的影响

采用熔融接枝法分别制备马来酸酐接枝聚乳酸、甲基丙烯酸缩水甘油酯接枝聚乳酸和马来酸酐/甲基丙烯酸缩水甘油酯共接枝聚乳酸,并利用红外光谱对接枝共聚物进行结构表征。分别以三种接枝共聚物为相容剂,采用注塑成型制备了木粉/PLA复合材料。利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对复合材料的断面形貌进行微观分析,结果表明,加入不同接枝共聚物后木粉/PLA复合材料两相看不出明显相界面,界面相容性得到改善。对不同接枝共聚物制备的复合材料的力学性能、加工流动性能和动态流变性能测定的结果显示,加入MAH/GMA共接枝聚乳酸后的木粉/PLA复合材料和未添加相容剂的复合材料相比,拉伸强度和冲击强度分别提高了9.54%和7.23%,复合体系的平衡扭矩和剪切热提高,储能模量及复数黏度均增大。     

生物质纤维填充聚合物复合材料的界面行为

将木粉和聚合物加入HAAKE流变仪中熔融共混制备了木粉/聚合物复合材料,对比不同木粉预处理方式(碱处理、酸处理)及相容剂改善木粉与聚合物界面相容性的效果。红外光谱(FT-IR)结果表明,碱处理木粉去除了木粉中的小分子物质,酸处理木粉使木粉表面被酯化。木粉碱处理提高了木粉/聚合物复合材料的力学性能,扫描电镜(SEM)照片表明预处理后木粉与聚合物间的相容性得到了改善。使用合适的相容剂也可以改善木粉与聚合物的相容性,提高复合材料的力学性能。同时相容剂和碱处理木粉及酸处理木粉存在协同效应。     

硅烷偶联剂改性的木粉/P34HB复合包装材料的制备

目的研究硅烷偶联剂KH550含量对木粉/P34HB复合包装材料性能的影响。采用KH550改性木粉,提高与聚(3-羟基丁酸酯-4-羟基丁酸酯)(P34HB)的结合强度,改善复合材料的力学性能和界面相容性。方法以KH550为改性剂,木粉和P34HB为原料,利用共混热压工艺制备改性木粉/P34HB复合材料;通过对复合材料的形貌进行观察,以及傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)、热重分析(TGA)和力学性能分析,研究KH550质量分数不同时对复合材料界面相容性、力学性能和热性能的影响。结果添加KH550后,复合材料的的界面相容性得到改善;FTIR分析表明,KH550已经成功接枝到木粉中;适量的KH550提高了复合材料的热稳定性;复合材料的储能模量增加;复合材料的力学性能也有所提高。此外还得到了最佳的KH550添加量,即质量分数为0.5%。结论 KH550不仅使得木粉与P34HB的相容性得到改善,同时也增强了复合包装材料的力学性能和热性能。     

添加纳米碳酸钙对木粉/PVC复合材料的影响

在聚氯乙烯木塑(PVC/WF)体系中加入纳米碳酸钙(NCC),采用双螺杆挤出机熔融共混造粒制备了系列NCC/WF/PVC复合材料。测试力学性能和锥形量热计燃烧性能表明,在木粉未经表面偶联剂处理时添加NCC对复合材料力学性能改善效果不明显;而木粉经偶联处理后,木塑力学性能得到有效提高,因为木粉与PVC界面粘接性能得到明显改善;在木粉经表面处理的基础上添加适量纳米碳酸钙可进一步提高复合材料的力学性能,并且阻燃性能也得以有效提高。     

含硫偶联剂对木粉/橡胶-塑料三元复合材料力学性能及耐热性能的影响

以再生高密度聚乙烯（HDPE）、沙柳木粉和废轮胎胶粉为原材料,含硫偶联剂Si69为界面相容剂,采用模压法制备木粉/橡胶-塑料三元复合材料。考察Si69对木粉/橡胶-塑料三元复合材料力学性能及耐热性能的影响,并采用FTIR和SEM分析Si69改性前后废轮胎胶粉的表面特性及木粉/橡胶-塑料三元复合材料的微观断面形貌。结果表明:Si69与废轮胎胶粉发生了化学反应。当Si69添加量为5wt%时,木粉/橡胶-塑料三元复合材料的界面结合较佳,力学性能及耐热性能较优,其中弯曲强度、弯曲模量、拉伸强度较未添加Si69的木粉/橡胶-塑料三元复合材料分别提高了13.85%、7.24%和6.63%;维卡软化温度和热变形温度较未添加Si69的木粉/橡胶-塑料三元复合材料分别提高了6.95℃和8.70℃,Si69可在一定程度上提高木粉/橡胶-塑料三元材料的耐热性能。Si69添加量为7wt%时,木粉/橡胶-塑料三元复合材料的缺口冲击强度可达到3.99 k·Jm-2。      

TDI改性苎麻纤维增强PE复合材料的性能

以苎麻原麻、纱线、苎麻粗绳、苎麻布为原料,用甲苯-2,4-二异氰酸酯(TDI)进行接枝改性,然后制备出不同苎麻纤维与树脂PE的复合材料。采用扫描电镜(SEM)、电子万能拉伸试验机等分析测试手段对复合材料力学性能和断口进行了测试分析。结果表明:苎麻纤维经过TDI接枝改性后,其复合材料界面性能明显改善。接枝后原麻/PE复合材料复合拉伸性能略有下降,而苎麻绳和苎麻布/PE复合材料拉伸性能明显提高。     

超分散剂对剑麻纤维/长玻纤/聚丙烯复合材料性能的影响

以自制超支化分散剂(HBD)为改性剂,制备剑麻纤维(SF)/长玻纤(LGF)/聚丙烯(PP)复合材料,探讨超分散剂对SF/LGF/PP复合材料的力学性能、热性能、结晶性能的影响。采用扫描电镜(SEM)观察SF/LGF/PP复合材料的冲击断面形貌,分析纤维与聚丙烯树脂的界面相容性。实验结果表明,经HBD改性后的SF/LGF/PP复合材料的冲击强度、弯曲强度分别比未经分散剂改性的复合材料提高了35.2%和6%,复合材料的热稳定性、聚丙烯相的结晶速率和结晶度有所提高,HBD的加入使得复合材料的储能模量提高,损耗系数降低。     

Wood based PLA and PP composites: Effect of fibre type and matrix polymer on fibre morphology,dispersion and composite properties

This study presents a comparison of the effect of various wood fibre types in polylactic acid and polypropylene composites produced by melt processing. The study also reveals the reinforcing effect of pelletised wood fibres compared to conventionally used wood flour or refined fibres. Composites containing 30 wt.% of chemical pulps, thermomechanical pulp and wood flour were produced by compounding and injection moulding. Fibre morphologies were analysed before and after melt processing. The dispersion of the fibres and mechanical performance of the composites were also investigated. Fibre length was reduced during melt processing steps, reduction being higher with longer fibres. Wood fibres provided clearly higher plastic reinforcement than wood flour. Comparing the wood fibre types, TMP fibres provided the highest improvement in mechanical properties in polylactic acid composites with uniform fibre dispersion. In polypropylene composites, fibre selection is not as crucial.     

长支化聚丙烯／木粉复合材料的制备和结构性能分析

采用原位反应复合的方法研究制备了长支化聚丙烯(LCBPP)/木粉(WF)复合材料。FT-IR结果表明,单体季戊四醇三丙烯酸酯(PETA)被接枝到了PP骨架上。多种流变实验测试结果(黏度曲线,储能模量)证实了长支化聚丙烯的存在。复合材料性能测试表明,长支化反应提高了木塑材料的冲击强度和拉伸强度,最大幅度分别达到29.44%和27.75%。其原因在于LCBPP与木粉颗粒的相容性较好,这由SEM照片得到了证实。     

离子聚合物改性木粉/HDPE复合材料流变特性

为了提高木塑复合材料（WPC）的加工流动性能,利用离子聚合物改性WPC,通过HAAKE Minilab微量混合流变仪研究了离子聚合物改性木粉/高密度聚乙烯（HDPE）的毛细管流变特征。结果表明：添加与未添加离子聚合物的木粉/HDPE均为非牛顿流体中的假塑性流体,均呈现出“剪切变稀”的效应;随着钠离子聚合物含量的增加,改性木粉/HDPE的剪切应力和表观黏度均随着剪切速率的增大呈现降低的趋势,表明钠离子聚合物的加入可以显著改善聚合物熔体的流动特性;添加4wt%的钠离子聚合物和4wt%的锌离子聚合物的木粉/HDPE剪切应力和表观黏度均要低于添加4wt%的偶联剂马来酸酐接枝聚乙烯（MAH-g-PE）的WPC的值,表明与MAH-g-PE相比,离子聚合物更能够改善WPC的流动性能,减小熔体流动时HDPE与木粉之间的摩擦阻力;SEM分析表明,添加离子聚合物后HDPE塑料对木粉有很好的包覆效果,没有明显的界面缝隙,且在WPC断面上存在大量的毛刺纤维。     

Creep behavior and manufacturing parameters of wood flour filled polypropylene composites

The influence of wood flour content, coupling agent and stress loading level on the creep behavior of wood flour–polypropylene composites was investigated. Maleated polypropylene (MAPP; Epolene G-3003™) was used as the coupling agent to treat the wood flour used as reinforcing filler for polypropylene composite. The tensile strength and modulus of various wood flour–polypropylene composites (WPCs), manufactured using the melt blending, extrusion, and palletizing methods, were measured before performing the creep test. The residual tensile strength, creep strain, and fractional deflection of the resultant wood flour–polypropylene composites were measured by means of the creep test. It was shown that the tensile strength decreased with increasing wood flour level in the composites. The creep strain also decreased as the wood flour level increased. The presence of the coupling agent increased the tensile strength of the wood flour–polypropylene composites, compared with the specimens made of pure polypropylene. For those composites containing the coupling agent, the creep deflection was significantly lower than those made without any coupling agent. The creep strains of the WPC specimens observed during the creep test fitted perfectly with the four-element burger creep model. Further investigation is required of the effects of combined mechanical and environmental loading in varying proportions.     

纳米蒙脱土对木粉/聚丙烯复合材料发泡性能的影响

采用高压釜间歇式发泡法,结合超临界CO₂微孔发泡技术制备了发泡木粉-纳米蒙脱土(NMMT)/聚丙烯(PP)复合材料。通过对复合材料的结晶行为、流变性能、泡孔形貌及压缩性能进行分析,主要研究了NMMT对其微孔结构及力学性能的改善作用。结果表明:NMMT的引入使木粉/PP复合材料中PP基体的结晶速率加快,结晶度减小,有利于发泡均相体系的形成和泡孔生长;PP分子链的运动受到NMMT片层的抑制作用,导致木粉/PP复合材料的熔体弹性提高,泡孔合并与塌陷的现象减少,发泡材料的平均泡孔直径从30.4 μm降低至20.3 μm,并且泡孔尺寸的均匀性得到明显改善,压缩强度和模量分别提高了187%和223%。      

Properties of Wood Fibre-Polypropylene Composites: Effect of Wood Fibre Source

This study examined the effect of type of wood fibre source on the physical and mechanical properties of wood fibre-polypropylene composites. Wood flour, fibres of heat-treated wood and pellets were used as sources of wood fibres in the manufacturing process. All studied wood fibre-polypropylene composites were made from 75% wood, 22% recycled polypropylene (PP) and 3% maleated polypropylene (MAPP). Wood fibre-polypropylene composites were compounded in a conical twin-screw extruder. Water absorption and thickness swelling were studied. Mechanical properties of the composites were characterised by tensile, flexural, and impact testing. Micromechanical deformation processes were investigated using scanning electron microscopy done on the fractured surfaces of broken samples. The durability of composites exposed to three accelerated cycles of water immersion, freezing and thawing was examined. The results showed that the density of the composites was a key factor governing water absorption and thickness swelling. A significant improvement in tensile strength, flexural strength, and Charpy impact strength was observed for composites reinforced with heat-treated fibre compared to composites reinforced with pellets and especially to wood flour reinforced composites. The flexural strength and dimensional stability performance reduced after exposure to freeze-thaw cycling for all composites, but the degree of these changes was dependent on the wood fibre source.     

木粉/聚丙烯木塑复合泡沫材料吸能特性

采用模压法制备木粉/聚丙烯复合泡沫材料,并对不同木粉含量的泡沫材料进行静态压缩、循环压缩、压缩蠕变、动态热机械分析的测试,探讨了不同木粉含量的木粉/聚丙烯复合泡沫材料的能量吸收效果。结果表明: 随着木粉含量的增加,木粉/聚丙烯木塑复合泡沫材料的能量吸收量、能量吸收效率参数、松弛率、循环损耗量、动态力学性能等均呈先升后降的趋势,在木粉质量比为30%时泡沫材料吸能性能达到最佳。     

Date palm wood flour/glass fibre reinforced hybrid composites of recycled polypropylene: Mechanical and thermal properties

Recycled polypropylene (RPP) based hybrid composites of date palm wood flour/glass fibre were prepared by different weight ratios of the two reinforcements. Mixing process was carried out in an extruder and samples were prepared by injection molding machine. Recycled PP properties were improved by reinforcing it by wood flour. The tensile strength and Young’s modulus of wood flour reinforced RPP increased further by adding glass fibre. Glass fibre reinforced composites showed higher hardness than other composites. Morphological studies indicated that glass fiber has good adhesion with recycled PP supporting the improvement of the mechanical properties of hybrid composites with glass fiber addition. Addition of as little 5 wt% glass fibre to wood flour reinforced RPP increases the tensile strength by about 18% relative to the wood flour reinforcement alone. An increase in wood particle content in the PP resulted in a decrease in the degree of crystallinity of the polymer. The tensile strength of the composites increased with an increase in the percentage of crystallinity when adding the glass fibre. The improvement in the mechanical properties with the increase in crystallinity percentage (and with the decrease of the lamellar thicknesses) can be attributed to the constrained region between the lamellae because the agglomeration is absent in this case.