均匀和不均匀热环境下热感觉、热可接受度和热舒适的关系

对30名受试者采用问卷调查的方式,研究了均匀热环境和不均匀热环境下人体全身热感觉、热可接受度和热舒适的关系。结果显示,在均匀热环境下,全身热感觉、热可接受度和热舒适具有较强的线性相关关系,可接受范围涵盖了(0,1.5)的热感觉投票和"舒适"与"稍有不适"标度范围内的热舒适投票;在不均匀热环境下,全身热可接受度与热舒适密切相关,而全身热感觉与热可接受度和热舒适出现分离,热感觉不均匀度是其原因。综合考虑全身热感觉和热感觉不均匀度的影响,提出了综合评价模型。经验证,该模型适用于全身热状态为中性偏热的均匀和不均匀热环境。     

湿热地区老年人夏季室外热舒适阈值研究

旨在探索湿热地区老年人夏季室外热舒适阈值。以课题示范工程、样本量集中的广州市老人院为研究案例,结合现场实测与问卷调研,获得各气象要素（空气温度、相对湿度、黑球温度、风速）的逐时数据及老年人室外热舒适状况;借助Rayman模型,计算生理等效温度PET,运用SPSS进行回归分析建立老年人室外热舒适评价模型;并评析不同类型测点空间的热环境情况与特点。结论如下：（1）湿热地区夏季老年人室外热环境中性PET值为25.60℃;台湾、香港、广州等湿热气候地区,老年人与混合年龄层中性PET值接近,人群中性PET值具有一定普适性;（2）老年人热感觉中性范围为23.79℃~27.41℃,较混合年龄层窄;老年人室外环境热舒适PET范围为22.70℃~32.53℃,老年人对偏凉感觉（PET=23.10℃）更感舒适;老年人达到90%可接受率的PET范围是22.62℃~31.15℃;（3）老年人夏季热敏感度为3.62PET（℃）/TSV,夏季老年人对室外热环境敏感度明显高于混合年龄层,因此室外热环境设计对老年人具有更大影响;（4）在适当遮荫条件（植物或建筑）下,老年人在夏季依然乐于接受室外阳光辐射;但需综合运用遮阳、通风、降温等设计策略才能满足老年人对热环境的舒适需求。以期为湿热地区室外环境适老设计提供研究方法和设计目标的参考。     

Local body cooling to improve sleep quality and thermal comfort in a hot environment

The effects of local body cooling on thermal comfort and sleep quality in a hot environment were investigated in an experiment with 16 male subjects. Sleep quality was evaluated subjectively, using questionnaires completed in the morning, and objectively, by analysis of electroencephalogram (EEG) signals that were continuously monitored during the sleeping period. Compared with no cooling, the largest improvement in thermal comfort and sleep quality was observed when the back and head (neck) were both cooled at a room temperature of 32°C. Back cooling alone also improved thermal comfort and sleep quality, although the effects were less than when cooling both back and head (neck). Mean sleep efficiency was improved from 84.6% in the no cooling condition to 95.3% and 92.8%, respectively, in these conditions, indicating good sleep quality. Head (neck) cooling alone slightly improved thermal comfort and subjective sleep quality and increased Stage N3 sleep, but did not otherwise improve sleep quality. The results show that local cooling applied to large body sections (back and head) could effectively maintain good sleep and improve thermal comfort in a hot environment.     

湖北山区农宅热环境及居民热舒适调查研究

基于2 171份来自湖北山区罗田县农宅冬、夏两季室内外热环境和热舒适问卷,真实再现了当地住宅室内冬季寒冷、夏季湿热的恶劣热环境和当地居民强大的热适应能力;并通过比较研究发现现有的自然通风状态热舒适评价模型在夏季能较好地预测当地农民的热舒适感受,而在冬季预测能力较低;当地农宅室内适应性热舒适区间与我国现行设计标准也较为吻合。     

夏季空调热舒适响应空间及节能潜力研究

在满足人体热舒适要求的前提下,通过对空调热舒适方程的仿真分析,建立了空调系统环境参数的舒适空间,确立各参数对舒适性指标的影响程度;通过对空调建筑房间冷负荷计算分析,验证了空调系统在热舒适环境参数空间内存在一定节能潜力。     

Shading effect on long-term outdoor thermal comfort

Shading affects outdoor thermal environments and, therefore, influences the thermal perceptions of people in outdoor spaces. Since most field studies examining outdoor thermal comfort merely elucidated characteristics measured on a particular day, these studies may not represent annual thermal conditions accurately. Therefore, this study conducted 12 field experiments to analyze outdoor thermal conditions on a university campus in central Taiwan, and utilized RayMan model for predicting long-term thermal comfort applying meteorological data for a 10-year period. The physiologically equivalent temperature (PET) is employed as a thermal index. The thermal comfort range of Taiwanese residents obtained in a previous survey was applied as the criterion for determining whether a thermal environment is comfortable or uncomfortable. Analytical results indicate that the sky view factor (SVF), which represents the percentage of free sky at specific locations, significantly affects outdoor thermal environments. Analytical results indicate that a high SVF (barely shaded) causes discomfort in summer and a low SVF (highly shaded) causes discomfort in winter. As Taiwan has hot summers and mild winters, sufficient shading should be provided by trees and buildings to improve thermal comfort in summer. However, since the Taiwanese have poor tolerance of cold temperature, outdoor space planning should avoid creating areas with excessive shading. Therefore, the thermal requirements of residents and characteristics of the local climate and environment must be considered when creating shaded outdoor areas.     

不同城市自然通风建筑热舒适状况研究

通过上海、长沙自然通风建筑内进行的人体热舒适调查研究，并结合有关文献中北京和天津热舒适研究的成果，对我国目前不同城市自然通风建筑内热舒适状况进行探讨。结果认为，我国自然通风建筑内热中性温度均略高于ASHRAE推荐范围，采用实测的舒适温度作为空调温度可节约大量的能量。     

Influence of urban geometry on outdoor thermal comfort in a hot dry climate: A study in Fez,Morocco

There are few studies on the microclimate and human comfort of urban areas in hot dry climates. This study investigates the influence of urban geometry on outdoor thermal comfort by comparing an extremely deep and a shallow street canyon in Fez, Morocco. Continuous measurements during the hot summer and cool winter seasons show that, by day, the deep canyon was considerably cooler than the shallow one. In summer, the maximum difference was on average 6 K and as great as 10 K during the hottest days. Assessment of thermal comfort using the PET index suggests that, in summer, the deep canyon is fairly comfortable whereas the shallow is extremely uncomfortable. However, during winter, the shallow canyon is the more comfortable as solar access is possible. The results indicate that, in hot dry climates a compact urban design with very deep canyons is preferable. However, if there is a cold season as in Fez, the urban design should include some wider streets or open spaces or both to provide solar access.     

ANN-based thermal control models for residential buildings

This study aimed to develop an Artificial Neural Network (ANN)-based advanced thermal control method for creating more comfortable thermal environments in residential buildings. The proposed control method consisted of a thermal control logic framework with four thermal control logics therein, including two predictive and adaptive logics using ANN models, and a system hardware framework. The models were designed to achieve thermal comfort for living areas, taking into account not only air temperature, but also humidity or PMV as a control variable; and to reduce overshoots and undershoots of a control variable using ANN-based predictive and adaptive control. Incorporating IBPT (International Building Physics Toolbox) and MATLAB, a typical two-story single-family home in the U.S. was modelled for testing the performance of developed thermal control methods. Analysis revealed that ANN-based predictive and adaptive control strategies created more comfortable thermal conditions than did typical thermostat systems in terms of increased comfort period of air temperature, humidity, and PMV, and reduced over and undershoots. Thus, the proposed control methods using ANN can be concluded to have the potential for enhancing thermal comfort in residential buildings.     

Perceived air quality and cognitive performance decrease at moderately raised indoor temperatures even when clothed for comfort

This study investigated whether adjusting clothing to remain in neutral thermal comfort at moderately elevated temperature is capable of avoiding negative effects on perceived acute subclinical health symptoms, comfort, and cognitive performance. Two temperatures were examined: 23°C and 27°C. Twelve subjects were able to remain thermally comfortable at both temperatures by adjusting their clothing. They rated the physical environment, their comfort, the intensity of acute subclinical health symptoms, and their mental load, and they performed a number of cognitive tasks. Their physiological reactions were monitored. Their performance of several tasks was significantly worse at 27°C, and they reported increased mental load at this temperature. Skin temperature and humidity and respiration rate were higher, while blood oxygen saturation (SpO2) and pNN50 were lower at this temperature, the latter indicating increased stress. It is inferred that the observed physiological responses were mainly responsible for the negative effects on performance, as the subjects did not indicate any increased intensity of acute subclinical health symptoms although perceived air quality was worse at the higher temperature. The present results suggest that moderately elevated temperatures should be avoided even if thermal comfort can be achieved, as it may lead to reduced performance.     

Overall thermal sensation,acceptability and comfort

The relationships between overall thermal sensation, acceptability and comfort were studied experimentally under uniform and non-uniform conditions separately. Thirty subjects participated in the experiment and reported their local thermal sensation of each body part, overall thermal sensation, acceptability and comfort simultaneously. Sensation, acceptability and comfort were found to be correlated closely under uniform conditions and acceptable range ran from neutral to 1.5 (midpoint between ‘Slightly Warm’ and ‘Warm’) on thermal sensation scale and contained all comfortable and slightly uncomfortable votes on thermal comfort scale. Under non-uniform conditions overall thermal acceptability and comfort were correlated closely. However, overall thermal sensation was apart from the other two responses and non-uniformity of thermal sensation was found to be the reason for the breakage. Combining the effects of overall thermal sensation and non-uniformity of thermal sensation, a new thermal acceptability model was proposed and the model was testified to be applicable to uniform and non-uniform conditions over a wide range of whole body thermal state from neutral to warm.     

The distorted power of medical surgical masks for changing the human thermal psychology of indoor personnel in summer

The medical surgical mask (MSM) has been the essential protective equipment in people's daily work. The experimental purpose is to explore the effects of wearing MSM on human thermal sensation, thermal comfort, and breathing comfort in office buildings in summer. A total of 30 healthy college students were recruited for the testing. The experiment was carried out in a climate chamber, which can simulate the office buildings in summer. The experiment collects the subjects’ skin temperature, microclimate in the mask, and subjective votes, including thermal sensory votes (TSV), thermal comfort votes (TCV), and respiratory comfort votes (BCV). Experimental results show that wearing MSM has no significant effect on the skin temperature of the human body. The microclimate temperature inside the MSM reaches over 34℃, and the relative humidity reaches over 70%. The high-temperature and high-humidity microclimate put human beings in an uneven thermal environment, which leads to poor human tolerance to the thermal environment and becomes the main reason for destroying human thermal comfort. Wearing MSM has a significant impact on the subjective thermal sensation, thermal comfort, and breathing comfort of the human body, and the impact becomes more significant as the environmental temperature increases. Once the mask is taken off, the human body will enter an extremely comfortable environment, resulting in an excessively high vote value. The difference in voting values before and after removing the mask becomes larger with the environmental temperature. By fitting the voting results and perform data processing, it can be found that wearing MSM will reduce the neutral temperature by 1.5°C, and the environmental temperature with the optimal thermal comfort by 1.4°C, and as the temperature increases, the respiratory discomfort will become more and more intense. Regardless of whether wearing a MSM, the subjects preferred a slight warmer environment. In conclusion, with the increase of ambient temperature, wearing MSM can cause the human worse tolerance to the thermal environment, and this disturbance will become more and more intense.     

室内空气温湿度对人体热舒适性影响的实验研究

随着人们生活水平的不断提高,人们对室内环境舒适度的要求也提出了更高要求,良好的室内热湿环境不仅影响人体健康,同时也能给工作生活带来愉快的心情。此次实验研究,选取三峡大学综合教学楼B区作为实验地点,通过随机对教室内的学生发放调查问卷,综合分析实验结果,研究了空气温湿度对人体热舒适性的影响,分别根据热感觉和热舒适投票值确定了人体热舒适区,研究发现80%满意率的室内温度范围在22~26℃,相对湿度范围在45%~55%,得到的夏季舒适区范围与ASHRAEStanard55-1992相比也略有偏差。     

西安城市街道“单拱”型林荫街谷 空间冬季微气候测试分析

城市街道空间是城市重要的户外公共生活空间。由行道树和街谷构成的林荫街谷空间对改善街道空间微气候和调控冬夏两季热舒适环境起着重要作用。通过对西安2组城市“单拱”型林荫街谷空间进行冬季微气候实态测试，分析归纳林荫街谷冬季动态热环境的气温变化特征，将“相对热舒适”区域划分为“冷区”(不舒适区)、“暖区”(舒适区)、“日晒区”(愉悦区)，并建立2种热环境动态变化模式，同时基于人体热健康“动态热适应”原理，提出冬季面向健康热环境的街道空间调控策略，对以西安为代表的建筑气候区划中的寒冷地区街道空间气候适应性设计提供了一定的参考价值。     

Thermal comfort of rural residents in a hot–humid area

ABSTRACT

The thermal comfort of rural residents in China is studied to improve their living conditions and safeguard agricultural development. The present study recruited 30 healthy young people (50% male and 50% female) from rural areas of the hot and humid region of China and exposed them to a wide range of temperatures (20–32°C) and humidities (50% and 70%) in a climate chamber. Both the psychological and physiological responses were observed. The thermal neutral standard effective temperature (SET) was determined to be 26.8°C and the 90% thermal acceptable SET range was 22.9–30.7°C. Mean skin temperature and skin wetness were found to be good predictors for thermal comfort in the neutral-cool and neutral-warm conditions, respectively. When compared with the previous results from similar studies of urban participants living in naturally ventilated buildings, a significant divergence is found. Rural participants reported the same thermal sensation but felt more comfortable and acceptable under identical cool or warm conditions. Rural participants had the same neutral temperature, but a much wider acceptable temperature range. The reason for these differences between rural and urban people may be attributed to differences in local culture, expectations and environmental cognition.     

Thermal pleasure in built environments: physiology of alliesthesia

International standards that define thermal comfort in uniform environments are based on the steady-state heat balance equation that posits ‘neutrality’ as the optimal occupant comfort state for which environments are designed. But thermal perception is more than an outcome of a deterministic, steady-state heat balance. Thermal alliesthesia is a conceptual framework to understand the hedonics of a much larger spectrum of thermal environments than the more thoroughly researched concept of thermal neutrality. At its simplest, thermal alliesthesia states that the hedonic qualities of the thermal environment are determined as much by the general thermal state of the subject as by the environment itself. A peripheral thermal stimulus that offsets or counters a thermoregulatory load-error will be pleasantly perceived and vice versa, a stimulus that exacerbates thermoregulatory load-error will feel unpleasant. The present paper elaborates the thermophysiological hypothesis of alliesthesia with a particular focus on set-point control and the origins of thermoregulatory load-error signals, and then discusses them within the broader context of thermal pleasure. Alliesthesia provides an overarching framework within which diverse and previously disconnected findings of laboratory experiments, field studies and even comfort standards spanning the last 40 years of thermal comfort research can be more coherently understood.     

重庆自然通风热舒适模型的建立及热环境评价

在分析国内外自然通风热舒适研究的基础上,结合重庆地区潮湿的气候特点,对现有自然通风热舒适评价模型进行了湿度修正.采用电子温湿度记录仪对重庆地区村镇典型住宅的室内外热湿参数进行了全年监测,并利用该模型对村镇住宅的室内热环境进行了评价.分析表明,村镇住宅室内和室外相对湿度高于70％的时间分别占全年总时间的95.4％和87.2％,室内温度高于28℃且相对湿度高于70％的时间达1 196 h;全年舒适时间为3 838 h,占全年总时间的43.8％;现有评价模型与修正模型的舒适时间相差405 h,其中空调季相差342h,且温度越高,相对湿度对热舒适的影响越大,说明在温度较高时应考虑相对湿度对热舒适的影响,但修正模型的可靠性还需进一步验证.     

Challenging the assumptions for thermal sensation scales

Scales are widely used to assess the personal experience of thermal conditions in built environments. Most commonly, thermal sensation is assessed, mainly to determine whether a particular thermal condition is comfortable for individuals. A seven-point thermal sensation scale has been used extensively, which is suitable for describing a one-dimensional relationship between physical parameters of indoor environments and subjective thermal sensation. However, human thermal comfort is not merely a physiological but also a psychological phenomenon. Thus, it should be investigated how scales for its assessment could benefit from a multidimensional conceptualization. The common assumptions related to the usage of thermal sensation scales are challenged, empirically supported by two analyses. These analyses show that the relationship between temperature and subjective thermal sensation is non-linear and depends on the type of scale used. Moreover, the results signify that most people do not perceive the categories of the thermal sensation scale as equidistant and that the range of sensations regarded as ‘comfortable’ varies largely. Therefore, challenges known from experimental psychology (describing the complex relationships between physical parameters, subjective perceptions and measurement-related issues) need to be addressed by the field of thermal comfort and new approaches developed.     

Building envelope regulations on thermal comfort in glass facade buildings and energy-saving potential for PMV-based comfort control

This paper presents an investigation of the effect of building envelope regulation on thermal comfort and on the energy-saving potential for PMV-based comfort control in glass facade buildings. Occurrences and severity of overheating, based on the PMV-PPD model contained in ISO 7730, were used for the thermal comfort assessment. Parametric study simulations for an actual building with a large glass facade were carried out to predict the changes in thermal comfort levels in a space due to different glazing types, depths of overhang and glazing areas, which are the key parameters of the building envelope regulation index, named ENVLOAD, in Taiwan. The result demonstrates that the ENVLOAD has significant effect on thermal comfort. Additionally, comparative simulations between PMV-based comfort control and conventional thermostatic control were performed to investigate the changes in the energy-saving potential of a thermal comfort-controlled space due to changes of its ENVLOAD. The results demonstrate that the energy-saving potential in a PMV-based controlled space increases with low ENVLOAD conditions.     

Application of human thermal load into unsteady condition for improvement of outdoor thermal comfort

Human thermal comfort is studied as a countermeasure to the thermal stress in outdoor urban space. Outdoors, people experience the strong impact of solar radiation in states that are unsteady and non-uniform. The feeling of comfort is a mixed sensation that can be easier to improve overall, as compared with a global large-scale effort, and can lead to improved ways of saving energy and reducing costs. Moreover, this can be directly beneficial to human experience and fulfill natural human desires. Since a thermal comfort index is a useful tool for understanding the present state and evaluating the impact of countermeasures, we examine the effects of the human thermal load, which is a thermal comfort index based on the energy balance of the human body. In a steady state, and even in an unsteady state with its variations in weather and human factors, thermal comfort values can generally be obtained by using the overall human thermal load. The reason for this is that the human thermal load takes physiological factors in account as well as weather parameters. This leads to the idea that thermal sensations follow from the human thermal load, which can then well describe a given human environment. As a result, human sensations as expressed by the human thermal load pave the way to the creation of comfortable urban spaces that require minimum expense and energy as an example of simple heat transport model focusing on urban outer structure.