Made in China还是Made in Internet

“中国制造”的世界不仅仅只有“生产”环节。作为“世界工厂”,“中国制造”的另一个重要身份是中国13亿人口庞大服装市场的“供应商”。它包括采购、批发、生产、销售、品牌等一系列环节。其中“生产”环节已经对世界制造业的格局产生了重要影响,而生产以外环节呢？     

Moda in

创新但有所保留,是艰难时世中刺激增长的理想策略。我们必须打破传统方案,并勇于开发新能源。13/14秋冬挑选出惯常的生活方式,巧妙地将其转变为活泼乐观,性感而优雅状态。     

Advance in Nicotine to Nornicotine Conversion in Tobacco

AdvanceinNicotinetoNornicotineConversioninTobaccoSHIHONG_ZHI(ZhengzhouTobaccoResearchInstituteofCNTC,88ErqiRoad,Zhengzhou,China)Keywords:Tobacco;Nicotine;Nornicotine;Conversion;Demethylation;Alkaloid;ConverterAbstract:Nicotinetonornicotineconversionincultivatedtobaccowasreviewedinfouraspects,includingtheeffectonTSNAsformationandflavorquality,geneticcontrolandbiochemicalprocess,conversionfrequencyandtime,andthemethodsforearlyidentificationofnicotineconverterplant.SHIHONG_ZHI:…     

素食主义in南京

大鱼大肉吃多了,素菜越来越成为注重养生、追求健康的"美食家"们热烈推崇的新风尚。且不说饮食世界中还有一部分人是素食主义的坚实拥趸,素食餐厅更追求绿色健康环保的生活习惯以及理智平和的乐活态度。当然,素食也不仅仅只是青菜,还有更多智慧与诚意兼具的美味,如今母亲节也快到了,赶快带妈妈去吃顿美味可口又健康营养的素食吧。     

热点：in

第一批纺织面料设计师职业资格培训班在京举办，关颖穿睡衣举行生日派对，上海88万资助首批标准起草单位,欧洲标准化委员会努力统一女性服装的尺码,西北羊绒羊毛检测中心获批准.[编者按]     

Mycotoxins’ evaluation in wheat flours used in Brazilian bakeries

Food Science and Biotechnology - The aim of this study was to evaluate the mycotoxicological quality of wheat flours used by bakeries from the North Region in Rio Grande do Sul state, Brazil,...     

in北京CHIC秀

第二届海宁中国经编服装设计大赛由中国针织工业协会，海宁市人民政府主办，中国针织工业协会经编分会、浙江省经编行业协会、北京服装学院、浙江海宁经编产业园区管理委员会，北京鸿翔风采国际文化有限公司承办。比赛以“中国经编，风华盛典”为主题，展现和表达集功能性、实用性、时尚性、艺术性为一体的经编服装概念。传承、发展和开创经编产品的原创性与时尚都市融合性的新概念，加强经编产品的设计、交流与展示，提升中国经编行业产品研发与设计的能力。     

Inaccuracies in Stapling Cotton

Lack of familiarity with standards as an outstanding cause of error. ——Errors or variations in stapling cotton may be due to lack of knowledge of the official staple types. Erratic stapling, as well as the tendency to class too hard or too easy, may result from unfamiliarity with the standards. It is important that before each day's work begins and frequently during the day, the classer pull the types representing the range of lengths heing classed. Th(?)s classers should be able to adjust accurately their concepts of lengths to the types and thereby avoid departures from them. When a sample is stapled that is out of the prevailing range being classed, one or more of the official staple types should     

Deoxynivalenol in wheat,maize, wheat flour and pasta: surveys in Hungary in 2008–2015

Among Fusarium mycotoxins, deoxynivalenol (DON) is the most common contaminant in case of cereals and cereal-based foods in Hungary. In this study, Hungarian wheat (n = 305), maize (n = 108), wheat flour (n = 179) and pasta (n = 226) samples were analysed (N = 818). The samples were collected during 2008–2015 in Hungary. Applied methods of analysis were enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and liquid-chromatography coupled with a mass spectrometer. Results were compared and evaluated with Hungarian weather data. Among cereal samples, in 2011, wheat was contaminated with DON (overall average ± standard deviation was 2159 ± 2818 µg kg^?1), which was above the maximum limit (ML). In case of wheat flour and pasta, no average values above ML were found during 2008–2015, but higher DON contamination could be observed in 2011 as well (wheat flour: 537 ± 573 µg kg^?1; pasta: 511 ± 175 µg kg^?1).     

Moving in the right direction? The role of price subsidies in fertilizer use and maize productivity in Ghana

Despite major maize programs in the last two decades and costly investments in a price subsidy program in Ghana, maize productivity remains very low. Utilizing cross-sectional data on 645 maize plots in Ghana, this paper provides empirical evidence on the responsiveness of maize yield to fertilizer application, profitability of fertilizer use, and how the economics of fertilizer use have changed with the subsidy program. There was a statistically significant maize yield response to increased fertilizer application (i.e. 1-kg of nitrogen leads to a yield increase of 22–26 kg per hectare), higher than those estimated in other countries in Africa. Value-cost ratio shows that maize production with fertilizer is profitable both at market and subsidized prices in different locations and with different farming practices, even after incorporating risk into the estimation and analysis. However, despite subsidized prices and profitable fertilizer use, the actual application rate (at 44 kg/ha of nitrogen on average) is much lower than research institute’s and government recommendation and far off the computed economically “optimal” levels (at 225 kg/ha of nitrogen; where the fertilizer price intersects the value of marginal physical product derived from the yield response model). Results suggest that fertilizer prices do not seem to be the binding constraint in greater fertilizer application and productivity increases in maize; other factors appear to be major bottlenecks to greater fertilizer application and productivity increases including accessibility to modern varieties, mechanization, and hired labor. This result shows the limits to fertilizer subsidy as the focus strategy and suggests a more integrated and holistic approach to encourage greater fertilizer application, productivity and income among maize farmers in Ghana.     

Tropane and ergot alkaloids in grain-based products for infants and young children in the Netherlands in 2011–2014

An LC-MS/MS multi-method was developed to simultaneously quantify ergot alkaloids (EAs) and tropane alkaloids (TAs) in 113 cereal-based food for infants and young children. To assess yearly variation, samples were collected in 2011, 2012 and 2014. EAs were detected in 54% and TAs in 22% of the samples. Mean EA levels in the three sampling years were 10.6, 6.2 and 8.6 µg kg^?1, respectively (maximum: 115.4 µg kg^?1), indicating that exposure to EAs would not have exceeded the health-based guidance values set by EFSA in 2012. Mean TA levels were 3.9, 2.4 and 0.4 µg kg^?1, respectively (maximum: 80.8 µg kg^?1). The acute reference dose for TAs, derived by EFSA in 2013, would have been exceeded by young children when consuming some of the products sampled in 2011–2012. TA levels had decreased drastically in 2014, possibly due to measures taken by producers as response to the EFSA Opinion.     

Can spectroscopy in combination with chemometrics replace minks in digestibility tests?

One of the most relevant but expensive methods of assessing the quality of fish meal is the physiological digestibility test with minks. The purpose of this study was to determine whether spectroscopic and chemical analyses evaluated with chemometrics can replace minks in digestibility tests. The spectroscopic methods used were the two complementary techniques of fluorescence emission and near‐infrared reflectance. The investigation included 54 samples of high‐quality fish meal ranging from 89.6 to 93.9 on the mink digestibility index. The investigation also included determination of seven quality parameters in the fish meal to substantiate the spectroscopic models on the mink digestibility. These quality parameters include the content of protein, oil, water, water‐soluble protein, ash and the biogenic substance cadaverine as well as the titration value. The study demonstrates that the mink digestibility could be predicted from combining the two reference quality parameters oil and ash with a correlation coefficient of 0.89. The best spectroscopic calibration models on the mink digestibility resulted in a correlation coefficient of 0.94 and a prediction error of 0.5 using the near‐infrared spectral ensemble and a correlation coefficient of 0.92 and a prediction error of 0.5 using the fluorescence spectral ensemble. In addition, the seven reference quality parameters could be predicted from the spectroscopic ensembles with good precision. © 2000 Society of Chemical Industry     

Survival in vitro and virulence of Trypanosoma cruzi in açaí pulp in experimental acute Chagas disease

Chagas disease is a parasitic infection with high socioeconomic impact throughout Latin America. Although this severe, incurable disease can be transmitted by several routes, oral transmission is currently the most important route in the Amazon Basin. A?aí pulp has nutritional properties and is popular throughout Brazil and abroad. However, this pulp has been associated with microepidemics of acute Chagas disease (ACD) in northern Brazil, where a?aí fruit is the main food supplement. In this study, we examined the in vitro survival and in vivo virulence of Trypanosoma cruzi Y strain in a?aí pulp. Aliquots of in natura a?aí pulp produced in Belém city in the northern Brazilian state of Pará were mixed with 10? trypomastigotes. The samples were incubated at room temperature or at 4 or -20°C for various periods, and the parasites were isolated by forced sieving. The resulting eluates were examined by microscopy, and the trypomastigotes were administered intraperitoneally, orally, or by gavage to immunodeficient mice (C.B-17-Prkdc(scid)/PasUnib) that had been pretreated with antibiotics. Parasitemia was quantified by the Brener method, and mortality was recorded daily. All routes of administration resulted in ACD. A 5-day delay in the onset of parasitemia occurred with oral administration. The survival and virulence of the parasites were unaffected by prior incubation at room temperature for 24 h, at 4°C for 144 h, and at -20°C for 26 h. These results indicate that T. cruzi can survive and retain its virulence in a?aí pulp under various conditions and that cooling and freezing are not suitable methods for preventing foodborne ACD.     

Heavy metals in cow’s milk and cheese produced in areas irrigated with waste water in Puebla,Mexico

The aim of this work was to determine Ni, Cr, Cu, Zn, Pb, and As levels in raw milk and Oaxaca and ranchero type cheeses, produced in areas irrigated with waste water from Puebla in Mexico. Milk results showed a mean Pb level of 0.03 mg kg^?1, which is above the maximum limit as set by Codex Alimentarius and the European Commission standards. For As a mean value of 0.12 mg kg^?1 in milk was obtained. Mean As and Pb levels in milk were below the Mexican standard. Milk whey and ranchero cheese had mean Pb levels of 0.07 and 0.11 mg kg^?1, respectively. As was higher in Oaxaca and ranchero cheese at 0.17 and 0.16 mg kg^?1, respectively. It was concluded that cheeses made from cow’s milk from areas irrigated with waste water are contaminated with Pb and As, which may represent a health risk.     

Nutritional utilization in Malagueña dairy goats differing in genotypes for the content of alphaS1-casein in milk

A study was carried out with 20 goats of the Malagueña breed, half with a high (HG) and half with a low (LG) genetic capability for α_S1-casein (AS1-CN) synthesis, to determine whether the 2 different genotypes (that cause differences in goat milk composition) are related to differences in nutritional feed utilization. Among the 10 HG goats, 7 had BB and 3 had AB genotypes for AS1-CN, whereas there were 7 EF and 3 FF genotypes in the 10 LG goats. The goats were fed diets differing in crude protein content (13.6 vs. 17.7% dry matter for diets 1 and 2, respectively). For each genotype group, a balance trial was conducted with each of the 2 diets in a 2-period balanced changeover designed with half the animals consuming diet 1 and the other half diet 2, determining individual feed intake and the utilization of N and energy in the diets. Greater voluntary feed intake on a metabolic body weight basis among the HG goats was identified as the first possible cause of their milk production. The HG goats also had a greater level of feed utilization, on a metabolic body weight basis, for N and energy intake. Greater ratios of N balance/ digestible N, milk protein N/digestible N, milk energy/ digestible energy, and milk energy/ME were found for HG goats compared with LG. These effects appear to be dependent on the level of protein in the diet, indicating interactive effects. The greater N and energy utilization of HG versus LG goats may explain the differences in milk composition between the 2 genotype groups.     

Bereitstellung von luftgetragenen Nanopartikeln für in vitro- und in vivo-Untersuchungen

Zusammenfassung:  Die in vitro- und in vivo-Untersuchungen von Nanopartikeln im Hinblick auf ihre m?glichen toxikologischen Wirkungen erfolgen h?ufig über die Aufgabe von Suspensionen auf Zellen mit aus der Nanopartikelkonzentration ableitbarer Dosis. Ein wichtiger Weg der Nanopartikelwirkung aber geht über die Inhalation. Es ist deshalb naheliegend, Nanopartikel in Form von charakterisierten Aerosolen bereitzustellen. Der Ausgangspunkt sind h?ufig Pulver in Form von Agglomeraten, die ohne Zerlegung in den gasgetragenen Zustand überführt werden müssen. Es werden Methoden zur Aerosolisierung von Nanopartikelpulvern vorgestellt, die zur Zeit untersucht werden. Aus der im gasgetragenen Zustand bestimmbaren Nanopartikelkonzentration kann mit Hilfe von Depositionsmodellen die auf Zellen abgeschiedene Nanopartikeldosis bestimmt werden. Für in vivo-Untersuchungen am Menschen besteht die M?glichkeit, die im alveolaren und tracheobronchialen Bereich deponierten Nanopartikelkonzentrationen unter Verwendung des ICRP–Depositionsmodells direkt messtechnisch zu erfassen. Für alle Verfahrensschritte, von der Aerosolbereitstellung und -charakterisierung bis zur deponierten Dosis, besteht Bedarf an Standardisierung. Eingegangen: 31. Januar 2008; angenommen: 4. Februar 2008