橡胶树的种植技术

随着现代科学技术不断的进步,我国橡胶树种植的面积越来越广泛,对橡胶树的病虫害的防治的要求也越来越高。在现代橡胶树的种植区域,橡胶树的病虫害是越来越严重,严重的限制了橡胶树的橡胶产量的提高和橡胶树的正常的生长。伴随着气候降水和太阳光照的影响,不同的地域的橡胶树生长的情况也是不同的,如何根据当地的生态环境进行病虫害的防治和树木的种植,需要遵循因地制宜的原则,全面、充分的对当地的地理环境进行综合分析,并且针对不同形态的病虫害制定不同的防治措施,做好应急预案,促进橡胶树的正常的生长。     

小城镇建成区可持续发展的路径

建成区的硬环境建设 集贸市场的建设.集贸市场的建设可以带动小城镇区域经济的发展,促进第三产业的发展."留史的皮,安国的药,清河的羊绒,白沟的包"的民谣形象地说明了市场建设对小城镇发展的重要意义.建立特色集贸市场,对于拉动区域经济的发展有着积极的意义.所以,农贸市场的建设对小城镇的经济发展起着积极的作用.     

我国建筑耗能状况及有效的节能途径

随着目前我国改革开放的政策的深入落实,我国的经济的发展步入了一个全新的局面,经济的发展直接推动了建筑行业的蓬勃发展。我国的建筑业属于传统的工业,对于我国的经济发展而言有着举足轻重的地位,但是同时我国的建筑业又是一个高耗能、高污染的产业,本文首先从我国的建筑行业发展节能的必要性进行分析,然后针对目前我国建筑行业耗能的现状进行有效的分析,最后对于我国该如何促进建筑节能的发展提出参考意见。     

公路工程项目管理模式及模式调整的研究

随着社会的发展和进步,我国的工程项目管理也出现了日新月异的变化,对于所有的陈旧的落后的管理模式都进行了改革和调整,使得我国的项目管理水平不断的提高,渐渐的跟国际接轨,以极快的速度去追赶那些发达国家的脚步。本文就单一的从我国的公路工程项目管理的角度出发,围绕工程项目管理这一中心,对我国目前的公路工程项目管理做一个的简单的分析,对其管理模式的调整提出相关的意见。     

建筑智能化电气工程管理技术浅述

我们国家的科学技术不断的提高,使得建筑施工的质量安全得到了非常大的提升。电气施工的阶段主要的作用就是对于建筑物内部的电气设备还有相关的配套设施进行相关的施工工作,在现阶段施工起到非常重要的作用。电气施工的质量安全直接影响到工程实际的使用。如果电气设备能够有效的实现自动化控制之后,也一定要对当中存在的问题有效的进行分析以及进行相关的监测工作,这样一来就能够比较有效的保证电气设备可以正常的进行运转,从而更好的完成相关的工作。在对传统故障进行检测的过程,步骤非常的复杂、在检测方式方面非常的有难度、非常的费时费力,并且对于存在的问题判断也存在非常大的差距。本篇文章就是对于建筑智能化在对电气工程实际进行应用的过程当中,相关管理技术的方面进行了简单的分析,也进一步的深入研究了建筑智能化的电气工程管理技术方面存在的一些问题。     

建筑工程造价审核中对于项目全过程造价控制的应用

近几年的建筑产业获得了迅速的发展,在经济发展的推动下,建筑工程的建设也越来越繁盛。在建筑的工程建设过程中的工程造价成为了一个非常重要的环节,这在建筑链中作用重大并对其他的环节产生着非常重要的影响。在建筑的工程的造价审核就是对这种工程项目的一个预算的工作。本文就针对建筑工程中的工程造价问题的审核以及全过程的工程造价的控制做了介绍,并对当前的工程造价的生和的过程中出现的问题做了介绍,阐述了建筑中的工程造价审核中应当做好全过程的造价的控制的必要性和重要意义。     

浅谈高层建筑电梯检验过程中的安全及防护措施

随着国内经济飞速的发展,也使城市化的进程不断的增加,城市建设的步伐有了非常大的加快,这就导致城市的人口飞速的增加,而城市建筑的用地却越来越少,这样不断的循环就导致城市居住的压力越发的大,在这种大环境当中,高层建筑就越来越多,高层建筑不但外形更加的时尚,而且特更加的美观,并且在也大大的缓解了城市居住的压力,但是,电梯是属于比较大型的一种机电机械设备,电梯的结构非常的复杂,而且着有自身的特点,因此,在对电梯进行检验的工作当中,有非常高的危险,而在进行操作的过程当中,相关的工作人员一定要充分的仔细的分析存在危险的各种可能,从实际的情况来进行施工,一定要确保自己的人身安全。     

浅谈加强水利水电工程质量管理的措施

随着我们国家的社会经济飞速的发展,也使得水利水电工程的建筑施工质量有了非常大的提升,但是,在对建筑施工现场进行安全管理的过程当中还存在非常多的问题。想要飞速的提高施工现场的安全管理工作非常的困难,因此,我们一定要加强重视的程度,优质的施工质量要业主、监理以及施工方一起努力才能够得到好的效果。另外,水利工程的建设所有的单位一定要建立完善的施工现场的安全管理措施,选择先进的施工现场安全管理模式还有先进的技术手段,利用先进的科技不断的进行强化,建设优质的工程项目。本篇文章就是对水利水电工程当中的一些比较常见的问题进行了详细的论述,并且也进一步的提出了基础上提出了对水利水电工程的质量管理进行加强的有效措施。     

桥

桥由水造就,桥又以水的对立面出现,无数的溪流、河流、江流、海流,把大地分割得条条块块,支离破碎,是桥,是一座座大的小的高的矮的长的短的新的旧的木头的水泥的     

我国地下建筑标准现状浅析

当前地下建筑的发展在各个国家都有很大的的发展,地下建筑与地面的建筑有很大的区别,条件和环境上的区别,使得地下建筑即是建筑,又是城市空间整体的一部分,又有其特殊的特点以及相对独立的学科性,所以地下建筑的技术标准与地面建筑有很大的区别。研究地下建筑标准体系能很好的指导地下建筑标准的制定方向,科学的指导地下建筑的建设,实现合理科学的发展。     

Untersuchungen zur Genauigkeit von magnetisch induktiven Betondeckungsmessungen

Assessment of the accuracy of concrete cover measurements using Eddy Current devices The use of non‐destructive testing in civil‐engineering (NDT‐CE) is well established to assess as‐built drawings for existing structures as well as for quality assurance of new buildings or in case of concrete repair. To gain reliable results the choice of the appropriate testing method in combination with the correct data assessment is essential. Hence this article starts with the basics of the two typical testing methods for concrete cover measurement with high precision. Methods based on Eddy Current and based on Radar are different. The strengths and limitations of both methods are presented. In the second part the achievable accuracy of concrete cover measurements using Eddy Current will be assessed for the most important parameters that have been varied in a wide range. It is shown how results are influenced by an improper input of the diameter or by the effect of neighbored rebars. At the end of the article it is shown how the deviation of the results can be minimized using the internal neighboring rebar correction of some of the devices. This article does not intend to be a product test rather the influence parameters of measurements close to reality will be identified and quantified how the accuracy of concrete cover measurements is affected.     

基坑开挖对邻近任意角度建筑物影响的有限元分析

实测结果表明,邻近基坑的建筑物与基坑边互不垂直时,基坑开挖将导致墙体同时发生挠曲变形与扭转变形。三维有限元分析表明,对与基坑边成一定角度的建筑物,当其跨越坑外沉降槽最低点或沉降曲线上凸区域时,建筑物所产生的扭转变形最为显著。随着建筑物与基坑距离的变化和建筑物纵墙与基坑边之间夹角的变化,当建筑物位于天然地面沉降挠曲程度较大的位置时,建筑物的挠曲变形对墙体拉应变起主要作用,墙体最大拉应变发生在建筑物纵墙垂直于基坑边,即纵墙与基坑边相互垂直时是建筑物的最不利位置;而当建筑物位于天然地面挠曲程度较小的位置时,墙体的拉应变源于挠曲变形与扭转变形的共同作用,纵墙墙体的最大拉应变将发生在与基坑边成一定角度的建筑物纵墙上,此时纵墙与基坑边垂直并不是建筑物的最不利位置。     

ÖBB Steyrtalbrücke – Belastungsprobe und Langzeitmessungen

ÖBB Steyrtalbridge – Load test and long term measurements At km 65,621 of the railroad track between Linz and Selzthal the Steyrtalbridge was rebuilt in the years 2013 and 2014. The essential design criterion from the client ÖBB Infrastruktur AG was the endeavor of an optimized bridge under consideration of life‐cylce‐cost, which among other things despite a bridge length of 182 m can be designed without high‐maintenance breather switches. Based on the current standards and certain design flexibilities, which are allowed in the codes special ways and techniques were used to calculate the rail tension. With this results of the rail‐structure‐interaction it was possible to design without breather switches. As consequence of the assumptions in the planning process it was necessary to make comprehensive measurements which shall give information of the real behavior of the bridge and compare them with the assumptions and results of the static calculation. Therefor static and dynamic load test were performed before opening to regular traffic. In addition long term measurements were carried out to evaluate the load‐bearing behavior over time and to confirm the calculation approaches for the verification of the rail‐structure‐interaction. In this article the planning of the monitoringsystem, the implementation and results of the load test and the following long term measurements are illustrated.     

Zustandsuntersuchung und Instandsetzung am Hauptdach des Hauses der Kulturen der Welt in Berlin

The main roof of the ”Haus der Kulturen der Welt“ in Berlin Which is very well‐known on account of its history and striking structural design – was to be inspected by the author to determine its condition and analysed with regard to the durability of the existing liquid synthetic sealant. The roof structure consists of a biaxial, curved area‐covering structural element with circumferential edge beams of pre‐stressed lightweight concrete. This is the result of the reconstruction between 1984 and 1987 following a partial collapse of the then Berlin Congress Hall in 1980. The very thin roof shell is also made of lightweight concrete and, like the edge beams, has a polyurethane‐based spray‐on seal that was specially developed for this purpose as protection against the ingress of moisture. The reason why this, at the time, novel type of seal was chosen was that it should take into account the fact that the roof design urgently needed some kind of protection against moisture that had to compensate the expected changes shape and crack movements of the roof with no damage. The following article reports on the nature, scope and main results of the analysis of the condition of the roof seal, edge beams and abutments. It will also describe the repair recommendations resulting from the investigations, which form the basis of the execution of work at the present point in time. Apart from presenting the technical principles and special features of the building that have to be taken into account during any repairs, the special features of the execution will also be addressed.     

Beurteilung der Tragfähigkeit von geschädigten Stahlbetonbrücken auf der Grundlage der Ergebnisse einer Bauwerksprüfung

Structural Reliability Assessment of Damaged Reinforced Concrete Bridges on the Basis of the Results from a Bridge Inspection The regular bridge inspection is of high importance for the reliable use of the infrastructure. This paper describes and explains a method with supports the engineers of a bridge inspection in the assessment of the damaged bridges during or directly after the inspection. Based on this initial estimate the urgent measures i.e. a lower permitted bridge class can still be carried out before more detailed inspections and calculations have been done. The reliability analyses for the damaged bridges are carried out using first order and second order reliability method (FORM and SORM). The probability of failure, p_f or the safety index, of the system respectively are the main results of the calculation procedure. This paper shows the approach and the application with an example. Particularly in the communal sector the method can be helpful, because it can not be assumed that in all cases the regular bridge inspections and the appropriate maintenance have been carried out.     

Bewertung einer alten genieteten Stahlbrücke – Die Bösebrücke in Berlin

Evaluation of an old riveted steel bridge – The Böse‐Bridge in Berlin, Germany. This report is about the recalculation of the Böse‐Bridge in Berlin which was built between 1912 and 1916. A special feature of this three‐bayed truss arch bridge is the nickel steel used in the main bay. Different models have been used to recalculate the main structure, the truss nodes and the carriageway slab. The static analysis is based on the semi‐probabilistic concept. As a result of this recalculation the construction was classified to have the bridge capacity 30‐30 according to DIN 1072. Finally, this report concludes by determining the remaining lifetime depending on the concept of the Wöhler curves.     

捕捉“光线”——解读葡萄牙“梅莉德斯周末住宅”

本文以阿雷斯·马特乌斯兄弟设计的梅莉德斯周末住宅的院子为线索,通过其与冈卡罗·伯内设计的“阿维罗大学的校长楼”进行比较,揭示了“光线”是其设计的核心。这为我们研究葡萄牙建筑提供了更为全面的视野。但更为重要的是,文章表明了类型学的方法论在中国大规模快速建造的今天更具现实意义。     

Feldversuche mit dem Brückenklappverfahren

Field Tests with the Balanced Lift Method As a counterpart to the lowering arch construction method the “balanced lift method” for bridge girders is suggested. The bridge girders can be built in combination with the pier using climbing forms in a vertical position. Therefore, during the production no bending stresses are generated in the girders. Thus, the balanced lift method allows lower costs and a shorter construction time than the traditional balanced cantilever method. The span of the bridge girders is reduced by the compression struts or tension ties which results in substantial savings in construction materials compared to the balanced cantilever method for bridge construction. The proposed method will be especially advantageous for bridges with high piers. The range of the span length for the application of the balanced lift method ranges between 50 m and 250 m.     

Entwicklung eines baupraktischen Näherungsverfahrens zur Beurteilung der Zuverlässigkeit von Massivbrücken auf der Grundlage der Ergebnisse von Bauwerksüberprüfungen

Im vorliegenden Teil 2 des Beitrags wird die Entwicklung des baupraktischen Näherungsverfahrens für die Beurteilung der Zuverlässigkeit von Massivbrücken im Rahmen der RI‐EBW‐PRÜF vorgestellt. Wesentlicher Inhalt ist dabei die Modellierung der Modellunsicherheit Bauwerksprüfer, da die Bewertung der Mängel und Schäden an einem Brückenbauwerk durch den jeweiligen Bauwerksprüfer einen entscheidenden Einfluss auf die Zustandsbewertung hat. Zudem wird auf die Dimensionsanalyse von Grenzzustandsfunktionen näher eingegangen, da damit bei geschickter Normierung eine allgemein gültige Anwendung des Verfahrens erreicht werden kann. Die Anwendung des Verfahrens erfolgt mit einem Software‐Tool, das abschließend vorgestellt wird. In Teil 1 des Beitrags wurden die Grundlagen des Verfahrens sowie die Entwicklung der veränderten stochastischen Material‐ und Geometrieparameter infolge Schädigung behandelt. Development of an Approximation Procedure for a Structural Reliability Assessment of Reinforced Concrete Bridges on the Basis of the Results from Bridge Inspection Part 2 of the paper shows the development of the approximation procedure for the reliability assessment of reinforced concrete bridges according to RI‐EBW‐PRÜF. An essential part of this is the development carried out by the model uncertainty bridge inspector, as the respective bridge inspector's individual assessment of the damage of a bridge has a decisive influence on the condition evaluation. Furthermore, the dimensional analyses of ultimate limit states are shown, as the general use of the developed methodology can be achieved with an ingenious standardization. The application of the procedure with the developed software tool is presented in conclusion. Part 1 of the two papers describes the basics of the methodology and shows the development of the stochastic models for the material and geometry parameters which have changed as a result of damage.     

Museumsinsel Berlin – Geotechnische Untersuchungen für die Grundinstandsetzung und Ergänzung des Pergamonmuseums

Museum Island in Berlin – Geotechnical investigations for the overhauling and completion of the Pergamon Museum. Overhauling the Pergamon Museum on the Museum Island in Berlin is a particularly complex task concerning geotechnics. On the one hand the substratum and ground water conditions in the area concerned are very inhomogeneous and on the other hand the Pergamon Museum and its neighbouring museums are especially valuable buildings worthy of protection. The initial target of the geotechnical investigation programme was to further safeguard the substratum and ground water conditions. Here systematic investigation of the substratum was carried out based on old historical drillings in order to enable the use of innovative special civil and underground engineering procedures. Furthermore it was necessary to investigate the foundation situation of the existing buildings. The planning objective is the technical and cost‐effectively optimized choice of the required geotechnical measures for the intended overhaul and refurbishment of the Pergamon Museum.