复合添加Zr、Cr和La对铝再结晶温度的提高作用

以99．99％高纯铝为原料,以中间合金形式复合添加zr、cr和La,采用铸锭冶金法制备铝合金。通过对合金的组织结构观察和分析以及力学性能测试,研究复合添加zr、Cr和La对铝再结晶温度的提高作用。结果表明：在铝中同时添加0．1％Cr和0．28％La（质量分数,％,下同）,可使铝的再结晶起始温度提高约30℃,铝的再结晶得到抑制;复合添加0．09％Zr、0．1％Cr和0．14％La,铝的再结晶起始温度提高了约30℃,终了温度提高约60℃,铝的再结晶及晶粒长大现象得到显著的抑制。与同时添加Cr和La相比,复合添加Zr、Cr和La对铝的强化作用更大。     

复合添加Zr、Cr、Pr对超高强铝合金腐蚀和断裂行为的影响

采用铸锭冶金法制备Al-Zn-Mg-Cu-Zr合金和Al-Zn-Mg-Cu-Zr-Cr-Pr合金。通过金相和扫描电子显微分析以及拉伸性能、极化曲线、晶间腐蚀、剥落腐蚀与应力腐蚀等性能测试,研究复合添加Zr、Cr和Pr对Al-Zn-Mg-Cu合金腐蚀和断裂行为的影响。结果表明,复合添加Zr、Cr和Pr可显著抑制Al-Zn-Mg-Cu合金的再结晶和晶粒长大,从而提高该合金的抗腐蚀能力和力学性能。与单独添加Zr的Al-Zn-Mg-Cu合金相比,复合添加Zr、Cr、Pr的相同合金的断裂韧性KIC从20.22 MPa.m1/2提高到26.83 MPa.m1/2,应力腐蚀开裂界限应力强度因子KISCC由9.8 MPa.m1/2提高到17.6 MPa.m1/2,抗拉强度、屈服强度及伸长率均有所提高。研究还发现,再结晶晶粒的晶界为腐蚀和断裂的优先选择路径,抑制再结晶和晶粒长大至关重要。     

Zr,Yb,Cr对Al-Zn-Mg-Cu合金组织、断裂和局部腐蚀行为的影响

研究复合添加稀土元素Yb和过渡元素Zr,Cr对Al-Zn-Mg-Cu超高强合金组织、强韧性和局部腐蚀(晶间腐蚀和剥落腐蚀)性能的影响。结果表明:单独添加Zr和复合添加Cr,Yb的合金均发生了再结晶现象,合金的强度、韧性和腐蚀抗力均较低。而在Al-Zn-Mg-Cu合金中复合添加Zr,Yb,Cr形成大量10~20 nm、共格的固溶部分Zn,Mg,Cu的(Al,Cr)3(Zr,Yb)弥散相,这些均匀分布于基体的细小共格弥散相能强烈钉扎位错和亚晶界,抑制基体再结晶,使合金亚晶界上的析出相与晶内近似,晶界无沉淀析出带(PFZs,precipitate-free zones)不明显。复合添加Zr,Yb,Cr的Al-Zn-Mg-Cu合金在保持高强度和塑性的同时,沿晶断裂抗力和局部腐蚀抗力显著提高。T6态Al-Zn-Mg-Cu-Zr-Yb-Cr合金的断裂机制主要为韧窝型断裂,剥落腐蚀等级降至EA。再结晶晶界成为超高强Al-Zn-Mg-Cu合金腐蚀和断裂的优先扩展路径。     

微量Ti、Cr对Al-Zn-Mg-Cu-Zr合金组织与性能的影响

通过拉伸试验、晶间腐蚀与应力腐蚀实验,结合金相观察和高分辨透射电镜分析,研究微量Ti和Cr对Al-Zn-Mg-Cu-Zr合金弥散相、再结晶与性能的影响。结果表明:在Al-Zn-Mg-Cu-Zr合金中,添加0.04%Ti(质量分数,下同)可使合金抑制再结晶的能力降低,从而导致合金的力学性能和抗应力腐蚀性能降低;复合添加0.04%Ti和0.04%Cr,形成含有少量Cr的Al3(Zr,Ti)弥散相,合金抑制再结晶的能力显著增强,合金在保持高强度的同时,抗应力腐蚀性能显著提高,抗拉强度为687.6 MPa,屈服强度为651.4 MPa,比不含Ti和Cr的合金分别提高15.3 MPa和7.8 MPa,应力腐蚀裂纹萌生时间由161 h延长至306 h。     

Ti,Zr复合微合金化对铝合金再结晶的影响

通过向工业纯铝中单独及复合添加微量的Ti,Zr元素,采用硬度测试、金相显微(OM)、扫描电镜(SEM)、能谱(EDS)及X射线衍射(XRD)等分析方法,研究并对比了Ti,Zr单独及复合微合金化对铝合金再结晶的影响。结果表明:Ti,Zr复合微合金化不仅有效细化了合金的晶粒尺寸,提高了合金的力学性能,同时更加显著地提高了合金对再结晶的抑制作用。主要因为Ti,Zr复合微合金化的合金在均匀化退火及变形加热过程中,固溶在基体中的Ti,Zr原子会以大量且弥散的二次Al_3Zr和Al_3(Ti,Zr)粒子形式析出,这些Al_3Zr和Al_3(Ti,Zr)粒子的尺寸更加细小,弥散程度更高,高温下不易长大,且二次Al_3(Ti,Zr)的热稳定性更高,与α(Al)共格性更好,在有效充当基体形核质点细化晶粒的同时,还能强烈的钉扎位错和亚晶界,有效抑制了合金的再结晶转变,并将Al-Ti-Zr合金的再结晶温度提高200℃以上,同时对合金的再结晶晶粒具有良好的细化作用。     

复合添加Zr,Cr,Pr对Al-Zn-Mg-Cu-Zr合金再结晶行为的影响

采用铸锭冶金法制备Al-Zn-Mg-Cu-Zr合金和Al-Zn-Mg-Cu-Zr-Cr-Pr合金,再对其进行均匀化退火(460℃/24 h)、锻压、固溶处理—室温水淬及峰时效处理。用金相显微镜观察合金的显微组织,并测试其力学性能,研究复合添加Zr、Cr、Pr对Al-Zn-Mg-Cu超高强铝合金再结晶行为和力学性能的影响。结果表明,复合添加Zr、Cr和Pr可显著抑制Al-Zn-Mg-Cu合金在锻压后回复过程中的亚晶合并长大,使该合金在较高温度(490℃)以及高温长时保温(480℃固溶4 h)情况下仍能保持细小的亚晶组织,从而提高合金的力学性能。复合添加Zr、Cr、Pr能使合金在490℃固溶1 h后在T6状态下的抗拉强度提高约25 MPa、屈服强度提高近30 MPa。     

Sc、Zr、Ti复合合金化对Al-5Mg 合金组织和性能的影响

通过向合金中单独或联合添加微量的Sc、Zr、Ti,研究了Sc、Zr、Ti复合合金化对Al-5Mg合金微观组织、再结晶抗力及力学性能的影响.研究结果表明合金中单独添加0.2%Sc,使合金的再结晶抗力、硬度和强度明显增加而塑性明显下降,但对合金没有晶粒细化效果.Sc、Zr复合合金化明显改善了Sc对晶粒的细化能力和再结晶抗力,合金的强度和硬度也进一步增加,但对塑性的影响不大.添加0.036%Ti进行Sc、Zr、Ti复合合金化使合金具有最佳的晶粒细化效果和再结晶抗力,但对合金的力学性能影响不大.原因在于Sc、Zr、Ti复合合金化降低了Al-Al3Sc共晶点,而且Zr、Ti可以代替部分Sc形成Al3Sc1-xZrx或Al3Sc1-xTix复合粒子,有利于凝固过程中形成与α-Al具有良好晶格匹配性的一次Al3Sc1-xZrx或Al3Sc1-xTix复合粒子及挤压和退火过程中二次复合粒子的析出.这些大量的、弥散分布的、与基体共格的粒子可以有效地阻止位错的运动和亚晶界的迁移,从而产生良好的细晶强化、弥散强化和亚结构强化效果.     

微量合金元素Ti、Zr、Sc对5A06铝合金棒材粗晶组织的影响

考察了微量合金元素Ti、Zr、Sc及其复合作用对5A06合金粗晶组织的影响,并对合金挤压棒材形成粗晶组织的机理进行了探讨。结果表明:5A06合金挤压时主要以动态再结晶为主,粗晶组织主要是在挤压生产过程中产生的。单独增加Ti的含量,或者添加Ti、Zr元素,对抑制和消除合金挤压棒材粗晶组织的效果不明显;采用微量合金元素Ti、Zr、Sc共同复合,充分发挥合金元素Ti、Zr、Sc复合微合金化抑制合金再结晶的作用,可有效抑制合金挤压棒材粗晶组织的形成。     

添加Yb对Al-Zn-Mg-Cu-Zr-Cr合金组织性能的影响

采用熔炼铸造法制备复合添加Zr、Cr及复合添加Zr、Cr和Yb的2种Al-Zn-Mg-Cu合金。采用金相显微镜、透射电镜和扫描电镜观察合金的显微组织,并进行力学性能和抗腐蚀性能测试。结果表明：Al Zn Mg Cu-Zr-Cr-Yb合金经固溶处理后始终保持以小角度晶界为主的纤维状组织,这归因于合金中析出的大量细小(10～20 nm)、弥散分布的(Al,Cr)₃(Zr,Yb)相,阻碍了位错和晶界迁移,明显抑制基体再结晶。由于Yb元素的加入,合金的硬度、强度、伸长率和断裂韧性提高,断裂韧性由24.2 MPa·m^1/2提高到32.4 MPa·m^1/2。同时,合金的抗应力腐蚀、晶间腐蚀和剥落腐蚀性能提高,应力腐蚀开裂临界应力强度因子(K_ISCC)由10.6MPa·m^1/2提高到17.0 MPa·m^1/2,晶间腐蚀深度减小,剥蚀敏感性降低,剥蚀等级由EB+降为EA。     

微量锆和钇对导电用工业纯铝再结晶的影响

用微硬度和金相检验法研究了导电用工业纯铝的再结晶温度、恒温下的再结晶动力学,以及同时加入0.032％Zr和0.015％Y的影响。     

Joint effect of scandium,chromium, and zirconium on the aging and recrystallization of aluminum alloys

Metallography and electrical resistivity and hardness measurements are used to study the aging and recrystallization of Al-rich Al-Sc-Cr-Zr alloys with 0.1–0.4% Sc, 1.0% Cr, and 0.2% Zr. During aging at 350°C, the hardness of the alloys is found to increase substantially even after 0.5-h aging as compared to that of the deformed state. Variations of the hardness and electrical resistivity of all alloys exhibit similar behavior; however, the higher the scandium content in the alloys, the higher the strengthening effect reached after aging for 2–4 h. Combined small scandium, chromium, and zirconium additions to aluminum are shown to increase its recrystallization temperature; therewith, the effect of scandium on the increase in the temperatures of the onset and finish of recrystallization is more substantial.     

热变形对高氮奥氏体不锈钢Mn18Cr18N组织和显微硬度的影响

试验用Mn18Cr18N钢(/%:0.03C、19.25Cr、17.96Mn、0.59N)经100 kg加压真空感应炉冶炼,锻造开坯并轧成12 mm板。用Gleeble 3800热模拟机研究了温度(750～1150℃)和变形(15%～60%)对Mn18Cr18N高氮钢显微硬度和组织的影响,并得高氮钢的再结晶图。试验结果显示,处于未再结晶区时高氮钢Mn18Cr18N的显微硬度随着变形温度升高缓慢下降,部分再结晶区时快速下降,完全再结晶区时又缓慢下降;在完全再结晶区时,细晶强化是试验钢主要强化方式,显微硬度与晶粒尺寸符合Hall-Petch经验公式;在未再结晶区时,应变强化是主要强化方式;未再结晶区变形强化效果要明显高于再结晶区。     

合金元素Mg、Cr对5052铝合金性能和组织的影响

采用扫描电镜和能谱分析等检测手段,对不同Mg、Cr含量的5052铝合金主要物相的形貌、分布进行观察和分析,并对合金再结晶退火板材的性能比较分析。结果表明：合金中的主要物相为β（Al Mg）相和Al Cr相,大多呈不规则的块、条8 5 7状或粗骨骼状。Al Cr相尺寸和分布的数量随Cr含量升高而增大。合金元素Mg是5052合金的主要强化元素,合金元素Cr是补7充强化元素;在Mg含量处于合金范围的下限时,增加等量的Cr,合金的强化效果比增加等量的Mg好。     

On the improvement of creep strength and ductility of Ni-20 pct Cr by small zirconium additions

The creep and fracture properties of high-purity Ni-20 pct Cr and Ni-20 pct Cr-0.11 pct Zr alloys are compared at 1073 K in vacuum. The Ni-20 pct Cr alloy cavitates at the grain boundaries and fractures intergranularly after strains of typically 20 pct. The observed cavity growth rates are in keeping with those predicted. Alloying with zirconium substantially increases the creep strength and ductility. Creep rupture associated with dynamic recrystallization occurs, and voids are observed only in heavily necked parts of the samples. In addition to Ni₅Zr and ZrO₂ inclusions, a Zr₄C₂S₂ carbo-sulfide was identified. Thus, the sulfur-gettering effect of zirconium even at very low residual sulfur levels (20 wt ppm) was confirmed. The zirconium-induced increase in the creep strength is discussed, and the inhibition of creep cavitation by zirconium is examined within the framework of thermal cavity nucleation. Lowering of the grain boundary diffusivity and the grain boundary free energy as well as dynamic recrystallization are likely to reduce cavity nucleation and growth rates in Ni-Cr-Zr and will thus increase its ductility. Finally, the results are used to illustrate the critical importance of minor alloying additions in constructing and using fracture mechanism maps.     

Comparison of the Effect of Individual and Combined Zr and Mn Additions on the Fracture Behavior of Al-Cu-Li Alloy AA2198 Rolled Sheet

The effect of individual and combined addition of dispersoid-forming alloying elements Zr and Mn on the fracture behavior of the Al-Cu-Li alloy 2198 has been investigated by the Kahn tear test. Overall, the standard baseline 2198 alloy containing only Zr exhibited the best performance, while the alloy with the combined presence of Zr and Mn was slightly inferior. The lowest properties were seen for a Zr-free 2198-0.4Mn alloy variant. In the T351 temper fracture initiated at coarse constituent particles that formed large cavities and microvoid sheets linked the initial sites of void growth. In the Mn-containing alloys microvoids clearly nucleated at the coarser Al₂₀Cu₂Mn₃ dispersoids within the microstructure, while this was not identifiable for the finer coherent Al₃Zr dispersoids. However, this difference in the mechanism of cavity linkage had little effect on the overall toughness of the materials, which was more closely related to the effect of Mn and Zr on the level of recrystallization. Extended artificial aging promoted grain boundary decohesion due to the precipitation of high densities of T₁ particles on GBs and favored a cleavage fracture mode. Particle decohesive fracture was also promoted by T₁ precipitation on the Mn dispersoids.     

Effect of multiple additives (Mn and Zr) on microstructure of P/M 7000 series aluminum alloys

Mesoalite series alloys were formed using rapid solidification powder metallurgy (RS-P/M) by hot extrusion. The addition of Mn and Zr to the basic Mesoalite alloy (Meso10) in excess led to continuous dynamic recrystallization (DRX) in the alloy during hot extrusion through a different mechanism. In order to achieve a synergistic effect, Mn and Zr additives were used simultaneously. It was found that the DRX mechanism was governed by the addition of Mn, while the Zr addition was effective in coarsening control.     

Microstructure-property relationships of two AI-3Li-2Cu-0.2Zr-XCd alloys

The microstructure and tensile properties of two A1-3 wt pct Li-2 wt pct Cu-0.2 wt pct Zr alloys, one Cd-free and one containing 0.2 wt pct Cd, have been investigated. The Cd-free alloy remained unrecrystallized for all solutionizing treatments studied, whereas a special treatment had to be developed to prevent recrystallization during solutionizing of the 0.2 wt pct Cd alloy. In combination with cadmium, zirconium either enters into, or nucleates on, the course Al₇Cu₂Fe and T₂ phases during high temperature annealing. This reduces the volume fraction of small coherent Al₃Zr particles in the matrix which normally inhibits recrystallization. Consequently, a low temperature anneal to precipitate Al₃Zr is necessary prior to high temperature solutionizing in order to prevent recrystallization in the Cd-containing alloy. Unlike its effect in lower lithium, higher copper content aluminum alloys, cadmium does not significantly affect the nucleation of the strengthening precipitates. If anything, cadmium has a detrimental effect on the age hardening response of this alloy, since it increases the formation of coarse Al-Cu-Li equilibrium phases at grain and subgrain boundaries and thus removes some of the copper and lithium from participating in the formation of the strengthening precipitates T₁ and δ′. Subgrain boundary fracture occurred during tensile tests of both alloys in the unrecrystallized condition; however, transgranular fracture occurred in tests of the partially recrystallized 0.2 wt pct Cd alloy. Both types of fractures are believed due to a form of strain localization associated with precipitate free zones and shearable precipitates. Formerly with the Fracture and Fatigue Research Laboratory, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA     

Cr对含Nb高强无取向硅钢组织、织构及性能的影响

 高强无取向硅钢主要应用于高速电机,要求其具备高强度和优异磁性能,但目前无取向硅钢的磁性能和强度难以兼顾。因此,设计并制备了添加微量Cr的含Nb高强无取向硅钢,通过光学显微镜、EBSD、万能拉伸试验机、四探针测试仪和磁性能测量仪等研究了Cr对含Nb高强无取向硅钢微观组织、织构、力学性能及磁性能的影响。结果表明,添加质量分数为0.5%的Cr抑制了热轧组织的回复,使常化和退火组织再结晶减弱,常化和退火后有利织构面积分数增加,不利织构面积分数减小。添加质量分数为0.5%的Cr使含Nb无取向硅钢的屈服强度显著增大,磁感略升高,但对铁损几乎没有影响。Cr对屈服强度的影响一方面是由于Cr的固溶强化作用,另一方面Cr促进了Nb的析出而使Nb的析出强化效果增强;而Cr提高含Nb高强无取向硅钢的磁感主要是由于促进有利织构形成的同时抑制了不利织构的形成,使得织构因子增大;添加Cr使无取向硅钢的电阻率增加从而使铁损降低,同时Cr促进了Nb的析出,而这种富Nb析出相不仅抑制晶粒长大且会阻碍磁畴移动而使铁损增高,在两方面因素的综合作用下,添加质量分数为0.5%的Cr对含Nb高强无取向硅钢的铁损几乎没有影响。因此,含Nb高强无取向硅钢中添加微量Cr,会由于Cr的固溶作用以及其促进Nb的析出而提高钢的强度并提高钢的综合磁性能。     

连铸结晶器用Zr-Cr-Cu合金的净化及强化机理分析

利用金相显微分析技术对连铸结晶器用Zr-Cr-Cu合金在冶炼过程中产生的氧化物进行了定性、定量分析.结合生产实际,提出了防止和控制氧化,获得高纯净度铜合金的措施.同时对所研制的Zr-Cr-Cu合金结晶器铜板的强化机理进行了深入的探讨.     

Dynamic recrystallization during creep in a 45 Pct Ni-35 pct Fe-20 pct Cr alloy system

A combined 3.5 wt pct Mo + 1.2 wt pct Ti imparted dynamic recrystallization in a 35 wt pct Fe-45 wt pct Ni-20 wt pct Cr alloy system during creep at 700 °C, whereas 3.5 wt pct Mo addition alone did not initiate recrystallization. Dynamic recrystallization substantially increased the creep elongation and produced a high ductile fracture topography in the present alloy system. A subgrain coalescence nucleation mechanism for dynamic recrystallization mechanism was operative during creep. The critical initiation strain requirements are also discussed.