两种Ni-Cr-B-Si系合金等离子堆焊层组织结构和显微硬度的研究

采用等离子堆焊技术在304L不锈钢表面堆焊Ni-Cr-B-Si合金粉末熔覆层。应用扫描电子显微镜、电子探针、X-射线衍射仪、显微硬度计等测试手段,研究两种Ni-Cr-B-Si系合金成分等离子堆焊层组织结构和显微硬度。结果表明:堆焊合金层组织由毭-Ni树枝晶和树枝晶间多元共晶组成;Cr,C,B和Si元素含量增加,树枝状组织含量大幅减少,碳化物和硼化物含量显著增加。硬度测试结果表明:硼化物和碳化物含量增大使得堆焊层硬度显著提高。     

等离子堆焊铌元素增强镍基合金堆焊层的组织与性能

利用等离子堆焊技术在304L钢板表面制备了添加Nb粉的Ni40合金堆焊层,并对堆焊层的微观组织、显微硬度和耐磨性进行研究。结果表明,堆焊层组织主要由γ-Ni树枝晶、枝晶间的共晶组织、弥散分布的Nb C颗粒、硼化物和碳化物等相组成。由于增强相Nb C颗粒在堆焊层中均匀分布,使Nb/Ni40复合合金堆焊层与纯Ni40合金堆焊层相比,显微硬度提高约40%(平均达到448 HV0.3),耐磨性也提高约37.5%。     

铌元素含量对等离子堆焊镍基合金的影响

采用添加了5种不同比例Nb粉的镍基复合合金粉末,通过等离子堆焊技术在304L上进行堆焊,并对堆焊层的显微组织、元素分布和显微硬度进行对比分析。结果表明,堆焊层组织主要由γ-Ni树枝晶、枝晶间的共晶组织、Cr的硼化物、弥散分布的NbC颗粒等相组成。当Nb粉含量为5wt%时硬度值最高,相比于纯镍基合金堆焊层显微硬度提高了约40%。     

焊接参数对Ni60合金等离子堆焊层组织结构和显微硬度的影响

采用等离子堆焊技术在Z2CN18-10不锈钢表面堆焊Ni60合金粉末熔覆层。应用扫描电镜、电子探针、X-射线衍射仪、显微硬度计等测试手段,研究焊接电流和送粉速度对Ni60合金等离子堆焊层组织结构和显微硬度的影响。结果表明:堆焊层显微硬度较基材有明显提高,并且在熔合区域出现明显的硬度过渡和元素扩散区。焊接电流为110A时堆焊层显微硬度为630HV。随着焊接电流增大或送粉速度降低,堆焊层硬度和熔合区硬度梯度均明显降低。堆焊层出现了明显的组织梯度,包括熔合区、近熔合区树枝晶区(针状、条状、小花状)和近表层等轴晶区(块状、片状)。焊接电流增加,近表面区域小花状共晶结构并未消失,体积含量增大。送粉速度降低,堆焊层近熔合线区域针状结构变粗大。送粉速度为6g/min时,堆焊层中部区域出现了具有方向性的长条状和分离的块状硼化物。     

淬火温度对Fe-Cr-B-C合金涂层组织及硬度的影响

利用等离子堆焊工艺制备了Fe-Cr-B-C合金涂层,并对其进行了不同温度(850、950和1050 ℃)的淬火处理。利用OM、SEM、XRD研究了合金涂层不同温度淬火后的显微组织,利用显微硬度计对合金涂层的硬度进行了测试。结果表明:堆焊态Fe-Cr-B-C合金涂层的显微组织由树枝晶基体和网状硼碳化物组成;经1050 ℃淬火处理的Fe-Cr-B-C合金涂层网状硼碳化物回溶、球化,硬度达64.3 HRC,综合性能最优。     

Mo元素对Fe-Cr-Mo-C堆焊合金组织和性能的影响

采用等离子弧堆焊技术对不同Mo含量的Fe-Cr-Mo-C系合金进行堆焊,研究不同Mo含量对Fe-Cr-Mo-C堆焊层组织和性能的影响。采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和X射线衍射仪(XRD)对堆焊层组织和物相进行分析,采用显微硬度计对堆焊层显微硬度进行测试。结果表明:Fe-Cr-Mo-C合金组织由γ,M_(23)C_6,M_2C以及M_6C组成,随着合金中Mo含量的增加,M_(23)C_6数量逐渐减少,蜂窝状的共晶碳化物M_2C数量逐渐增多,且M_2C逐渐转变为菊花状的共晶碳化物M_6C,大量高硬度M_2C均匀分布在堆焊层中,使得w(Mo) 8.2%和w(Mo) 10.1%合金堆焊层顶端显微硬度平均值较高,达到HV_(0.2)795,有利于促进堆焊层耐磨性的提高。     

等离子堆焊镍包SiC_p增强钴基覆层的组织分析

为了降低等离子堆焊过程中SiCp的烧损及改善SiCp的湿润性,采用改进的等离子喷焊枪在H13钢表面制备钴基镍包SiCp陶瓷增强复合堆焊层。用XRD对覆层的物相进行了鉴定;用OM和SEM分析了堆焊层组织;用显微硬度计测试了堆焊层的显微硬度。结果表明,堆焊层组织由结合区的胞状晶组织及涂层区的树枝晶以及一些颗粒相组成;堆焊层主要由Cr、Co等元素的硅化物和Cr的碳化物(Cr23C6、Cr7C3)及Co的固溶体组成,并在堆焊层顶层发现有少量的SiCp;显微硬度从表面向基体逐渐降低,呈梯度分布,堆焊层表面平均硬度(HV)可达800。     

等离子堆焊球形碳化钨颗粒增强镍基合金堆焊层的组织与性能

采用等离子堆焊技术在304L不锈钢表面上堆焊碳化钨颗粒增强镍基合金层。研究了不同碳化钨颗粒含量对堆焊层组织形态、显微硬度的影响。结果表明,堆焊层组织包括树枝晶和枝晶间多元共晶组织;堆焊层中初始碳化钨颗粒沉积在堆焊层底部,堆焊层顶部无碳化钨区域出现新的鱼骨状和块状结构。在堆焊过程中,碳化钨颗粒发生熔解并与镍基合金元素相互作用形成低熔点共晶组织,以块状和长片状析出。随碳化钨含量增加,堆焊层平均硬度增加,堆焊层顶部鱼骨状和块状结构对堆焊层硬度没有影响。     

C-Cr-Nb-Ni堆焊合金粉末等离子浅熔深熔敷层性能研究

采用粉末等离子堆焊方法,对自制的C-Cr-Nb-Ni合金粉末进行堆焊,研究了不同堆焊电流对熔深的影响。对堆焊层进行显微硬度测试,采用金相显微镜和扫描电镜分析了堆焊层的显微组织及物相。研究结果表明,堆焊电流120 A时,母材基本不发生熔化,可得到低稀释率的堆焊层。堆焊层的显微硬度在距熔合线0.5 mm以后,硬度增加不明显。堆焊层的显微组织主要为马氏体及少量残余奥氏体,硬质相为六边形状Cr3C2,熔敷层碳含量和铌含量较高,但并未形成铌的碳化物,含铌化合物起到形核质点及细化晶粒的作用。     

等离子转移弧堆焊镍基和钴基合金堆焊层的组织和耐磨性能研究

采用等离子转移弧堆焊技术制备了碳化钨增强镍基Stelcar65合金和钴基Stellite6合金堆焊层,利用X射线衍射仪和扫描电镜分析了堆焊层的相组成和显微组织,并用磨损试验机研究了两种合金堆焊层的磨损性能。结果表明,Stelcar65合金堆焊层由碳化钨增强颗粒和镍基合金基体组成,碳化钨硬质颗粒均匀地分布在Stelcar65合金堆焊层中。Stellite6合金堆焊层从熔合线至表面,依次出现平面晶、胞状晶、树枝晶和等轴晶几种组织。Stelcar65、Stellite6合金堆焊层的平均硬度分别为542 HV和449 HV。Stelcar65合金堆焊层具有优异的耐磨性能,其堆焊层的磨损量小于Stellite6堆焊层。Stelcar65合金堆焊层的磨损机理是磨粒磨损和粘着磨损,而Stellite6的磨损机理为磨粒磨损。     

Influence of alloy chemistry on microstructure and properties in NiCrBSi overlay coatings deposited by plasma transferred arc welding (PTAW)

The microstructures and performance of two NiCrBSi alloy overlays deposited by plasma transferred arc welding are studied. The coatings consist of a γ-Ni primary dendritic phase with harder Ni + Ni₃B or Ni + Ni₃Si eutectics and Cr-based particles (CrB, Cr₃C₂, and Cr₇C₃) situated at the interdendritic regions. It was found that the volume fraction of the soft primary dendritic phase drastically decreased and the proportion of chromium borides and carbides increased with an increase of C, B, Si, and Cr content. Microhardness testing revealed that the primary Ni dendrite, interdendritic, and Cr-particle phases had average hardness values of 405, 860, and 1200 HV respectively. An increase in the volume fraction of hard eutectics and Cr-particles lead to a substantial increase in hardness and wear resistance.     

Investigation on the microstructure and cracking susceptibility of laser-clad V2O5 /NiCrBSiC alloy coatings

The effect of V₂O₅ on the refinement of microstructures and the reduction of cracking susceptibility of laser-clad NiCrBSiC hardfacing coatings are investigated. It is shown that high volume fraction and inhomogeneous distribution of the coarse brittle phases of chromium borides and carbides in NiCrBSiC layer are the dominating origins for hot cracks. The addition of V₂O₅ has an apparent effect on enhancing the toughness, refining the microstructure and reducing the cracking sensitivity of the coating. This is attributed to the generation of vanadium borides and carbides. The vanadium borides generate prior to and consequently inhibit the formation of chromium borides during rapid solidification because of lower standard free energy of formation of the former. They also restrain the growth of chromium carbides and make them distribute homogeneously. The reasons for crack initiation and distribution are discussed based on the microstructures of the cladding layers. It is demonstrated that the generation of cracks is determined by the microstructure of the cladding layers and the occurrence of cracking is governed by heat stress.     

钒对高铬合金铸渗层组织与性能的影响

通过真空实型铸造工艺(V-EPC)在ZG45钢表面制备不同含钒量的高铬合金复合层,采用扫描电镜(SEM)、能谱仪(EDS)和X射线衍射仪(XRD)分析了含钒量对铸渗层组织的影响,使用洛氏硬度计和冲击磨损试验机研究了钒含量对硬度和耐磨性的影响。研究表明,铸渗层组织主要由α-Fe与α-Fe+M₇C₃+VC共晶组织组成,过渡层内各合金元素成梯度分布,C、Cr、V元素自铸渗层向基体发生了扩散,且C、Cr、V元素的分布与碳化物的分布高度重合。随着钒含量的增加,晶粒逐渐细化,共晶碳化物数量逐渐增多,VC也增多,铸渗层硬度和耐磨性显著提高。热处理后有大量二次碳化物析出,随着铸渗层中钒含量增加,热处理后二次硬化效果显著提高。     

Development of boron white cast iron

Abstract

With boron substituting for carbon in cast iron composition and eutectic borides substituting for eutectic carbides in microstructure as the hard wear resistant phase, a new kind of wear resistant white cast iron has been developed. The microstructure and mechanical properties of this new white cast iron both in the as cast state and after appropriate heat treatments were studied. The results show that the as cast microstructure of the boron white cast iron comprises a dendritic matrix and interdendritic eutectics, and the eutectic compound is that of M₂B or M′_0˙9Cr_1˙1B_0˙9 type, where M represents Fe, Cr or Mn and M′ represents Fe or Mn. The morphology of the eutectic borides is much like that of carbide in high chromium white cast iron, but the hardness of boride is higher than that of carbide. The matrix in as cast microstructure comprises martensite and pearlite. After austenitising and quenching, the matrix mostly changes to lath type martensite and the eutectic borides remain unchanged. In addition, two different sizes of particles, with different forming processes during heat treatment, appear in the matrix. The boron white cast iron possesses higher hardness and toughness than conventional white cast iron and nickel hard white cast iron, and has a better balance between hardness and toughness than high chromium white cast iron.     

淬火工艺对Cr26高铬耐磨铸铁组织与硬度的影响

利用光学显微镜、洛氏硬度计等研究了不同淬火工艺对Cr26高铬耐磨铸铁组织与硬度的影响。结果表明:铸态Cr26高铬铸铁组织主要由初生奥氏体和碳化物组成。经980~1060 ℃不同温度淬火、空冷后,高铬铸铁组织中有大量二次碳化物析出。随着淬火温度的升高,析出的二次碳化物先增加后减少,试样硬度先升高后降低。1020 ℃淬火试样硬度达到峰值,为65.7 HRC。1020 ℃淬火高铬铸铁,经空淬、油淬和水淬不同方式冷却,随着冷却速度的增大,高铬铸铁组织中碳化物颗粒、碳化物比例逐渐增大,硬度逐渐增大,其中水淬高铬铸铁试样硬度最大,达到68.2 HRC。     

Effect of TiC Particle Additions on Structure and Properties of Hypereutectic High Chromium Cast Iron

The present work studies the effects of titanium carbide (TiC) particle additions on the microstructure and mechanical properties of hypereutectic high chromium cast iron containing about 20%Cr and 4.0%C by the optical microscopy (OM), the transmission electron microscopy (TEM), the X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, the digital image analysis system, impact tester, and hardness tester. The carbides of high chromium cast iron are refined gradually and the shape of the primary M₇C₃-type carbides became more isotropic with the increase of TiC particles. When the addition of TiC particles exceeds 1.0 wt.%, the change of microstructure is not obvious. The hardness of high chromium cast iron has a slight increase and impact toughness has a obvious increase with the increase of TiC additions. However, when the addition of TiC particles exceeds 1.0 wt.%, the impact toughness has no obvious change.     

Effect of Niobium on the Microstructure and Wear Resistance of Nickel-Based Alloy Coating by Laser Cladding

The nickel-based alloys with different Nb contents were deposited on AISI 1045 carbon steel by laser cladding. The effect of Nb on the microstructures of the nickel-based alloy coatings was investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques. The result show that the microstructures of the Nb-modified nickel-based alloy coatings are mainly composed of γ-Ni dendrites, interdendritic eutectics, CrB type chromium borides, and dispersed NbC particles. It is found that the addition of Nb will lead to the precipitation of the NbC particles and M23C6 type carbides instead of the M7C3, and M23C6 type carbides can be observed in the Nb-free nickel-based alloy coating. The microhardness and wear resistance of the coatings increase with the increase of Nb contents. The improvement of the wear resistance of the Nb-modified nickel-based alloy coatings is attributed to the microstructural change and phase variation.     

热处理工艺对离心铸造高铬铸铁轧辊组织及硬度的影响

采用了光学显微镜、扫描电镜、X射线衍射仪、洛氏硬度计等仪器,研究了离心铸造高铬铸铁轧辊铸态及淬火与回火后的显微组织结构、碳化物和硬度等。结果表明:高铬铸铁轧铸态组织主要是由奥氏体+少量马氏体+(Cr,Fe)₇C₃碳化物组成,碳化物呈粗大板条状或块状,不同温度热处理后,得到回火马氏体+(Cr,Fe)₇C₃+Cr₇C₃碳化物的组织,组织中粗大板条状碳化物消失,得到细小块状或椭圆状碳化物。该高铬铸铁轧辊铸态硬度为56.0HRC左右,在950℃淬火及400℃回火处理后硬度增加到了约65.5HRC。     

低铬白口铸铁中硅对组织形态的影响

采用硅进行低铬白日铸铁的台金化．实验发现．随着硅含量增加,碳比物形貌由网状向断网状、分散孤立的条块状转变;碳化物的含量增加,尺寸细化;碳化物硬度、基体硬度及材料的整体硬度也逐渐增高。在铬含量为5％左右、硅含量＞2．5％时．碳化物出现了M7C3型。     

淬火回火工艺对Cr26过共晶高铬铸铁组织及性能的影响

采用X射线衍射仪、光学显微镜、扫描电镜、硬度测试、冲击试验和磨损试验等手段,研究了淬火和回火工艺对Cr26型过共晶高铬铸铁组织、硬度、冲击吸收能量和耐磨性的影响。结果表明,经980~1100 ℃淬火和250~600 ℃回火后的Cr26过共晶高铬铸铁的组织主要是马氏体基体,M₇C₃碳化物和少量奥氏体。初生碳化物为六边形,共晶碳化物和回火生成的二次碳化物呈短棒状。总体碳化物含量随淬火温度升高略有上升。随回火温度的升高,硬度先降低后增加,超过500 ℃回火时再次降低,而冲击吸收能量先增加后降低,超过350 ℃回火时再次上升。不同温度淬火时,对应最大耐磨性的回火温度不同。980、1050 ℃淬火时,再经250 ℃回火获得最高的耐磨性,而1100 ℃淬火时,再经350 ℃回火获得最大耐磨性。