集成预防性维护计划的单机调度蚁群优化研究

尽管生产调度与预防性维护计划密切相关,且其共有目标都是提高机床的利用率,但是存在着调度优化上的冲突.为了综合考虑单机情形下的生产调度与预防性维护计划,提出了一种改进的蚁群优化算法,用于解决以总计作业加权完成时间和总计维护成本最小为双目标的生产调度与预防性维护计划的集成模型.同时进行了大量的仿真实验,比较结果表明提出的蚁...     

一种动态识别瓶颈机床的前向启发算法

为了解决作业车间调度问题中的瓶颈漂移和动态识别问题,提出了一种动态识别瓶颈机床的前向启发算法.该算法引入搜索空间的概率分析方法,通过工序开工概率、工序对机床的独立需求概率、机床累计需求概率和3个量化参数,构造了以竞争高峰时段的机床负荷量大小为判定依据的瓶颈机床识别启发规则.实验结果表明该方法能够有效识别瓶颈机床,使得大规模作业车间调度的求解复杂度显著降低.     

板式家具企业的订单组批问题研究

为了减少板式家具企业封边工序过长的准备时间以及提高原材料的开料利用率，满足企业快速组批的需求，本文研究板式家具的订单组批问题，并提出一个组批优化的方法。在对组批问题进行定义和数学描述的基础上，建立了一个双目标问题的数学模型，通过序贯优化分析如何求解双目标问题，设计出一种组合调度规则的启发式算法。为了验证算法和评估调度规则的性能，设计了该类问题的算例生成方法，并将本文的方法与另外构造的10种规则算法应用到生成的算例上，进行仿真调度，最后与精确解法作比较。仿真调度的结果显示基于板块颜色与板块厚度的调度规则可以有效地降低封边工序的准备时间，提高原料利用率。     

考虑作业效率差异的同类岸桥作业调度优化

针对集装箱港口岸桥调度过程中,岸桥具有作业效率差异的特点,将其视为同类平行机调度问题,同时结合岸桥作业不可相互穿越与安全距离等特有约束,建立了更加符合实际的岸桥作业调度混合整数规划模型,其优化目标是最小化装卸作业的最大完工时间。针对问题的NP-hard特性,设计了求解模型的遗传算法,对算法搜索空间进行了讨论,并推导了问题的下界。最后,通过实验算例验证了模型与算法的有效性。     

基于直线往复单智能RGV系统单工序调度研究

针对直线布局轨道式智能加工系统单自动引导车(rail guide vehicle, RGV)单工序作业调度进行研究。考虑到智能RGV与数控机床(CNC machine tools)的特点,建立了给定时间内RGV与CNC机床配合物料加工下料用时之和最小化为目标的非线性整数规划模型。当加工物料数目比较多时,求解该问题非常耗时。根据RGV与CNC机床加工物料调度特征,提出计算机模拟仿真算法对问题进行求解。利用3组系统参数对模型及算法的有效性和实用性进行了检验分析,最后给出了最优调度计划的实际运行结果及结论。     

作业外包与单机批调度联合优化问题的确定型启发式算法

从制造商角度出发,研究了考虑作业外包选择的单机批调度联合优化问题,建立了以最小化作业外包总成本与内部批加工总成本之和为目标函数的0-1规划模型,并分析了该问题的NP困难性和优化性质。在此基础上,利用两种不同的外包作业集决策方式以及与之相适应的作业筛选次序组,设计出两种具备多项式时间复杂度的确定型启发式算法,即作业加入型算法和作业剔除型算法。在仿真实验中,针对大量测试算例对比分析了这两种算法在优化质量、运行耗时上的性能表现。实验结果表明,两种算法均能在极短时间内求得较高质量的近似解,但作业剔除型算法在优化质量上要显著优于作业加入型算法。     

考虑运输时间的绿色作业车间调度问题研究

针对制造车间能量消耗大、利用率低的现状,以作业车间为研究对象,建立了一种AGV (automated guided vehicle)运输与加工资源集成调度的模型。首先,通过考虑机器间利用AGV运输工件所需的时间与对应的能耗构建了车间总能耗和完工时间的多目标优化模型,并设置权重系数来调节优化目标的偏好。其次,提出了一种融入模拟退火搜索策略的分布估计算法对模型进行求解。该算法主要是利用分布估计算法全局搜索能力快和模拟退火算法突跳性强的特点构建的一种新的混合算法。同时设计新的退火函数来进一步提高算法深度搜索能力。最后,通过实例验证所提算法的可行性和模型节能的有效性。     

考虑生产过程时间的柔性作业车间调度优化

通过研究生产过程时间,重新细分和定义等待时间,建立包括运输时间、调整时间、故障时间、等待时间、加工时间在内的柔性作业车间生产过程的时间模型,研究了柔性作业车间调度优化问题并设计了混合遗传算法的求解算法。最后,采用经典柔性作业车间调度用例,验证和对比了柔性作业车间调度的结果。结果表明,基于生产过程时间模型研究柔性作业车间调度问题,其优化性能有较好的改进,具有更好的实际应用价值。     

基于改进NSGA2算法的多目标柔性作业车间调度

柔性作业车间调度问题（FJSP）是经典作业车间调度问题的重要扩展,其中每个操作可以在多台机器上处理,反之亦然。结合实际生产过程中加工时间、机器负载、运行成本等情况,建立了多目标调度模型。针对NSGA2算法收敛性不足的缺陷,引入免疫平衡原理改进NSGA2算法的选择策略和精英保留策略,成功避免了局部收敛问题,提高了算法的优化性能。通过与启发式规则以及多种智能算法进行比对仿真实验,改进的NASA2算法能获得更好的解。用改进的NAGA2算法求解实例,不仅有效地克服多目标间数量级和量纲的障碍,而且得到了满意的pareto解集,进一步验证了该算法和模型的可行性。     

基于遗传禁忌算法考虑转运约束的并行机批量调度问题研究

在多品种混流生产车间里，广泛存在着各种批量的任务在多台并行机上调度优化问题。这种并行机批量调度需要考虑批量大小设置、加工顺序优化、设备充分利用等多种要素，是一类典型NP-hard问题，且当任务加工完后还需要考虑转运过程时，问题将变得更加复杂。为了减少并行机生产过程中任务拖期和在制品积压，寻求更好的生产调度方案，针对典型并行机生产和转运场景，以最小化加权完工时间及拖期工件的惩罚费用、作业切换成本、库存成本之和为优化目标，设计了基于启发式规则的仿真程序与遗传禁忌算法相结合的优化算法，研究单工序不相关并行机调度环境下车间批量调度的最优调度方案，再通过案例验证了本文优化算法的有效性。结果表明，优化算法得出的并行机批量调度方案使得作业切换次数和拖期订单大大减少，减少在制品库存的同时提高了转运资源的利用率。     

Bi-objective optimisation for integrated scheduling of single machine with setup times and preventive maintenance planning

This paper deals with an integrated bi-objective optimisation problem for production scheduling and preventive maintenance in a single-machine context with sequence-dependent setup times. To model its increasing failure rate, the time to failure of the machine is subject to Weibull distribution. The two objectives are to minimise the total expected completion time of jobs and to minimise the maximum of expected times of failure of the machine at the same time. During the setup times, preventive maintenance activities are supposed to be performed simultaneously. Due to the assumption of non-preemptive job processing, three resolution policies are adapted to deal with the conflicts arising between job processing and maintenance activities. Two decisions are to be taken at the same time: find the permutation of jobs and determine when to perform the preventive maintenance. To solve this integrated problem, two well-known evolutionary genetic algorithms are compared to find an approximation of the Pareto-optimal front, in terms of standard multi-objective metrics. The results of extensive computational experiments show the promising performance of the adapted algorithms.     

Scheduling preventive maintenance on a single CNC machine

In this study we attempt to deal with process planning, scheduling and preventive maintenance (PM) decisions, simultaneously. The objective is to minimize the total completion time of a set of jobs on a CNC machine. During the process planning, we decide on the processing times of the jobs which are controllable (i.e. they can be easily changed) on CNC machines. Using shorter processing times (higher production rates) would result in greater deterioration of the machine, and we would need to plan more frequent PM visits to the machine, during which it would not be available. Therefore, the selected processing times determine not only the completion times but also the PM visit times. We first provide optimality properties for the joint problem. We propose a new heuristic search algorithm to determine simultaneously the processing times of the jobs, their sequence and the PM schedule.     

Two-stage hybrid flow shop scheduling with preventive maintenance using multi-objective tabu search method

This paper investigates an integrated bi-objective optimisation problem with non-resumable jobs for production scheduling and preventive maintenance in a two-stage hybrid flow shop with one machine on the first stage and m identical parallel machines on the second stage. Sequence-dependent set-up times and preventive maintenance (PM) on the first stage machine are considered. The scheduling objectives are to minimise the unavailability of the first stage machine and to minimise the makespan simultaneously. To solve this integrated problem, three decisions have to be made: determine the processing sequence of jobs on the first stage machine, determine whether or not to perform PM activity just after each job, and specify the processing machine of each job on the second stage. Due to the complexity of the problem, a multi-objective tabu search (MOTS) method is adapted with the implementation details. The method generates non-dominated solutions with several parallel tabu lists and Pareto dominance concept. The performance of the method is compared with that of a well-known multi-objective genetic algorithm, in terms of standard multi-objective metrics. Computational results show that the proposed MOTS yields a better approximation.     

A method combining rules with genetic algorithm for minimizing makespan on a batch processing machine with preventive maintenance

This paper considers the problem of minimising makespan on a single batch processing machine with flexible periodic preventive maintenance. This problem combines two sub-problems, scheduling on a batch processing machine with jobs’ release dates considered and arranging the preventive maintenance activities on a batch processing machine. The preventive maintenance activities are flexible but the maximum continuous working time of the machine, which is allowed, is determined. A mathematical model for integrating flexible periodic preventive maintenance into batch processing machine problem is proposed, in which the grouping of jobs with incompatible job families, the starting time of batches and the preventive maintenance activities are optimised simultaneously. A method combining rules with the genetic algorithm is proposed to solve this model, in which a batching rule is proposed to group jobs with incompatible job families into batches and a modified genetic algorithm is proposed to schedule batches and arrange preventive maintenance activities. The computational results indicate the method is effective under practical problem sizes. In addition, the influences of jobs’ parameters on the performance of the method are analyzed, such as the number of jobs, the number of job families, jobs’ processing time and jobs’ release time.     

Joint optimization of maintenance,buffers and machines in manufacturing lines

This article considers a series manufacturing line composed of several machines separated by intermediate buffers of finite capacity. The goal is to find the optimal number of preventive maintenance actions performed on each machine, the optimal selection of machines and the optimal buffer allocation plan that minimize the total system cost, while providing the desired system throughput level. The mean times between failures of all machines are assumed to increase when applying periodic preventive maintenance. To estimate the production line throughput, a decomposition method is used. The decision variables in the formulated optimal design problem are buffer levels, types of machines and times between preventive maintenance actions. Three heuristic approaches are developed to solve the formulated combinatorial optimization problem. The first heuristic consists of a genetic algorithm, the second is based on the nonlinear threshold accepting metaheuristic and the third is an ant colony system. The proposed heuristics are compared and their efficiency is shown through several numerical examples. It is found that the nonlinear threshold accepting algorithm outperforms the genetic algorithm and ant colony system, while the genetic algorithm provides better results than the ant colony system for longer manufacturing lines.     

Single machine scheduling with preventive maintenances

We consider the single machine total flow time problem in which the jobs are non-resumable and the machine is subject to preventive maintenance activities of known starting times and durations. We propose a branch-and-bound algorithm that employs powerful optimality properties and bounding procedures. Our extensive computational studies show that our algorithm can solve large-sized problem instances with up to 80 jobs in reasonable times. We also study a two-alternative maintenance planning problem with minor and major maintenances. We give a polynomial-time algorithm to find the optimal maintenance times when the job sequence is fixed.     

Preventive maintenance and replacement policies for deteriorating production systems subject to imperfect repairs

This paper presents a special case of integration of the preventive maintenance into the repair/replacement policy of a failure-prone system. The machine of the considered system exhibits increasing failure intensity and increasing repair times. To reduce the failure rate and subsequent repair times following a failure, there is an incentive to perform preventive maintenance on the machine before failure. When a failure occurs, the machine can be repaired or replaced by a new one. Thus the machine's mode at any time can be classified as either operating, in repair, in replacement or in preventive maintenance. The decision variables of the system are the repair/replacement switching age or number of failures at the time of the machine's failure and the preventive maintenance rate. The problem of determining the repair/replacement and preventive maintenance policies is formulated as a semi-Markov decision process and numerical methods are given in order to compute optimal policies which minimise the average cost incurred by preventive maintenance, repair and replacement over an infinite planning horizon. As expected, the decisions to repair or to replace the machine upon a failure are modified by performing preventive maintenance. A numerical example is given and a sensitivity analysis is performed to illustrate the proposed approach and to show the impact of various parameters on the control policies thus obtained.     

Multi-objective group scheduling optimization integrated with preventive maintenance

This article proposes a single-machine-based integration model to meet the requirements of production scheduling and preventive maintenance in group production. To describe the production for identical/similar and different jobs, this integrated model considers the learning and forgetting effects. Based on machine degradation, the deterioration effect is also considered. Moreover, perfect maintenance and minimal repair are adopted in this integrated model. The multi-objective of minimizing total completion time and maintenance cost is taken to meet the dual requirements of delivery date and cost. Finally, a genetic algorithm is developed to solve this optimization model, and the computation results demonstrate that this integrated model is effective and reliable.     

Scheduling with shutdowns and sequence dependent set-up times

This paper considers a single machine scheduling problem with ready and due times constraints on jobs, shutdown constraints on the machine and sequence dependent set-up times among jobs. The shutdown is a disruptive event such as holiday, breaks or machine maintenance, and has a prespecified period when the machine will be interrupted. If no pre-emption is allowed for jobs, shutdown constraints divide the planning horizon into disconnected time windows. An optimization algorithm based on the branch-and-bound method is developed to minimize the maximum tardiness for solving the problem. This paper further develops the post-processing algorithm that manipulates the starting time of the shutdown period so as to reduce the obtained maximum tardiness. The post-processing algorithm can determine plural schedules to reduce the maximum tardiness, and the production manager will select the objective schedule among them for the interest of overall efficiency. Computational results for the proposed algorithms will indicate that the post-processing algorithm can improve upon the original solution and the problems with multiple shutdowns and with set-up times varying widely can be satisfactorily solved.     

Effect of maintenance policies on the just-in-time production system

Using simulation, experimental design, and regression analysis, mathematical models are developed here to describe the effect that maintenance policy, machine unreliability, processing time variability, ratio of preventive maintenance time to processing time, ratio of minimal repair time to preventive maintenance time, and production line size have on various measures of performance, namely total production line output and production line variability of the just-in-time production system. The analysis of the data shows that under different situations, different maintenance policies do not have the same effect on the production line performance. The following conclusions were obtained; when the number of production machines is low (five machines or less), and/or when the ratio of minimal repair time to preventive maintenance time is high, maintenance policy III leads to a higher performance than maintenance policy II. Otherwise maintenance policy II, which is more sensitive to the change of the ratio of minimal repair time to preventive maintenance time, leads to a higher performance. The results of the study can be utilized in choosing a maintenance policy as a function of the production process parameters. Once a policy is chosen, the practitioner can select the most important factors to control under that policy in order to minimize the machine idle time, maximize the production process reliability, improve productivity, and therefore increase the production line performance.