重塑20世纪初的中国城市：一份英文研究简述

20世纪初见证了改造中国城市的重要努力,改革主义者们努力重塑城市的空间体制（建筑与城市规划）,并装扮城市及其市民（公共卫生及保健）。该领域已成为中国研究的热点之一。本文选取中国近代城市史的英文研究为主要调查对象,通过文献阅览回顾其在过去30余年中的发展历程,辨析其研究对象、视角、范式、方法等的系列转变。     

Conservation logics that reshape mega-event spaces: San Antonio and Brisbane post expo

ABSTRACT

International expositions (expos) are significant to the history of urban planning. Analysis of post-event urban spaces can provide valuable insights into the study of spatial planning, parks planning, and heritage conservation. Case studies, conducted at two former expo sites in the US and Australia focus on the role of retention, reuse, heritage, and parks conservation as forces shaping urban spaces over time. The first case at the site of Hemisfair ‘68, in San Antonio, Texas, traces the role of urban renewal and conservation in the history of the site. In contemporary planning efforts, modernist pavilions from Hemisfair ‘68 join nineteenth century buildings as remnants of history that raise questions for the area envisioned as a New Urbanist neighbourhood. The second case study, a former industrial district was cleared and a working-class precinct transformed for Expo 88, in Brisbane, Queensland. The site was later redeveloped into the South Bank Parklands. Over time, South Bank evolved through redevelopment and master planning, public outcry, and instances of conservation in and around the expo site. Common to both cases is the conservation of parks, iconic and ordinary buildings, and public art, which are the outcome of individual and collective actions to shape urban landscapes.     

The Migrant Metropolis and American Planning

Problem: Immigration poses various problems for U.S. cities and regions, and the roles planners should play in migrant communities are not clear.

Purpose: I consider how practitioners and scholars have understood and addressed the planning challenges and opportunities presented by the major migrations of ethnic minorities to U.S. cities and regions over the past century.

Methods: I trace discussions of planning and migration at professional planning conferences over the past century and survey planning scholarship and practice related to immigration and migrant communities in three principal eras: early 20th century southern and eastern European immigration; the mid-century internal migrations of African Americans and Puerto Ricans; and immigration in the late 20th and early 21st century.

Results and conclusions: Over the past century, immigration has had physical, economic, and social effects on people and places that are legitimate concerns of urban planners. Yet, the planning profession has had an ambiguous and often ambivalent relationship with migrant communities and has struggled to define specific roles for planners within those communities while social workers and other community and economic development practitioners played larger roles. Planning scholars have not paid as much attention to migrants' adaptation and mobility in U.S. society or their impacts on receiving communities, labor markets, housing, and congestion as have other scholars and urbanists.

Takeaway for practice: Planners have engaged with migrants in a variety of ways. Understanding this history provides context for contemporary debates about immigration and helps frame challenges and opportunities in migrant and receiving communities as planning problems.

Research support: None.     

Urban Residential Satisfaction and the Planning Implications in a Developing World Context: The Example of Benin City,Nigeria

As urban expansion continues into the 21st century, one of the daunting challenges facing many developing countries is the planning and the management of cities in such a way as to meet a planning reformist role of promoting equitable, efficient and sustainable urban settlements. In the face of mounting criticisms of technocratic top-down approaches to housing and infrastructure development, there is a need for studies on the interface of satisfaction assessments and planning on the one hand and the social and cultural implications for urban management on the other. This is particularly so in the context of developing cities that are often characterized by dwindling public finances, urban poverty, spatial variations in housing and services, and poor socioeconomic conditions, as well as top-down approaches to urban management. A systematic spatial assessment of urban satisfaction is presented using Benin, a traditional West African city, as a case study. The significance of the satisfaction approach for planning, social and equity concerns is identified, and it is argued that we should look beyond it and incorporate community participatory approaches in the urban development process.     

The history of urban growth management in South Africa: tracking the origin and current status of urban edge policies in three metropolitan municipalities

ABSTRACT

For many cities in the Global South, colonialism played a dominant role in shaping their urban form. The historical objective of planning in colonial mother-cities was dealing with poor health and living conditions, therefore a planning approach similar to that followed in post-war Britain would appear beneficial in post-colonial cities, characterized by environmental and physical infrastructure unable to cope with massive population growth. Urban growth management is a discourse born in an attempt to control the growing industrial city in the early twentieth century, and in recent years applied through instruments such as urban edges or growth boundaries to limit urban sprawl and encourage higher density urban development. In South Africa, the principles of compaction and urban growth management formed part of the post-apartheid planning agenda towards transforming the inefficient and fragmented landscape inherited from separate spatial development. Consequently, urban edges and urban growth boundaries formed key components of municipal spatial planning frameworks since the early 2000s. The purpose of this paper is to explore the origin and status of urban edges in three metropolitan municipalities in South Africa to aid in understanding of these spatial instruments in the south.     

反思都市史——比较都市史与规划史阅读书目的导言

百花齐放的都市史成就展现在出版上,包括了社会与文化取向的都市史、在通史写作之外对都市形式课题与对城市设计的历史研究、威尼斯学派的批判史学以及新马克思主义的历史地理学、社会学与史学等方面的杰出学术贡献。作者指出面对21世纪网络社会的挑战,工业社会崛起时的都市化方法论假设必须通过理论的检验才能面对1980年代后中国大陆都市现实中浮现的悖论性空间与社会。以马克思·韦伯为代表的两方现代城市的普同价值,不仅不易区分中国城市的政治性格与繁华市井的都市氛围,而且面对新的信息技术冲击,在研究分析上显得过时,在实践上难接地气。所以,值得由比较的角度重建亚洲的都市史写作,而规划史则是其中重要的现代专业者反思空间实践的历史环节。     

20世纪规划理论指导下的21世纪城市建设——关于“第三代规划理论”的讨论

以回顾规划理论的代际变化为切入,对一些当前的城市问题提出建议。认为:决策者依靠20世纪的理念指导21世纪的城市建设,规划师依靠20世纪的理论编制21世纪的城市规划,是出现城市问题的重要根源。中国城市的持续发展,有赖于与时俱进地对规划理念进行改革,其中心是根据中国特点,在"注重规划成果"和"完善规划过程"两者中建立平衡,力求建立一个政府、市场、社会共同运作、互相制约的决策机制。     

Santo Domingo: City profile of the Caribbean's metropolis

As the oldest city of the New World, Santo Domingo has undergone major institutional, political, economic and urban restructuring in five centuries of urban history. This city profile article investigates first the historical urban development of the city and then scrutinizes contemporary urban policies and projects that respond to challenges of rapid growth, inequality, and vulnerability to climate change. The article highlights how centralized policies initiated by divergent political regimes have resulted in a segregated city where Presidents used urban space to leave their legacies without adhering to planning mechanisms. The article also uncovers how rapid growth and absence of urban planning have produced two city making approaches, the “formal” and the “informal” cities converging parallel to each other. Furthermore, as the capital city of a Small Island Developing State, Santo Domingo's recent urban policies are embedded in global frameworks such as the Sustainable Development Goals and the Paris Climate Agreement; in this line, inequality and climate change vulnerabilities continue to be the city's main challenges in the 21rst century.     

Planning trajectories in post-socialist cities: patterns of divergence and change

This article explores the new planning regimes and planning processes in post-socialist countries and their ability to influence the spatial transformation of cities. It views planning institutions as culturally embedded in the overall process of economic, social, and political transition, while recognizing the power of specific local imperatives and market pressures to shape their response. The research draws on empirical evidence in four countries and their capital cities to highlight the links between the transition to democracy, markets, and decentralized governance on the spatial transformation in post-socialist cities. The main argument is that the new planning institutions have different ability to direct these processes of change, depending on the legal framework, the availability of plans, and the institutionalization of the plan-implementation process. Despite the diverse mosaic of urban experiences in Prague, Riga, Belgrade, and Tirana, planning institutions are viewed as path dependent, influenced by a common socialist legacy. Further, changes in the exogenous environment – economic, social, and institutional – are perceived to be important sources of convergence, but tend to shape different planning responses and policy choices. The research explores these differences as well as the new patterns of spatial transformation in three principal domains: (1) spaces of production/consumption reflecting the economic transition; (2) differentiation in residential spaces associated with the social transition; and (3) new approaches to planning and service delivery resulting from the transition in governance. Central to the arguments in the article is that transition of this magnitude has created a complex urban world in which the patterns of divergence are going to become more explicit in the future, producing spatial and temporal differentiation among post-socialist cities.     

城市骚乱背后的城市规划角度透视——以巴黎骚乱为例

20世纪以来大规模的社会骚乱已经是国际社会面临的越来越严重的问题,作者作为城市规划工作者意识到从规划角度分析骚乱的必要性和重要性。文章以巴黎骚乱为例,从城市规划角度分析引发其发生的城市社会环境,阐述法国的规划体系和规划方法对社会稳定与和谐的影响以及西方社会面对社会动荡采取的政策法规,文章最后总结了城市社会空间分异研究对中国城市建设的启示。     

转型时期城市空间的发展特征研究——以郑州为例

城市随社会的发展而转型,研究现阶段中国城市的转型问题具有重要的实际意义。论文以郑州为例指出城市转型主要表现在城市性质与空间结构的变化上。城市空间变革受政治、经济、社会、城市规划等多种动力因素影响。当前中国城市转型期的空间发展具有本身的特征。     

基于剥夺理论的城市社会空间评价与应用

在社会阶层分化、居住空间分异加剧和新贫困问题涌现的背景下,城市规划的土地利用、公共资源分配和设施布局不能仅建立在物质空间评价基础上,还应考虑社会问题的空间分布和社会需求特征,关注城市社会空间的基础评价.首先综述了西方学界社会指标和空间评价研究,以剥夺理论为基础的社会空间和地域政策评价:再分析了中国规划领域内以物质空间为主的基础评价存在的问题:最后以广州市为例,借鉴西方研究尝试构建城市社会空间评价的指标内容、指标处理、综合和空间分析评价方法,并探讨规划启示.     

Italian planning in the later 19th century: The Milan example

The last two decades of the 19th century mark a crucial transition in the town‐planning history of Milan, as in many other European cities. This period left its mark on the urban structure; the parts of the city created under the 1880s plan have the clearest street plan, and the most coherent building typology. However, the significance of the work carried out in that period also relates to the progress of town‐planning practice, the relationship between development practice and planning style, the role of urban rent in the process of capitalist accumulation, and the relationship of public and private capital.     

Managing change: Seattle’s 21st century urban renaissance

ABSTRACT

Evolution of the urban planning and historic preservation disciplines has resulted in an “uneasy alliance” in practice, one further complicated by the back-to-the-city movement and increased development pressure in older urban neighbourhoods. In Seattle, as in other U.S. cities, the pace, intensity and scale of redevelopment has caused dramatic spatial and social transformations. Although research has shown that older built fabric provides economic and social benefit for cities, neither regulations created by planners for guiding redevelopment nor strategies created by preservationists for retaining urban heritage have been successful in reconciling these different, yet interconnected, sets of values. We engage three Seattle neighbourhood case studies to clarify and evaluate policies, programs and strategies used by planners and preservationists for reimagining neighbourhood transformations. This work suggests a need for more creative, integrative collaboration between the two fields to simultaneously engage – and reconcile – social and economic tensions caused by urban redevelopment.     

绿色城市不是可持续发展城市--生态系统观念在城市发展研究中的重要性

在社会和经济发展的许多方面,保护环境和实现可持续发展已成为中国城市发展的目标,在城市零星 建筑设计中,与保护环境有关的具体措施,包括增加绿地面积,已开始逐步实施,然而对于城市在可持续发展中的地位和推进城市可持续发展战略的认识依然有限,对于２１世纪新的城市概念,新的城市形态和模式的研究还刚刚开始。已有百年历史的“花园城市”理论仍在毒化人的心灵和全球环境,因为这种城市模式在发达国家和部分发展中国家中实     

20世纪80年代后中小城市空间发展分析——以湖北省大冶市为例

相对于中国大城市从解放初期就开始的整体规划发展,长久以来,中小城市的现代空间发展长期处于自由的无规划的发展状态。直到80年代开始,随着中国改革开放以后经济的快速发展,中小城市的空间形态也发生了巨大的变化。尤其是相对经济实力较强的中小城市,为了使城市空间的发展更加适应经济空间的发展,也逐步进行着对城市空间整体规划发展的思考。该文以鄂东南地区的资源型中小城市——大冶市为研究对象,分析其从1980年至2010年的30年间城市空间形态的发展演变,以及这段时期内三次城市总体规划对其城市空间发展作用,归纳了中小城市空间形态的演变规律以及主要的影响因素。     

基于激进马克思主义的城市居住空间分异研究

随着我国社会主义市场经济的发展,住房分配制度的改革、住宅产业化步伐的推进等政策的推出,城市已经出现一些新的城市社会空间特征,城市居住空间分异的现象是其中之一,而且城市居住空间分异的特征也在逐渐演变。文章介绍了城市居住空间分异的演变历程,对其引发的社会问题进行了因果分析,并用激进马克思主义的社会空间统一体理论简要解释城市居住空间分异的特征和内涵,最后从规划的角度,提出了相应的规划对策。     

21世纪的城市规划：从美国看中国

作者从美国城市规划的经验入手，在新世纪是一个流动的时代、城市规划是为“人”还是为“地”、中国城市是注重数量还是质量等三个方面，用比较分析的手法，探讨了21世纪中国城市规划发展以及国外规划哪些成功经验值得中国规划师借鉴。     

长沙公共空间对近代城市格局演变的影响研究

近代是中国社会历史上变革发生最剧烈的阶段之一,在经历了中西文化激烈的冲突与碰撞后的社会解体和重构形成了今天的格局。其中,城市公共空间的发展对城市格局有着重大的影响,它们是城市的核心和主脉。本文以长沙为例,阐述公共空间的发展对长沙城市格局的演变的影响,分析公共空间在地理位置上的倾向和特征,并揭示长沙城市格局变化的脉络,以期给当代长沙及其他城市的规划建设以启示。     

Taking the high ground: construction of the regional spatial order of Chang’an Area in Tang Dynasty

ABSTRACT

Ancient Chinese cities were closely connected to extramural areas. Therefore, research on the construction of urban space in ancient China should not be restricted to the area within the city wall; rather it should extend to the surrounding areas. There has been plenty of research on the urban planning and design of Chang’an in Tang Dynasty (618–907), which is the capital of the most prosperous dynasty of ancient China. However, little research has paid attention to its spatial order at the regional scale. This article aims to solve this problem using the ‘triple-evidence’ method, i.e. based on the evidences from archaeology, literature and field survey. More specifically, it explores the main problems involved in regional spatial construction, reveals the general strategies for construction of the regional spatial order, and further analyses the planning and design approaches for different spatial scales. This paper reveals that ‘Taking the High Ground’ is the main method used in the construction of regional spatial order of Chang’an Area in Tang Dynasty, which reflects the dialectical whole of ‘configurational force’ and ‘form’ in the planning and design theories of ancient China.