公众核电风险的认知过程及对公众核电宣传的启示

在总结国际上对风险认知研究的基础上,设计了一个公众对核电风险认知的概念性的模型,在这个概念性模型中,公众核电风险的认知是一个动态、复杂和闭合的系统,是公众主观认知客观风险的过程。根据公众核电风险的认知特点和影响因素,在5个方面提出公众核电宣传的建议,并指出核电公众宣传对保持公众核电风险认知系统平衡的稳定起着重要作用。     

On the application of probabilistic risk assessment to reactors with inherently safe features

In this paper, it is shown that because of the public perception of the risk of nuclear power and the likelihood that in the event of a severe core damage accident in a reactor claimed to have a high degree of inherent safety, it is necessary to reconsider the basis for establishing safety objectives. It is shown that, if there were a large program of inherently safe reactors, the safety objectives would be determined more by investment risk than by the public health risk. These considerations lead to an objective on the order of 1 × 10⁻⁷ per r.yr (reactor year) for the probabability of a severe core damage accident. It is also shown that the introduction of inherently safe features leads to a considerable change in the allocation of the safety goal between the major safety functions. For these reactors, a major portion of the allocation shifts from the decay heat removal function to the scram function, with emphasis on insuring the integrity of critical structures.     

Ten years of Romanian experience on risk assessment owing to radioactive materials transport in Romania

Abstract

The transport of radioactive materials is a very important problem considering the potential risks and radiological consequences in carrying out the present activity. Based on the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)'s Safety Standard TS-R-1 (1996 edition, as amended 2003), Romanian National Nuclear Regulatory Body – Romanian National Commission for Nuclear Activities Control (CNCAN) was adopted and implemented by act no. 374/October 2001, the safety regulations for the transport of radioactive materials in Romania under the title 'Fundamental regulations for a safe transport of radioactive materials, in Romania'. The present paper will present the main sources of radioactive materials in Romania, their transport routes with a particular interest paid to the radioactive wastes. Hypothetical scenarios for specific problems related to the identification and evaluation of the risks and potential radiological consequences associated with the transport of radioactive materials in Romania, for all these situations: routine transport (incident free) and possible accidents.     

信源可信度对核电公众接受影响的研究

公众对核电的态度受各种信息的影响,信息源可信度是说服力的重要决定因素.在我国,核安全监管机构、核电企业和专家是主要的核信息发布源,研究不同信息源可信度对公众核电态度的影响对核电的可持续发展十分重要.本研究基于源可信度理论,考察了公众对不同信源的可信度认知,构建了核电公众接受回归模型并开展实证研究.研究发现,不同源的可信...     

核与辐射风险的认知与沟通

面对公众对核与辐射风险极度敏感的现象,本文阐述了对风险的认知及影响认知程度的因素,介绍了风险沟通的发展阶段和四种类型,并给出了若干有效的风险沟通策略建议。     

核设施运行及退役中的废物最小化技术

核设施的运行及退役不可避免会产生放射性废物,废物管理的代价以及对公众、工作人员和对环境的危害取决于废物的数量及废物中所含的放射性核素,在核燃料循环过程中进行废物最小化管理是降低这些影响的一项必须的活动。在有些国家,废物最小化已作为一项国策。本文介绍了放射性废物最小化的环境效益及核设施运行和退役过程中废物最小化的方法,重点介绍了已研发的部分有效的废物最小化技术。通过总结美国等发达国家的放射性废物最小化的经验,提出了如何在我国实现放射性废物最小化的建议。     

An integrated risk communication system for the transport of hazardous materials

Abstract

This paper describes the development and implementation of the prototype of an internet-based risk communication system for the transport of hazardous materials. The system was designed with the objectives of (1) incorporating functionality and features that are useful for meeting a variety of risk communication needs and (2) demonstrating a high degree of interaction among system components, enabling customisation to meet the specific transport risk communication requirements of the host organisation. To demonstrate 'proof of concept', the system is applied to two scenarios: building knowledge and awareness, focusing on how information can be entered, organised and disseminated to the public and other transport stakeholders, and emergency management, utilising the system for securely managing information in responding to a transport incident involving hazardous materials. The effectiveness of the system in these applications is subsequently discussed.     

辐射监测及危害评估是核应急医学救援的先导

针对核与辐射突发事件的医学救援工作,出于减少核事故对工作人员和公众的损害,保证救援人员和公众的健康和安全的目的,本文就应急救援中放射源项识别和威胁类型的确定,从辐射监测及危害评估入手,讨论多学科沟通和多单位合作的框架、内容和意义,从而为更加高效、安全地做好核应急救援提供知识和决策基础。     

Radiation doses to the public from the nuclear industry

Section 1: It is shown that the dangers arising from power production in the past were greater than those arising from any form of power production today. Section 2: The specific ways in which radiation injures both the present and future generations are described. Section 3: The routine risks arising from nuclear power production are compared with those arising from other modern sources; first the risks to those employed in power production and then the risks to the general public, including the risks arising from efforts to conserve energy. Section 4: The risks to the public arising from major accidents are explained. Section 5: The radiation risks incurred by the public in the course of medical diagnosis and treatment are described and discussed. Section 6: Conclusion. It is pointed out that the dangers of nuclear energy are considerably less than those of all other sources other than directly piped natural gas; and that the reduction of the specific risks due to ionizing radiation arising from medical uses and from domestic heat conservation could save about a hundred times as many lives as would the complete elimination of the radiation arising from the production of nuclear power.     

应急撤离模拟在核电厂道路方案优化中的应用北大核心CSCD

将概率风险评价方法应用于核电厂的应急撤离模拟,利用自主编写的简化撤离模拟程序,结合厂址事故源项、人口、道路、气象条件等特征,对多个核电厂应急撤离条件下公众与工作人员可能的受照剂量和风险进行了对比分析。在此基础上,结合霞浦厂址应急道路方案遇到的实际问题,在保证事故应急状态下公众和工作人员能够有效撤离的同时,对应急道路方案进行了比选,为工程的实施提供借鉴和参考。相关程序和方法也可为后续发展海岛核电、小型供热堆等提供技术支持,有助于更直观地开展核电公众沟通。     

Spent fuel transportation risk assessment: conclusions

Abstract

The US Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) has recently completed an updated Spent Fuel Transportation Risk Assessment, NUREG-2125. The study reached the following findings. First, the collective dose risks from routine transportation are vanishingly small. These doses are about four to five orders of magnitude less than collective background radiation doses. Second, the routes selected for this study adequately represent the routes for spent nuclear fuel transport, and there was relatively little variation in the risks per kilometre over these routes. Third, radioactive material would not be released in an accident if the fuel is contained in an inner welded canister inside the cask. Fourth, only rail casks without inner welded canisters would release radioactive material, and only then in exceptionally severe accidents. Fifth, if there were an accident during a spent fuel shipment, there is less than one in a billion chance the accident would result in a release of radioactive material. Sixth, if there were a release of radioactive material in a spent fuel shipment accident, the dose to the maximally exposed individual would be <2 Sv (200 rem) and would not cause an acute fatality. Seventh, the collective dose risks for the two types of extraregulatory accidents (accidents involving a release of radioactive material and loss of lead shielding) are negligible compared to the risk from a no release, no loss of shielding accident. Eight, the risk of loss of shielding from a fire is negligible. Ninth, none of the fire accidents investigated in this study resulted in a release of radioactive material. Based on these findings, this study reconfirms that radiological impacts from spent fuel transportation conducted in compliance with NRC regulations are low. In fact, this study’s radiological impact estimates are generally less than the already low estimates reported in earlier studies. Accordingly, with respect to spent fuel transportation, this study reconfirms the previous NRC conclusion that the regulations for transportation of radioactive material are adequate to protect the public against unreasonable risk.     

Advancing US public acceptance of spent fuel storage and transport: proposed outreach services for ionising radiation education support

Abstract

Expansion of commercial nuclear energy could be one of the future US sources for clean, safe, reliable and economic electricity. However, no federal policy has effectively achieved wide acceptance of nuclear energy, with such policies having fallen victim to the politics of public radiation fears from nuclear energy usage and from spent fuel storage and transport. Many experts have described the foundation of public fear as not so much nuclear technology, but the ionising radiation to which people fear they might be exposed, and this issue has been talked and written about, yet gone substantially unaddressed with respect to public education for more than three decades. In the USA, the Blue Ribbon Commission Final Report is just the latest of clear statements where such an educational need is firmly asserted. The lamentable fact is that no one has made that substantive and concerted effort to do anything about it. Indeed, the only effort seems to have been talk about ‘better communication’, with a focus on risk based communication. Any rejuvenation of public acceptance of commercial nuclear energy in the USA, including spent fuel storage and transport, can only be sustained using a different strategy from that of earlier decades. This paper highlights professional opinion on the radiation fear issue and why current industry efforts in risk based information for and communication with the public have not achieved the desired success. Education to expand the public’s understanding of comparative radiation sources and exposures while ameliorating concern about radiation from nuclear energy is the proposed alternative. In addition, here, the clear linkage between education supporting nuclear energy and facilitating necessary spent fuel storage and transport is unmistakable. The paper summarises a concept for outreach services for ionising radiation education support for application in the US, as well as key elements of such a process: its basis for success, its education content and potential implementation approaches. Comparative radiation education of the public can prove effective using current research, which has been effective in other industries. Additionally, while this discussion addresses the US situation, much of the content is likely applicable to many of the world’s nuclear energy producing countries.     

Optimization of periodic testing frequency of a reactor protection system based on a risk-cost model and public risk perception

Techniques for optimizing the frequency of periodic surveillance testing of nuclear power plant (NPP) safety systems have been receiving increased attention and growing importance because of the need to reduce system unavailability and maintenance cost. Economic losses from maintenance human errors should be included in estimating periodic testing and maintenance costs because the losses increase with maintenance human errors. This paper proposes a method for optimizing periodic testing intervals of a digital reactor protection system by balancing risk and cost of periodic surveillance tests, in which maintenance human error and public risk perception have been reflected. The risk and costs were estimated from both plant operator and socio-economic standpoints. This model determines the optimal testing frequency for the minimum value of an objective function that consists of all costs, including the monetary values of the consequence of maintenance human errors and reactor core damage. We present a case study using our model for the OPR1000 plant. The study results show the significance of reducing human errors in periodic testing and maintenance. The proposed method is expected to be useful to NPP operators as well as regulators for evaluating the optimal periodic testing frequency of a nuclear reactor protection system and for obtaining information needed in decision making processes.     

涉核项目的“污名化”现象及对策研究

核电本身具有安全、清洁、高效的特点,但是由于核能的专业特殊性,以及部分公众核能相关知识的欠缺,导致涉核项目“风险的社会放大”,同时“邻避现象”加剧了涉核项目易被“污名化”这一现象。笔者分析了核安全和辐射防护学科中的一些基础数据,对比核能风险与其他风险,提出了扩大多层次的核科普教育领域,完善核科普教育形式,建立长期的核科普教育机制,合理调整涉核项目利益分配以及强化信息公开平台能力建设等建议。     

反应堆核测量装置实现高可靠性数字化通讯技术研究

针对反应堆核测量装置的高可靠性数字化通讯需要,根据核测量装置的具体要求、目前技术发展以及工业领域的应用情况,开发了一种以PROFIBUS总线为基础的冗余通讯网络,并设计了一种基于冗余PROFIBUS总线的通讯接口模块,初步实现了核测量装置与PROFIBUS现场总线通讯网络的连接,为进一步的研究打下了基础.     

Transportation safety risk for source recovery versus consequence of leaving radioactive sources in place and vulnerable due to limited transport options or denial of shipment

Abstract

Potential risks associated with transportation safety of recovered radioactive sources in normal commerce are rhetorically compared to the latent risk of not recovering disused radioactive sources due to limited transport options or outright denial of shipment. It is essential, during each phase of the recovery process, to ensure secure, timely, cost effective and reliable means to return vulnerable radioactive sources to safe and protected locations by land, sea and/or air transport. In some cases, only limited transport options exist or denials of shipment may occur that impede the recovery process. Risks associated with normal transportation of recovered sources are considered less significant than the risks related to leaving disused radioactive sources at their original location.     

Disposal of high level nuclear wastes： Thermodynamic equilibrium and environment ethics

Contamination of soil, water or air, due to a failure of containment or disposal of high level nuclear wastes, can potentially cause serious hazards to the environment or human health. Essential elements of the environment and radioactivity dangers to it are illustrated. Issues of high level nuclear waste disposal are discussed with a focus on thermodynamic equilibrium and environment ethics. Major aspects of the issues are analyzed and described briefly to build a perception of risks involved and ethical implications. Nuclear waste containment repository should be as close as possible to thermodynamic equilibrium. A clear demonstration about safety aspects of nuclear waste management is required in gaining public and political confidence in any possible scheme of permanent disposal. Disposal of high level nuclear waste offers a spectrum of environment connected challenges and a long term future of nuclear power depends on the environment friendly solution of the problem of nuclear wastes.     

核能风险接受性研究

公众接受性倏关核能的生存与发展。三里岛事故后 ,新建核电站的安全性得到了很大的提高 ,但是公众对核能的接受性并没有明显的改善 ,其主要原因在于公众与专家在核能风险问题上的态度存在极大的差异。本文从“风险认知”和“风险决策”两个角度对此进行了分析 ,并提出了几点力求有利于改善公众接受性的建议     

Radioactive material transport risk management initiative: AREVA’s extensive approach to operations safety

Abstract

Since 2006, when AREVA mandated its Logistics Business Unit to handle ‘Transport Risk Management’, the Unit has executed or has, at least, ensured the proper management of shipments of radioactive material, which involve particular risks. This mission is fully complementary to the strict implementation of national and international regulations regarding the safety of radioactive material transport. Taking these regulations as a starting point, the AREVA Transport Risk Management Initiative develops general principles of risk management appropriate to operations that are sensitive by nature. By applying the Transport Risk Management Initiative to the shipment of radioactive materials, AREVA has widened the precautionary principle beyond the field of safety and radioprotection: accomplishing safe transport necessarily implies the identification and management of all risks inherent in these operations (safety, physical protection, media pressure, geopolitics, etc.). The guiding principles currently in use by AREVA and the organisation and resources that have enabled the concretisation of this ambition at the operational level are outlined: shipments executed each year by the AREVA Logistics Business Unit, as well as shipments subcontracted by the AREVA group to external shipping companies, fall within the scope of this initiative, and one of the stakes is to manage suppliers, often in an international environment.     

Risk Assessment of Radioactive and Hazardous Materials in DOE Defence Package Transport Accidents

Abstract

A programme is being conducted by the US Department of Energy (DOE) to determine the risks to the public from domestic transport of radioactive and hazardous materials associated with nuclear defence materials. The programme will identify, quantify and manage potential risks to public health and safety including potential radiological and toxicological health consequences, particularly for those transport packages that may not meet the 10 CFR 71.73 (US Code of Federal Regulations) test criteria because of configuration or content. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory and the University of Utah will provide the DOE with the bases and methodology for establishing rigorous, quantitative acceptance criteria for evaluating and certifying highway transport activities by DOE contractors. The Highway Transportation Risk Assessment (HITRA) model is described which is based upon probabilistic risk assessment (PRA) methodology and utilises transport route specific data. The HITRA model provides detailed, location and time specific data and analysis for assessing projected risks to public health and safety from DOE shipments along a given specific highway transport route and for other site-specific factors.