锂离子电池硅基负极研究进展

硅由于具有超石墨10倍的高理论容量和相对适中的放电平台而备受关注,是最具潜力的下一代锂离子电池负极材料之一。然而,硅的本征电导率低,且在嵌锂的过程中有着巨大的体积变化(300%),会导致材料粉化,电极崩塌,失去电接触。此外,在电解液中硅表面的SEI膜重复形成也导致了极化增大,库伦效率降低和电解液消耗等问题。为了解决上述问题,实现硅电极的商业化应用,改善硅基电极的途径主要有:制备新型硅基材料抑制体积效应和提高电导率,改进粘结剂来加强电极结构防止电极崩塌,改进电解液以提高SEI膜质量和库伦效率。当前,改进硅基负极材料性能的主要策略是纳米化、孔隙化和复合化。粘结剂的改性也可分为开发新型粘结剂和修饰已有粘结剂。主要从硅基材料和粘结剂两方面论述了近年来的发展状况,并展望了其未来的发展方向。     

硅材料在锂离子电池中的应用研究进展

硅材料作为锂离子电池负极材料具有比容量大的优点,是高容量锂离子负极材料的研究热点之一.综述了近年来锂离子电池硅负极材料的研究进展.分别对硅及含硅材料作为锂离子电池负极材料的发展过程、充放电特性、储锂机理及影响其储锂的各因素进行了分析和总结,并对其存在的问题进行了分析.探讨了采用不同复合物、不同制备方法和合成硅化物等改性方法来提高其循环性能的可行性.指出纳米硅基复合物将是硅负极材料最有希望的发展方向.     

锂离子电池用粘接剂

随着新能源产业的兴起,特别是混合动力和纯电动汽车的兴起,市场对锂离子电池的能量密度、安全性、成本等方面提出了更高的要求,锂电池产业也面临前所未有的挑战。如何开发出安全性高,价格低廉,能量密度高的锂离子电池是未来一段时期急需解决的重大课题。粘接剂作为锂离子电池电极制造中不可缺少的组成部分,在电极中占有较小的比例,但不同种类的粘接剂与锂离子电池电化学性能有非常密切的关系。硅作为一种储量非常丰富,理论比容量很高的负极材料,很有希望成为下一代锂离子电池的电极材料。主要阐述了当前国内外学者在锂离子电池粘接剂方面的研究成果,重点介绍了硅基负极材料用粘接剂,总结了不同类型粘接剂对锂离子电化学性能的影响以及粘接机理,对未来锂离子电池用粘接剂的发展方向做了展望。     

锂离子电池硅基负极材料研究进展

锂离子电池硅基负极材料由于具有高的理论比容量,低的脱嵌锂电位,与电解液反应活性低等优点而成为研究热点。本文综述了近年来硅基材料作为锂离子负极材料的研究进展,包括纳米硅、硅基薄膜、硅-金属复合材料、硅-碳材料,分析硅基材料作为锂离子电池负极材料的研究前景和发展方向。     

锂离子电池硅基负极材料研究进展

由于硅负极不能在商业上大规模应用,研究者采用多种改性制备方法,提高硅基负极材料初始放电容量和循环性能。综述了近年来改善硅基负极材料性能的几种制备方法,指出了硅基材料作为锂离子电池负极材料的研究前景。     

锂离子电池硅碳负极材料的制备及其结构设计研究进展

硅基材料理论容量高、电位低、自然资源丰富，是最理想的锂离子电池负极材料。但是硅基负极在锂化和脱锂过程中巨大的体积变化，导致了硅基负极的循环稳定性与导电性差，阻碍了其实际应用。硅碳复合材料可将碳材料的高导电性和机械性能与硅基材料的高容量和低电位的优势相结合。综述了硅碳负极材料的主要制备方法，总结了硅碳复合材料的结构设计，并对未来碳硅材料的研究工作进行了展望。     

高能量密度锂离子电池电极材料研究进展

高能量密度的电极活性材料是提高电芯能量密度的关键。提高锂离子电池能量密度的途径主要包括开发高比容量正负极材料和高放电电压平台正极材料。本研究综述了几种典型的具有高能量密度锂离子电池正、负极材料的最新研究进展,包括多电子反应、富锂、聚阴离子和镍锰酸锂正极材料以及硬碳、硅基和锡基负极材料,介绍了各种材料的特点和电化学性能,重点阐述了制备这些材料的典型方法和进展,并展望了高能量密度锂离子电池的发展方向和应用前景。     

粘结剂在锂离子电池负极材料的研究进展

锂离子电池作为电动汽车和智能电网的储能装置是非常重要的。众所周知,当详细分析电极时,每种组分(活性材料,导电碳,集电器和粘合剂)对电池在比容量,倍率,循环寿命等方面的性能贡献一部分能力。尽管已经有许多关于活性材料的报道,但对粘结剂的报道非常少。目前已经研究出一些性能良好且环保的粘结剂,通过总结近些年不同粘结剂对这三种负极材料(碳基材料,硅基材料以及钛基材料)的应用,以显示不同粘结剂对它们电化学性能的影响。同时对粘结剂未来发展方向进行了展望。     

改性PVDF或替代PVDF粘结剂在锂电池中的应用研究进展

在锂电池中,粘结剂主要用来稳定电极结构,虽然含量较少,但是对电池性能影响较大.聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)是目前主要使用的粘结剂,但其在不同活性物质中的应用存在不同的缺陷.因此对于不同活性物质应选用不同的粘结剂.在正极中,磷酸铁锂和三元材料(NCM)由于本身晶型限制,表现出较差的导电性和离子电导率,具有更高离子扩散系数的粘结剂对电池性能的提高作用更明显.硫正极在充放电过程中,"飞梭效应"是导致电池性能变差的主要因素之一,而具有含氧官能团的粘结剂捕获多硫化锂能力极强,对电池性能的提高作用明显.对于锂电池负极活性材料,传统PVDF粘结剂易与碳基材料反应导致锂盐沉积在负极,影响电池性能.因此在电池循环中,能产生更均一且稳定的SEI膜的粘结剂可阻止活性物质脱落和促进锂离子传导,提高电池性能.硅基负极材料在脱嵌锂过程中,材料体积变化较大,易使活性物质从集流体上脱落,而粘弹性适中且具有立体网状结构的粘结剂可以使硅负极发生可逆膨胀,减少活性物质损失,提升电池性能.此外,尖晶石结构的LTO负极材料导电性较差,人们对导电聚合物粘结剂关注较多,未来其也将会是主要研究方向之一.本文将近几年关于粘结剂的文献基于活性材料进行分类综述,探究粘结剂对锂电池的影响,并对未来正负极粘结剂的发展趋势进行展望.     

锂离子电池新型负极材料的研究进展

锂离子电池是近年来发展起来的一种新型电池,其研究重点是电池负极材料.根据国内外锂离子电池发展现状,阐述了近年来锂离子电池负极的发展动态,介绍了新型负极材料中的铝、硅、锡、硼基材料以及金属氧化物和金属合金三类,重点介绍了锡基材料,目前研究的重点是提高锂的可逆贮量和减少不可逆容量损失,有利于负极比容量的提高,从而有利于进一步提高锂离子电池的比能量,提出了新型负极材料存在的问题,并对其应用前景进行了展望.     

Structural Reorganization–Based Nanomaterials as Anodes for Lithium‐Ion Batteries: Design,Preparation, and Performance

In recent years, with the growing demand for higher capacity, longer cycling life, and higher power and energy density of lithium ion batteries (LIBs), the traditional insertion‐based anodes are increasingly considered out of their depth. Herein, attention is paid to the structural reorganization electrode, which is the general term for conversion‐based and alloying‐based materials according to their common characteristics during the lithiation/delithiation process. This Review summarizes the recent achievements in improving and understanding the lithium storage performance of conversion‐based anodes (especially the most widely studied transition metal oxides like Mn‐, Fe‐, Co‐, Ni‐, and Cu‐based oxides) and alloying‐based anodes (mainly including Si‐, Sn‐, Ge‐, and Sb‐based materials). The synthesis schemes, morphological control and reaction mechanism of these materials are also included. Finally, viewpoints about the challenges and feasible improvement measures for future development in this direction are given. The aim of this Review is to shed some light on future electrode design trends of structural reorganization anode materials for LIBs.     

Nanoscale Engineering of Heterostructured Anode Materials for Boosting Lithium‐Ion Storage

Rechargeable lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs), as one of the most important electrochemical energy‐storage devices, currently provide the dominant power source for a range of devices, including portable electronic devices and electric vehicles, due to their high energy and power densities. The interest in exploring new electrode materials for LIBs has been drastically increasing due to the surging demands for clean energy. However, the challenging issues essential to the development of electrode materials are their low lithium capacity, poor rate ability, and low cycling stability, which strongly limit their practical applications. Recent remarkable advances in material science and nanotechnology enable rational design of heterostructured nanomaterials with optimized composition and fine nanostructure, providing new opportunities for enhancing electrochemical performance. Here, the progress as to how to design new types of heterostructured anode materials for enhancing LIBs is reviewed, in the terms of capacity, rate ability, and cycling stability: i) carbon‐nanomaterials‐supported heterostructured anode materials; ii) conducting‐polymer‐coated electrode materials; iii) inorganic transition‐metal compounds with core@shell structures; and iv) combined strategies to novel heterostructures. By applying different strategies, nanoscale heterostructured anode materials with reduced size, large surfaces area, enhanced electronic conductivity, structural stability, and fast electron and ion transport, are explored for boosting LIBs in terms of high capacity, long cycling lifespan, and high rate durability. Finally, the challenges and perspectives of future materials design for high‐performance LIB anodes are considered. The strategies discussed here not only provide promising electrode materials for energy storage, but also offer opportunities in being extended for making a variety of novel heterostructured nanomaterials for practical renewable energy applications.     

Progress and perspectives on alloying-type anode materials for advanced potassium-ion batteries

Potassium-ion batteries (PIBs) have attracted increasing interest as promising alternatives to lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) for application in large-scale electrical energy storage systems (EESSs) owing to a wide earth-abundance, potential price advantages, and low standard redox potential of potassium. Developmental materials for use in PIBs that can yield high specific capacities and durability are widely sought with emerging studies on alloying-type anode materials offering significant prospects to meet this challenge. Here, recent advances on alloying-type anodes and their composites for PIBs are reviewed in detail and in a systematic way to capture key aspects from fundamental working principles through major progress and achievements to future perspectives and challenges. Emphasis is placed on critical aspects such as the alloying mechanism and correlation of electrode design and structural engineering for performance enhancement and the crucial role of electrolyte compatibility, additives and binders. The review in appraising all the important contributions on this topic allows for a critical assessment of the research challenges and provides insights on future research directions that can accelerate the important development of PIBs as a viable battery energy storage system.     

Silicon‐Based Anodes for Lithium‐Ion Batteries: From Fundamentals to Practical Applications

Silicon has been intensively studied as an anode material for lithium‐ion batteries (LIB) because of its exceptionally high specific capacity. However, silicon‐based anode materials usually suffer from large volume change during the charge and discharge process, leading to subsequent pulverization of silicon, loss of electric contact, and continuous side reactions. These transformations cause poor cycle life and hinder the wide commercialization of silicon for LIBs. The lithiation and delithiation behaviors, and the interphase reaction mechanisms, are progressively studied and understood. Various nanostructured silicon anodes are reported to exhibit both superior specific capacity and cycle life compared to commercial carbon‐based anodes. However, some practical issues with nanostructured silicon cannot be ignored, and must be addressed if it is to be widely used in commercial LIBs. This Review outlines major impactful work on silicon‐based anodes, and the most recent research directions in this field, specifically, the engineering of silicon architectures, the construction of silicon‐based composites, and other performance‐enhancement studies including electrolytes and binders. The burgeoning research efforts in the development of practical silicon electrodes, and full‐cell silicon‐based LIBs are specially stressed, which are key to the successful commercialization of silicon anodes, and large‐scale deployment of next‐generation high energy density LIBs.     

Recent progress of NiCo2O4-based anodes for high-performance lithium-ion batteries

Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are deemed as the most promising energy storage devices due to their high power density, excellent safety performance and superior cyclability. However, traditional carbon-based anodes are incapable of satisfying the ever-growing demand for high energy density owing to their low intrinsic theoretical capacity. Therefore, the research of post-carbon anodes (such as transition metal) for LIBs has exponentially increased. Among them, NiCo₂O₄ together with its composites have been widely studied by academic workers due to their high theoretical capacity and excellent electronic conductivity. In this review, the electrochemical reaction mechanism and recent progress including the synthetic method, various nanostructures and the strategies for improving performance of NiCo₂O₄ are summarized and discussed here. Specially, the hollow porous nanostructured NiCo₂O₄-based materials composed of 2D structures usually exhibit excellent capacity and stable cyclability. This review also offers some rational understandings and new thinking of the relationship between the synthetic method, morphologies, blending, current collector and electrochemical performance of NiCo₂O₄-based anodes. We have reason to believe that the integration of NiCo₂O₄ materials in these clean energy devices provides important chances to address challenges driven by increasing world energy demand.     

Advanced Matrixes for Binder-Free Nanostructured Electrodes in Lithium-Ion Batteries

Commercial lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), limited by their insufficient reversible capacity, short cyclability, and high cost, are facing ever-growing requirements for further increases in power capability, energy density, lifespan, and flexibility. The presence of insulating and electrochemically inactive binders in commercial LIB electrodes causes uneven active material distribution and poor contact of these materials with substrates, reducing battery performance. Thus, nanostructured electrodes with binder-free designs are developed and have numerous advantages including large surface area, robust adhesion to substrates, high areal/specific capacity, fast electron/ion transfer, and free space for alleviating volume expansion, leading to superior battery performance. Herein, recent progress on different kinds of supporting matrixes including metals, carbonaceous materials, and polymers as well as other substrates for binder-free nanostructured electrodes in LIBs are summarized systematically. Furthermore, the potential applications of these binder-free nanostructured electrodes in practical full-cell-configuration LIBs, in particular fully flexible/stretchable LIBs, are outlined in detail. Finally, the future opportunities and challenges for such full-cell LIBs based on binder-free nanostructured electrodes are discussed.     

Robust Biomass-Derived Carbon Frameworks as High-Performance Anodes in Potassium-Ion Batteries

Potassium-ion batteries (PIBs) have become one of the promising candidates for electrochemical energy storage that can provide low-cost and high-performance advantages. The poor cyclability and rate capability of PIBs are due to the intensive structural change of electrode materials during battery operation. Carbon-based materials as anodes have been successfully commercialized in lithium- and sodium-ion batteries but is still struggling in potassium-ion battery field. This work conducts structural engineering strategy to induce anionic defects within the carbon structures to boost the kinetics of PIBs anodes. The carbon framework provides a strong and stable structure to accommodate the volume variation of materials during cycling, and the further phosphorus doping modification is shown to enhance the rate capability. This is found due to the change of the pore size distribution, electronic structures, and hence charge storage mechanism. The optimized electrode in this work shows a high capacity of 175 mAh g⁻¹ at a current density of 0.2 A g⁻¹ and the enhancement of rate performance as the PIB anode (60% capacity retention with the current density increase of 50 times). This work, therefore provides a rational design for guiding future research on carbon-based anodes for PIBs.     

MOFs及衍生复合材料在锂硫电池中的设计应用

在能源危机与环境问题日益凸显的背景下,电化学储能技术得到了迅速发展。在“超越锂”储能领域的竞争者中,锂硫电池(Li-S)因其具有高理论比容量、高质量能量密度并且环境友好、价格低廉等优点,成为最有前途的新储能技术。但是,锂硫电池的发展仍存在一些瓶颈问题需要解决,例如正极材料导电性能差、多硫化物穿梭效应及在充放电过程中电极体积膨胀等。作为锂硫电池的关键组成部分,电极和隔膜材料的设计和制备对解决这些问题及电池整体性能提升起到了重要的作用。金属有机骨架(MOFs)及衍生的复合材料作为锂硫电池电极或隔膜修饰材料,具有质量轻、电子和离子传导性好、孔道丰富和活性位点均匀分布等优势。此外,这类复合材料还具备形貌和组分可控、来源丰富和孔径可调等特性,从而便于机制研究。本文全面介绍了锂硫电池组成、工作原理并综述了近几年MOFs及衍生复合材料在锂硫电池中的研究进展,重点讨论了其在正极材料和隔膜材料中的应用,并对未来该材料在锂硫电池研究方向上的前景和突破进行了展望。      

Recent developments in electrode materials for dual-ion batteries: Potential alternatives to conventional batteries

Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), known as “rocking-chair batteries”, have shown a huge success in consumer electronics and energy vehicles. However, the soaring cost caused by the shortage of lithium and cobalt resources as well as the need for ever-higher performance and safety has promoted an urgent need to develop high-efficient battery systems. Dual-ion batteries (DIBs), based on different working mechanism that involves both cations and anions during the charging/discharging processes, are expected to be an alternative to conventional batteries due to their environmental friendliness, low cost, excellent safety, high work voltage, and high energy density. Despite these merits, DIBs also face various challenges from the limited capacity caused by intercalation-type graphite electrodes and shorter cycle life resulted from large anions intercalation and electrolyte decomposition at high voltage. To overcome those challenges, various effective strategies have been adopted and many inspiring results have been also reported. In this review, we briefly outlined the history, mechanism and configuration of DIBs and mainly summarized the recent developments of electrode materials for DIBs, covering inorganic electrode materials and organic electrode materials, along with their application in various metal-based DIBs. Especially, recent studies on organic electrode materials based on so-called DIB working mechanism are also highlighted. In addition, the existing problems and future perspectives are finally proposed. We hope this review will provide some inspiration for researchers to rationally design more efficient electrode materials for more advanced DIB systems.     

Carbon nanotube (CNT)-based composites as electrode material for rechargeable Li-ion batteries: A review

The ever-increasing demands for higher energy density and higher power capacity of Li-ion secondary batteries have led to search for electrode materials whose capacities and performance are better than those available today. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs), because of their unique 1D tubular structure, high electrical and thermal conductivities and extremely large surface area, have been considered as ideal additive materials to improve the electrochemical characteristics of both the anode and cathode of Li-ion batteries with much enhanced energy conversion and storage capacities. Recent development of electrode materials for LIBs has been driven mainly by hybrid nanostructures consisting of Li storage compounds and CNTs. In this paper, recent advances are reviewed of the use of CNTs and the methodologies developed to synthesize CNT-based composites for electrode materials. The physical, transport and electrochemical behaviors of the electrodes made from composites containing CNTs are discussed. The electrochemical performance of LIBs affected by the presence of CNTs in terms of energy and power densities, rate capacity, cyclic life and safety are highlighted in comparison with those without or containing other types of carbonaceous materials. The challenges that remain in using CNTs and CNT-based composites, as well as the prospects for exploiting them in the future are discussed.