新型相变储能石膏板的性能研究

采用超声震动和液相插层相结合的方法制备出十二醇/膨润土复合储能材料.200次冷热循环测试实验结果表明,其具有较好的热稳定性.复合储能材料与石膏粉有较好的相容性,可制作成相变储能石膏板.与普通石膏板相比,复合石膏板具有较好的保温隔热性能,在建筑中应用具有降低能耗,减缓室内温度波动的功能.     

多孔基复合相变材料的制备与研究进展

相变材料具有储能密度较高、储存温度较低、近似恒温操作和储存空间较小等特点,利用相变材料与合适的多孔基体复合可形成多孔基复合相变材料,从而实现其对环境温度调节和控制的目的。综述了多孔基复合相变材料的制备与研究方面的进展情况,并着重介绍了可用于与多孔基体复合的相变材料种类、多孔基体的选择和多孔基复合相变材料的应用,对于了解和掌握多孔基复合相变材料的制备、研究和应用具有较为重要的参考价值。     

硬脂酸复合相变材料的研究进展

根据以往的研究,硬脂酸因其优良的相变蓄热性能,而受到越来越多的关注.然而,硬脂酸导热性能较差,易发生液相泄露且相变温度单一,限制了其在较多领域的应用.通过分析现有文献,综述了导致硬脂酸热导率低和液相泄漏等问题的原因及解决方法,并指出各方法中的不足之处,总结了硬脂酸复合相变材料的优点,并对硬脂酸复合相变材料的未来发展做出...     

复合相变蓄热材料研究进展

相变材料是目前热门的功能材料,在储存和释放能量的过程中,温度保持不变或稳定在一定的温度区间内,使得相变材料不仅能实现热量储存且具有温度调控功能。复合相变材料由于具有多种单一材料的性质而成为研究热点,并广泛应用在建筑节能、电子器件热管理等方面。本文分类归纳了相变材料的特征,并根据化学成分不同将复合相变蓄热材料分为有机-有机、无机-无机和有机-无机三大类,结合研究现状分类梳理了不同类型复合相变蓄热材料的优缺点,并对其蓄热特性进行归纳对比。总结了复合相变蓄热材料的应用现状,结合能源应用现状和环境情况进一步分析了今后的研究和发展方向,认为未来的复合相变材料应该是高效蓄热、灵敏准确、价格低廉、环保可降解的新型复合相变材料。     

十二醇/蒙脱土复合相变储能材料的制备及性能研究

采用超声震动和液相插层相结合的方法制备出十二醇/蒙脱土复合储能材料.用XRD、IR、SEM、DSC等方法对其结构及储能性能进行了研究.结果表明,复合相变材料具有较适宜的相变温度,较高的相转变焓,较好的热稳定性,储能性能适合做建筑相变材料.     

相变材料在建筑节能中的研究及应用

相变材料是一类高效的储能物质,通过与传统的建筑材料复合可提升建筑材料功能、降低建筑能耗和调整建筑室内环境舒适度,近年来发展迅速、受到愈来愈广泛的重视,并已在建筑节能中得到了多种应用。叙述了相变材料与建筑材料复合的制备方法、研究和应用进展,对现阶段相变材料在建筑节能中的研究及其存在的问题进行了总结与分析,并指出了其进一步的研究方向。     

相变材料的复合及其热性能研究

针对相变材料应用领域中对相变温度和相变焓的具体要求,采用复合的方法重点对相变材料的相变温度进行调节,复合出具有特定相变温度和较高相变焓的相变材料.论述了相变材料的复合原理,研究了4种相变材料的复合及其热性能,通过理论计算与实际测试相比较,筛选出复合物的最佳配比.研究表明:通过相变材料的复合可以调节材料的相变温度至所需要的范围,并具有较高的相变焓,可保持良好吸收或释放能量的能力.     

蓄热材料的研究进展

介绍了蓄热材料的分类和特点,系统评述了相变蓄热材料和吸附蓄热材料的研究进展,着重介绍了复合相变蓄热材料和复合吸附蓄热材料开发的创新思路,展望了复合蓄热材料的发展方向,指出首先应该开发复合蓄热材料,其次还要根据应用场合研制具有特定功能的蓄热材料.     

复合相变材料研究进展

复合相变材料主要指性质相似的二元或多元化合物的一般混合体系或低共熔体系,形状稳定的固液相变材料,无机有机复合相变材料等.因其独特的功能成为近来新材料研究的热点.介绍了较为常见的几种复合相变材料的制备方法,溶胶凝胶法、加热共熔法、多孔介质法,微胶囊法,高分子聚合法等,并对它们的特点进行了分析,最后介绍了复合相变材料的前景.     

硬脂酸/氧化石墨烯复合相变储热材料研究

以氧化石墨烯、硬脂酸为原料,无水乙醇为溶剂,采用液相插层法制备了硬脂酸/氧化石墨烯复合相变材料。利用SEM、FT-IR、XRD、TG-DSC等分析测试了其微观结构及热性能。分析结果表明,复合材料的相变温度为66.9℃,相变潜热为287.2J/g;硬脂酸/氧化石墨烯复合材料具有层状结构,硬脂酸与氧化石墨烯之间是简单的嵌合关系,复合相变材料具有很好的性能稳定性,氧化石墨烯能明显地改善其导热性能和相变可逆性。     

Application of phase-change materials in memory taxonomy

Abstract

Phase-change materials are suitable for data storage because they exhibit reversible transitions between crystalline and amorphous states that have distinguishable electrical and optical properties. Consequently, these materials find applications in diverse memory devices ranging from conventional optical discs to emerging nanophotonic devices. Current research efforts are mostly devoted to phase-change random access memory, whereas the applications of phase-change materials in other types of memory devices are rarely reported. Here we review the physical principles of phase-change materials and devices aiming to help researchers understand the concept of phase-change memory. We classify phase-change memory devices into phase-change optical disc, phase-change scanning probe memory, phase-change random access memory, and phase-change nanophotonic device, according to their locations in memory hierarchy. For each device type we discuss the physical principles in conjunction with merits and weakness for data storage applications. We also outline state-of-the-art technologies and future prospects.     

Soft Multifunctional Composites and Emulsions with Liquid Metals

Binary mixtures of liquid metal (LM) or low‐melting‐point alloy (LMPA) in an elastomeric or fluidic carrier medium can exhibit unique combinations of electrical, thermal, and mechanical properties. This emerging class of soft multifunctional composites have potential applications in wearable computing, bio‐inspired robotics, and shape‐programmable architectures. The dispersion phase can range from dilute droplets to connected networks that support electrical conductivity. In contrast to deterministically patterned LM microfluidics, LMPA‐ and LM‐embedded elastomer (LMEE) composites are statistically homogenous and exhibit effective bulk properties. Eutectic Ga‐In (EGaIn) and Ga‐In‐Sn (Galinstan) alloys are typically used due to their high conductivity, low viscosity, negligible nontoxicity, and ability to wet to nonmetallic materials. Because they are liquid‐phase, these alloys can alter the electrical and thermal properties of the composite while preserving the mechanics of the surrounding medium. For composites with LMPA inclusions (e.g., Field's metal, Pb‐based solder), mechanical rigidity can be actively tuned with external heating or electrical activation. This progress report, reviews recent experimental and theoretical studies of this emerging class of soft material architectures and identifies current technical challenges and opportunities for further advancement.     

An improved failure criterion for biological and engineered staggered composites

High-performance biological materials such as nacre, spider silk or bone have evolved a staggered microstructure consisting of stiff and strong elongated inclusions aligned with the direction of loading. This structure leads to useful combinations of stiffness, strength and toughness, and it is therefore increasingly mimicked in bio-inspired composites. The performance of staggered composites can be tuned; for example, their mechanical properties increase when the overlap between the inclusions is increased. However, larger overlaps may lead to excessive tensile stress and fracture of the inclusions themselves, a highly detrimental failure mode. Fracture of the inclusions has so far only been predicted using highly simplified models, which hinder our ability to properly design and optimize engineered staggered composites. In this work, we develop a new failure criterion that takes into account the complex stress field within the inclusions as well as initial defects. The model leads to an ‘optimum criterion’ for cases where the shear tractions on the inclusions is uniform, and a ‘conservative’ criterion for which the tractions are modelled as point forces at the ends of the overlap regions. The criterion can therefore be applied for a wide array of material behaviour at the interface, even if the details of the shear load transfer is not known. The new criterion is validated with experiments on staggered structures made of millimetre-thick alumina tablets, and by comparison with data on nacre. Formulated in a non-dimensional form, our new criterion can be applied on a wide variety of engineered staggered composites at any length scale. It also reveals new design guidelines, for example high aspect ratio inclusions with weak interfaces are preferable over inclusions with low aspect ratio and stronger interfaces. Together with existing models, this new criterion will lead to optimal designs that harness the full potential of bio-inspired staggered composites.     

Creating Stiff,Tough, and Functional Hydrogel Composites with Low‐Melting‐Point Alloys

Reinforcing hydrogels with a rigid scaffold is a promising method to greatly expand the mechanical and physical properties of hydrogels. One of the challenges of creating hydrogel composites is the significant stress that occurs due to swelling mismatch between the water‐swollen hydrogel matrix and the rigid skeleton in aqueous media. This stress can cause physical deformation (wrinkling, buckling, or fracture), preventing the fabrication of robust composites. Here, a simple yet versatile method is introduced to create “macroscale” hydrogel composites, by utilizing a rigid reinforcing phase that can relieve stress‐induced deformation. A low‐melting‐point alloy that can transform from a load‐bearing solid state to a free‐deformable liquid state at relatively low temperature is used as a reinforcing skeleton, which enables the release of any swelling mismatch, regardless of the matrix swelling degree in liquid media. This design can generally provide hydrogels with hybridized functions, including excellent mechanical properties, shape memory, and thermal healing, which are often difficult or impossible to achieve with single‐component hydrogel systems. Furthermore, this technique enables controlled electrochemical reactions and channel‐structure templating in hydrogel matrices. This work may play an important role in the future design of soft robots, wearable electronics, and biocompatible functional materials.     

颗粒包覆软磁复合材料制备和电磁特性研究进展

具有大功率、低损耗及高温使用特性的软磁复合材料是目前磁性材料领域研究的一个重要方向。这种材料可以制备特定环境使用的高性能电磁部件，如高温和高速电机的转子，在航空航天、电子电工、能源和混合动力汽车等领域有着潜在的应用前景。由于软磁复合材料具有较低的成本和较好的耐蚀性，有希望发展成为实用的新型软磁材料，弥补传统金属软磁材料和软磁铁氧体使用性能的不足，一直受到人们的重视并得到了广泛的研究。结合作者所在实验室近几年来在软磁复合材料领域的研究工作，介绍国内外在金属磁性颗粒包覆软磁复合材料的制备工艺、界面结构和电磁特性及其应用的研究进展。根据研究现状和实际应用的要求，提出软磁复合材料研究所面临一些问题，并对这类材料的发展进行展望。     

Domain Formations and Pattern Transitions via Instabilities in Soft Heterogeneous Materials

Experimental observations of domain formations and pattern transitions in soft particulate composites under large deformations are reported herein. The system of stiff inclusions periodically distributed in a soft elastomeric matrix experiences dramatic microstructure changes upon the development of elastic instabilities. In the experiments, the formation of microstructures with antisymmetric domains and their geometrically tailored evolution into a variety of patterns of cooperative particle rearrangements are observed. Through experimental and numerical analyses, it is shown that these patterns can be tailored by tuning the initial microstructural periodicity and concentration of the inclusions. Thus, these fully determined new patterns can be achieved by fine tuning of the initial microstructure.     

Stimuli–Responsive Mechanoadaptive Elastomeric Composite Materials: Challenges,Opportunities, and New Approaches

Stimuli–responsive mechanoadaptive materials, capable of reversibly changing their mechanical properties when exposed to an external stimulus, are the next generation of smart materials with immense transformative potential for various technological applications. Although the concept of adaptive mechanical properties has been proven for some materials, it remains very challenging for soft elastomeric materials. The aim of this review is to provide new ideas and strategies for the development of mechanoadaptive elastomeric composites using commercial rubber as the matrix polymer. The fundamental question addressed here is as follows: How do the phase-responsive functional fillers alter the mechanical properties? For a given physical network environment, what is the mechanism that gives rise to the stimuli–responsive properties of the resulting composites? Herein, the preparation, structure, and properties of recently developed mechanoadaptive elastomeric materials are summarized. Furthermore, based on their structure–property relationships, plausible applications of these smart materials in various technology-specific applications such as soft robotics, actuators, sensors, smart tires, automotive design, aerospace, etc. are demonstrated with representative examples. Finally, the article critically discusses the existing challenges in the field of mechanoadaptive elastomers in order to provide valuable insights in this area.     

残余应力对复合材料弹2塑性变形的影响

从细观力学的角度给出了分析残余应力对一般复合材料塑性性能影响的一种解析方法, 该方法基于应力二阶矩的割线模量法及Ponte Castaneda 和W illis 给出的弹性细观模型。有残余应力时, 所提的细观解析模型能够同时考虑纤维形状, 体积百分比, 纤维取向及纤维的分布对复合材料变形的影响。计算结果表明, 残余应力的存在会引起复合材料拉压变形的不对称, 材料宏观的拉压硬化曲线又与复合材料的细观结构参数密切相关。对单向复合材料, 本文作者对其等效割线热膨胀系数, 拉压应力-应变曲线的有限元分析结果与给出的细观解析模型定量吻合。      

3D printing for soft robotics – a review

Soft robots have received an increasing attention due to their advantages of high flexibility and safety for human operators but the fabrication is a challenge. Recently, 3D printing has been used as a key technology to fabricate soft robots because of high quality and printing multiple materials at the same time. Functional soft materials are particularly well suited for soft robotics due to a wide range of stimulants and sensitive demonstration of large deformations, high motion complexities and varied multi-functionalities. This review comprises a detailed survey of 3D printing in soft robotics. The development of key 3D printing technologies and new materials along with composites for soft robotic applications is investigated. A brief summary of 3D-printed soft devices suitable for medical to industrial applications is also included. The growing research on both 3D printing and soft robotics needs a summary of the major reported studies and the authors believe that this review article serves the purpose.     

A polarization‐based FFT iterative scheme for computing the effective properties of elastic composites with arbitrary contrast

It is recognized that the convergence of FFT‐based iterative schemes used for computing the effective properties of elastic composite materials drastically depends on the contrast between the phases. Particularly, the rate of convergence of the strain‐based iterative scheme strongly decreases when the composites contain very stiff inclusions and the method diverges in the case of rigid inclusions. Reversely, the stress‐based iterative scheme converges rapidly in the case of composites with very stiff or rigid inclusions but leads to low convergence rates when soft inclusions are considered and to divergence for composites containing voids. It follows that the computation of effective properties is costly when the heterogeneous medium contains simultaneously soft and stiff phases. Particularly, the problem of composites containing voids and rigid inclusions cannot be solved by the strain or the stress‐based approaches. In this paper, we propose a new polarization‐based iterative scheme for computing the macroscopic properties of elastic composites with an arbitrary contrast which is nearly as simple as the basic schemes (strain and stress‐based) but which has the ability to compute the overall properties of multiphase composites with arbitrary elastic moduli, as illustrated through several examples. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.