蟒河水功能区水质监测及入河排污口调查分析

详细介绍蟒河水功能区划分、现状水质状况和水功能区达标情况.对水功能区水质代表断面开展监测,监测入河排污口的污水流量和污染物浓度,估算了排入蟒河各水功能区的污水和污染物量.分析水功能区水质污染的分布情况和排入各水功能区污染物量的大小,研究水功能区水质和污染物入河量之间的关系,证明水功能区水质状况与入河排污口之间有着紧密的...     

河北省入河排污口调查分析

根据调查监测资料对入河排污口分布情况、入河污水量、入河污染物量和入河污水水质进行分析评价，并与1990年调查资料进行对比分析，提出了其中存在问题和防治对策。     

引江济淮工程受水区(安徽淮河以北段)农田氮磷流失现状及输水后预测评估

对引江济淮工程受水区(安徽段)的种植结构、肥料类型和用量进行调查分析,估算受水区不同控制单元农田氮磷流失情况及入河系数,考察农田面源氮磷流失入河对流域水质的贡献,并预测工程输水后农田氮磷流失对流域水质影响的变化趋势。结果表明:研究区施氮、磷肥过多导致较高量的氮磷流失,对颍河、西淝河、茨淮新河和涡河的水质有较大影响;引江济淮工程实施调水后总氮、总磷入河浓度持续降低并趋于稳定,污染物浓度降低,水质将有所好转。     

望虞河西岸主要入河支流污染物通量研究

利用经率定验证的望虞河西岸平原河网地区河流水量、水质计算模型,根据1995年(丰水年)、1988年(平水年)、1971年(枯水年)的水文资料,以及2006年太湖流域各主要河流纳污量资料,计算了各典型年不同季节入望虞河主要河流的入河水量和水质浓度,由此计算出望虞河西岸平原河网区各主要入河河流污染物入河量,并结合河网中水的流向,得出入河河流污染物通量的综合影响结果:张家港入望虞河污染物通量最大,所以张家港的污染治理是整个望虞河西岸污染治理的关键部分。     

全国重要水功能区达标评价与承载力协同分析

采取全指标评价法和双指标评价法对全国4 493个重要江河湖泊水功能区的水质达标率进行评价。结果表明,两方法的评价结果存在着明显的差异——全国重要水功能区水质达标率分别为61.2%和49.6%,双指标评价结果好于全指标评价结果。根据水功能区纳污能力和现状污染物入河量的关系,对水功能区承载力进行分析。结果表明,全国未超载的水功能区有2 907个(占64.7%),而另外35.3%的超载水功能区以25%左右的纳污能力接纳了60%以上的污染物入河量,表明功能区超载而水质达标的问题普遍存在,原因是纳污能力计算标准偏严格而导致。同时还大量存在功能区不超载但水质不达标的情况,这主要有污染物的质量浓度背景值高、受到上游功能区污染物超标入河量的影响,以及对农业面源污染入河量暂无法全面测量等原因。     

西安市主要河流纳污能力及污染物总量控制探析

通过对西安市境内主要河流基本情况的分析,在给定河流水功能区现状的和规划的水质目标、设计流量、污染物综合衰减系数以及水质背景条件下,采用一维水质模型核算了河流水功能区的纳污能力;在调查分析现状年河流水环境状况和污染物入河量的基础上,预测了规划年生活和工业污染物的排放量和入河量;根据计算的纳污能力和污染物入河量,提出了规划年河流水功能区的污染物入河量控制方案,为西安市河流污染治理和水资源保护提供技术支撑。结果表明:规划年黑河污染物入河削减量任务最轻,COD入河削减量均为0,氨氮入河削减量2020年为1.6 t,2030年为0.6 t。灞河最为繁重,COD入河削减量2020年达到4215.2 t;2030年达到4401.8 t;氨氮2020年入河削减量达到624.5 t;2030年达到696.8 t。     

徐州市水环境容量研究

分析徐州市水污染状况,根据设计水文条件及水质保护目标等参数,采用仅有面源影响及点源面源同时影响的水质模型,分别计算各河道的水环境容量,在考虑现状入河量的基础上,汇总徐州市总的水环境容量及削减量,并提出徐州市污染控制方案。     

基于二元水循环的流域分布式水质模型构建与应用

流域分布式水质模型是描述污染物的时空迁移转化过程的数学工具，是预测未来水质状况、研究污染物总量控制方案的技术手段。本文针对流域分布式水质模型WEQ开展研究，结合二元水循环理论，着眼于加强污染物产生、入河过程的机理，考虑水库库容变化对污染物时空变化的影响，进一步增强模型的物理机制。改进后的WEQ使农田面源由陆域产生至入河过程更具有物理机制；借助水土流失方程计算水土流失量，增强了土壤侵蚀面源污染来源的可信度；通过水质过程与二元水循环过程的耦合，实现了污染物入河过程的动态计算；将水库蓄变量作为模型变量，描述水库调蓄对污染物的影响。本文以嫩江流域为例，模拟COD、氨氮的空间分布规律及河道断面负荷变化特征。模拟结果显示，率定期:MSEQ=1.81,Re=62.3%,Pearson=0.374;验证期: MSEQ=1.45, Re=50%,Pearson= 0.692，通过产生量核算、水质模拟过程与监测数据对比以及水库调度合理性分析，确保改进的WEQ模拟误差在合理范围之内，能够反映强人类活动干扰下的水质过程，对水环境管理需求具有实际意义。     

灌河生态修复人工湿地的水动力水质模拟

灌河沿线分布多个城市和乡镇,为保证河道水质,针对不同河段污染特征及场地条件,沿线分别布置支流汇入口表流人工湿地、污水处理厂尾水潜流人工湿地、河道滩地溪流湿地、入河排污口生态湿地等4种不同工艺类型的人工湿地。为验证人工湿地对水质改善的效果,采用MIKE21模型对灌河进行二维水动力水质模拟,对比分析了人工湿地工程实施前后灌河控制断面水质情况,结果表明:通过对沿线生活污水排放口、支流汇入口、面源污染排放区等设置人工湿地,能够有效降低入河污染物量,人工湿地在改善河流水环境和水生态方面具有良好的效果。     

珠江流域入河排污口调查与评价

珠江流域开展入河排污口调查，摸清了流域内主要河流入河排污口的数量、分面、废污水排放量及污染物入河量，评价了排污口的水质及对河流水质的影响，建立了河流的纳污资料数据库。为珠江流域水资源保护的监督管理、规划、站网优化等提供了极其重要的基础资料。     

用模拟退火算法估计水质模型参数

本文采用BOD-DO耦合模型模拟水质。在获取参数最优化值时采用BOD和DO耦合模型计算值与实测值之差的加权平方和作为目标函数，将模拟退火算法(Simulated Annealing, SA)应用到多河段水质模型的多参数的同时估值中。采用30次重复估值试验，并记录所有试验中最优估计值的最大值和最小值，所得到的各河段BOD衰减系数的最优估值与真值的误差和河水复氧系数的最优估值与真值的误差均在允许范围内。说明了方法的可靠性。     

Simulation of Non-Point Pollutants Evolution in Coastal Plain Island-A Case Study of Chongming Island

The coastal plain region usually shows the agricultural dominated industry mode, so more and more attention is paid to non-point pollutants discharge. In this study, the method for assessing the influence of non-point pollutants discharge on river water quality is probed which is concluded as follows： （1） Considering the costal plain island is characterized as nearly even elevation, the conventional gravitational runoff confluence method based on eight-point gravitational flowing directions （DS） is unable to compute the runoff confluence received by the surrounding rivers, so a new method of triangular confluence based on three-points of grid center and the river segments is presented. Further the equations of non-point pollutants loads estimation and non-point pollutants confluence on rivers are presented. （2） The integration mode of non-point pollutants model and river water quality model is presented so as to further assess the non-point pollutants contribution to river water quality. （3） With the Chongming Island, the third largest island in China, as an example, the above-mentioned equations are specified. For this island, the non-point pollutants loads are estimated and linked to the developed water quality model of the river network in the island, and further the non-point pollution evolution in river network is simulated. In this scenario, the non-point pollution contribution to river water quality over the whole island is clearly displayed, and the area where the river water quality is seriously influenced by non-point pollutants discharge is distinctly depicted. This scenario also shows the water quality contribution ratio of non-point pollution to point pollution can be in the range of 55.5% to 44.5% which proves the importance of non-point pollution control in costal plain islands.     

论奋斗水库与洪水资源开发利用

穆棱河主要特点之一是来水量年内分配不均,具体表现在城市缺水、灌区渴水与汛期洪水泛滥、洪水资源流失等方面,解决上述矛盾最直接、最有效的途径是修建奋斗水库。从防洪与洪水资源开发角度论述修建奋斗水库的必要性。     

RESEARCH ON HYDRODYNAMIC AND WATER QUALITY MODEL FOR TIDAL RIVER NETWORKS

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余姚市河网平枯水期水质模拟研究

MIKE11是一款功能强大的水流水质的计算软件，利用该软件对余姚市河网的平枯水期水质进行了模拟。对余姚市的河网概况、河网水动力基本方程和水质方程、河网水动力水质模型的建模、模型率定及验证作了介绍。验证结果表明，计算值和实测值吻合良好，相关指标的验证精度较高。     

QUAL2E模型在呼和浩特市水质模拟中的应用

呼和浩特市的地表水系由黄河干流和支流组成,以支流为主,整个地表水系统呈树枝状分布,水质污染严重。建立了呼和浩特市的河流水质模型,选用BOD5,CODMn作为模拟污染指标,给出模型关键参数的确定方法,应用QUAL2E模型进行河流水质模拟分析,检验QUAL2E模型参数。模拟结果表明,模型合理有效,能很好地描述河流的水质状况,可进一步为水环境规划提供有利工具和科学的参数依据。     

鹤岗市农村饮水安全工程建后管理体制改革

农村饮水安全工程是德政工程，是为响应党提出的建设社会主义新农村的号召，建成后要强化科学管理，发挥综合效益，力求可持续发展。     

Simultaneous estimation of model parameters and diffuse pollution sources for river water quality modeling.

Diffuse pollution sources along a stream reach are very difficult to both monitor and estimate. In this paper, a systematic method using an optimal estimation algorithm is presented for simultaneous estimation of diffuse pollution and model parameters in a stream water quality model. It was applied with the QUAL2E model to the South Han River in South Korea for optimal estimation of kinetic constants and diffuse loads along the river. Initial calibration results for kinetic constants selected from a sensitivity analysis reveal that diffuse source inputs for nitrogen and phosphorus are essential to satisfy the system mass balance. Diffuse loads for total nitrogen and total phosphorus were estimated by solving the expanded inverse problem. Comparison of kinetic constants estimated simultaneously with diffuse sources to those estimated without diffuse loads, suggests that diffuse sources must be included in the optimization not only for its own estimation but also for adequate estimation of the model parameters. Application of the optimization method to river water quality modeling is discussed in terms of the sensitivity coefficient matrix structure.     

河流水质参数估计的蒙特卡罗方法

考虑到水环境系统的不确定性,把河流水质观测数据和水质模型参数都作为随机变量来处理。采用贝叶斯方法计算出模型参数的后验概率密度函数,通过蒙特卡罗方法对其进行采样来获得参数的估计值。最后通过对一个实际河道的水质模型参数进行了估计,取得了较好的效果,可为进一步使用水质模型预测河流浓度分布提供依据。     

Simulation of environmental change in response to operation of dams in Huaihe Basin

This paper describes the model simulation of a portion of the Huaihe Basin upstream of the river mouth at Hongze Lake,with an area of 130 520 km2.The MIKE 11 modeling system was used to assess the flows and water quality in the Huaihe,Shayinghe,Honghe,Guohe,and Pihe rivers.The hydraulic part of the model was used to study the propagation of flows in the Huaihe River,which was calibrated with data from 2002-2003 and verified with data from 2004-2005.In general,there was agreement between measured and simulated discharges at all the hydrological stations.Except for some places close to large gates,there was reasonable agreement between measured and simulated water levels in the simulated rivers.The MIKE 11 WQ (water quality)model was used to study general sanitary parameters describing the river water quality in areas influenced by human activities.The water quality model simulated dissolved oxygen (DO),chemical oxygen demand (COD) and ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N).The difference between the simulated and observed concentrations was within the range that could be expected from water quality modeling,taking into account uncertainties such as pollution loads,and monitoring and sampling frequency.This model setup was also suitable for the subsequent scenario modeling of periods of water project operation.In the simulation of the Pihe River,increasing the discharge at Hengpaitou Dam was shown to cause a significant improvement in water quality downstream of Lu'an City.In the Shayinghe and Huaihe rivers,the effect was less visible.This suggests that the poor water quality in the Huaihe Basin is mainly caused by extensive discharge of domestic and industrial wastewater.