Aerothermoelastic analysis of composite laminated plates

The flutter behavior of a thermally buckled composite laminated plate is investigated in the frequency and time domains using the finite element method. Von Karman large deformation assumptions and quasi-steady aerodynamic theory are employed for the analysis. The effects of temperature gradient, panel length-to-width ratio, fiber orientation, and stacking sequence on aerothermoelastic behavior of the plate are studied in detail. The flutter boundary, buckling boundary, time history response, and phase plane plots of cross-ply and angle-ply laminates are presented. The numerical results show that temperature gradient induces thermal moments and increases the overall stiffness of the plate, and thus may increase the flutter boundary significantly. When the buckle pattern of the plate changes, the eigenvalues of the natural modes are changed suddenly and the sequence of the natural modes may be altered. Therefore, the change in the buckle pattern postpones the coalescence and the flutter boundary may increase. The change in the coalescence pair may also postpone the coalescence and increase the flutter boundary.     

Non-linear panel flutter for temperature-dependent functionally graded material panels

The non-linear flutter and thermal buckling of an FGM panel under the combined effect of elevated temperature conditions and aerodynamic loading is investigated using a finite element model based on the thin plate theory and von Karman strain-displacement relations to account for moderately large deflection. The aerodynamic pressure is modeled using the quasi-steady first order piston theory. The governing non-linear equations are obtained using the principal of virtual work adopting an approach based on the thermal strain being a cumulative physical quantity to account for temperature dependent material properties. This system of non-linear equations is solved by Newton–Raphson numerical technique. It is found that the temperature increase has an adverse effect on the FGM panel flutter characteristics through decreasing the critical dynamic pressure. Decreasing the volume fraction enhances flutter characteristics but this is limited by structural integrity aspect. The presence of aerodynamic flow results in postponing the buckling temperature and in suppressing the post buckling deflection while the temperature increase gives way for higher limit cycle amplitude.     

Flutter of rectangular composite plates with variable fiber pacing

The effect of variable fiber spacing on the supersonic flutter of rectangular composite plates has been investigated using the finite element method and quasi-steady aerodynamic theory. The formulation of the location dependent stiffness and mass matrices due to nonhomogeneous material properties was derived. This study first demonstrates the flutter analysis of composite plates with variable fiber spacing. Numerical results show that the sequence of the natural mode may be altered and the two natural frequencies may be close to each other due to the fiber distribution may change the distributed stiffness and mass of the plate. Therefore, it may change the flutter coalescent modes. It is seen that the flutter boundary may be increased or decreased due to variable fiber spacing. The punch phenomenon on the flutter boundary is obvious in the absence of aerodynamic damping.     

边箱钢-混叠合梁颤振性能及气动措施研究

为了研究边箱钢-混叠合梁悬索桥的颤振性能,以某大跨度悬索桥为背景,通过一系列节段模型风洞试验,研究了边箱钢-混叠合梁悬索桥的颤振形态及特性,并详细分析了上、下中央稳定板、水平导流板、裙板、锐化风嘴等气动措施对其颤振性能的影响。结果表明:边箱钢-混叠合梁颤振呈现以扭转为主、单一频率振动的弯扭耦合振动特征,即出现软颤振现象,且振动频率与系统扭转频率相近;通过气动优化研究发现,对于边箱钢-混叠合梁,中央稳定板对于提高其颤振临界风速的作用有限,而水平导流板与裙板组合气动措施的作用效果明显,可显著提高其颤振临界风速。此外,锐化风嘴亦可改善边箱钢-混叠合梁颤振性能。     

平板断面扭弯耦合颤振机理研究

基于二维三自由度耦合颤振分析方法,对平板断面经典扭弯耦合颤振的颤振驱动机理和颤振形态进行了深入研究。研究结果表明经典扭弯耦合颤振仍然是由气动负阻尼驱动的,“气动刚度驱动”的机理解释是不正确的,而气动负阻尼主要来源于系统扭转和竖向自由度运动之间的耦合效应。颤振形态矢量的分析结果显示经典扭弯耦合颤振发生时竖向自由度参与程度较高,表明扭转和竖向自由度的耦合效应相当强烈。对颤振形态同结构扭弯频率比以及颤振形态同结构颤振性能的关系进行了分析,虽然颤振形态同结构扭弯频率比之间存在简单、唯一的对应关系,但颤振形态同结构颤振性能的关系则比较复杂。最后对发生于平板断面的竖弯形态颤振的机理进行了探讨。     

平板断面压力分布对颤振导数及振动形态的影响

该文通过适当简化推导了采用模型表面波动压力的形式来描述的颤振导数, 基于流固松耦合的计算策略, 利用现有流体软件的用户自定义(UDF)功能, 应用数值方法分析了模型表面波动压力分布特性对颤振导数的影响。从细观层面上阐述了颤振导数对模型振动的影响及其气动耦合现象。该文研究表明颤振导数的气动耦合现象及其对模型颤振产生的不同作用取决于模型表面波动压力的分布特征, 这就使得振动模型表面波动压力分布特性成为影响模型颤振的主要因素。在颤振临界状态下, 振动模型表面波动压力的主要成分向模型迎风侧漂移, 造成振动模型扭转运动的中心前移, 与模型的几何扭转中心不再重合, 发生了偏移。     

Experimental study of dynamic buckling of plates under fluid–solid slamming

This paper describes the experimental investigation of the elastic–plastic dynamic buckling properties of rectangular plates under in-plane fluid–solid slamming. Based on the observation of elastic–plastic dynamic response characteristics of the plates, a dynamic buckling criterion and a dynamic yielding criterion are defined. The corresponding critical impulse are determined from the experimental results for each tested plate. The effect of different boundary conditions on the elastic–plastic dynamic buckling properties of plates is also examined. The results indicate that dynamic buckling always takes place elastically for the types of rectangular plates tested under fluid–solid slamming. The dynamic buckling modes of the plates are governed by the plate fundamental transverse free vibration mode. It is also found that boundary conditions strongly affect the dynamic buckling properties of plates subjected to fluid–solid slamming loads. Strengthening plate boundary constraint is a very effective way to enhance the plates’ ability to resist dynamic buckling.     

跨音速流中壁板流固耦合效应的形态演化分析

高速飞行器部件多采用轻质薄壁加筋结构,当飞行器长时间跨音速或低超音速飞行时,这种薄壁结构在非定常气动载荷的作用下会表现出强非线性的流固耦合特征,其中激波运动、边界层效应、流动分离等流场非线性与几何大变形等结构非线性相互耦合作用会使壁板产生失稳行为,引起结构疲劳或损毁。该文基于CFD/CSD耦合数值模拟技术,预测和判别壁板在跨音速气流中随马赫数变化过程中响应形态,发现在跨音速区内会出现明显的单模态颤振形式。随马赫数的增大,其形态演化次序为稳态收敛、第一模态极限环振荡、屈曲、稳态收敛、跨音速颤振、非共振型极限环振荡、共振型极限环振荡、高频周期振荡、高频非周期振荡、第一模态极限环振荡到稳态收敛的过程。当壁板厚度增加、来流密度减小,演化形态会发生变化。同时,当考虑非定常加速效应和粘性效应后,会出现一定的延迟和阻尼效应,对高频非周期振荡起到抑制作用,这对于降低结构的疲劳损伤有积极效果。     

Sloshing effects on supersonic flutter characteristics of a circular cylindrical shell partially filled with liquid

This paper aims to revisit the effect of sloshing on the flutter characteristics of a partially liquid-filled cylinder. A computational fluid-structure interaction model within the framework of the finite element method is developed to capture fluid-structure interactions arising from the sloshing of the internal fluid and the flexibility of its containing structure exposed to an external supersonic airflow. The internal liquid sloshing is represented by a more sophisticated model, referred to as the liquid sloshing model, and the shell structure is modeled by Sanders' shell theory. The aerodynamic pressure loading is approximated by the first-order piston theory. The initial geometric stiffness due to prestresses in the initial configuration stemming from the fluid hydrostatic pressure, internal pressure, and axial compression load is also considered. The obtained results reveal that the sloshing of the internal fluid has little influence on the supersonic flutter boundary of a cylinder partially filled with liquid, at least for the case considered here. It is also shown that the critical freestream static pressure predicted by the sloshing model is negligibly larger than that calculated by the hydroelastic model of the internal fluid, which means that the sloshing of the internal fluid slightly overestimates the flutter boundary.     

箱梁表面的压力分布对颤振稳定性的影响EI北大核心CSCD

该文建立了箱梁表面压力与颤振导数之间的数学关系,探讨了表面压力的分布特性对箱梁颤振导数和颤振临界风速的影响。结合流固松耦合的计算方法,利用动网格技术模拟了箱梁的风致振动。采用分块分析方法研究了箱梁表面压力的局部特性对颤振导数以及系统振动能量的影响。研究结果表明:箱梁迎风侧风嘴附近的分布压力对模型振动的稳定性产生了不利的影响,而模型尾部的压力则有助于提高系统的颤振临界风速。当迎风侧的分布压力向模型尾部移动时,对箱梁颤振稳定性影响较大的颤振导数则会发生较显著的变化,箱梁的颤振临界风速也随之增加,因此断面迎风侧风嘴附近区域的分布压力对颤振导数和系统振动的稳定性影响最大。另外,迎风侧风嘴附近的区域也是振动系统吸收气动能量的主要部位,而箱梁尾部风嘴附近的区域则消耗系统的振动能量。箱梁表面压力与模型振动最大位移之间的相位差对颤振导数有较大影响,当相位差沿断面呈反对称分布,并使气动阻尼始终为负时,则有利于箱梁颤振的稳定性。     

大展弦比夹芯翼大攻角颤振分析

首先导出大展弦比复合材料梁弯扭耦合模态的半解析解，对具有NACA0012翼型的大展弦比的夹芯翼，在模态空间内建立了运动方程。然后采用半经验的ONERA非线性气动力模型描述空气动力，形成了对大展弦比夹芯翼大攻角气动弹性问题的描述。通过结构求解器和空气动力求解器联合求解来完成非线性颧振边界的计算。为了验证非线性颤振边界的求解方法，还利用ONERA气动力模型中的线性部分建立了夹芯翼的线性颤振方程。结果表明：零翼根攻角时，线性颤振速度与用非线性颧振边界求解方法得到的颧振速度完全一致；颤振速度随翼根攻角的增加而迅速减小；复合层铺设方式对颤振速度有较大影响。     

Active aeroelastic flutter suppression of a supersonic plate with piezoelectric material

The active aeroelastic flutter properties of supersonic plates are investigated by using the piezoelectric material. The piezoelectric material has been extensively used for the active vibration control of engineering structures. In this paper, the piezoelectric material is further used to improve the flutter characteristics of the supersonic plates. The equation of motion of the plate and piezoelectric material system is obtained by Hamilton’s principle with the assumed mode method. The supersonic piston theory is used to evaluate the aerodynamic load. By applying an appropriate external control voltage to activate the piezoelectric material, a displacement and acceleration feedback control strategy is used to obtain the active stiffness and active mass. Solving the eigenvalue problem of the equation of motion, the natural frequencies and damping ratios of the structural system are obtained. Furthermore, the aeroelastic flutter bounds are calculated, and the effects of feedback control gains on the active aeroelastic flutter characteristics of the structure are analyzed in detail. From the numerical results it is seen that the active stiffness and active mass have prominent effects on the flutter characteristics of the supersonic plates. The aeroelastic flutter properties can be greatly improved by introducing the active stiffness and active mass into the supersonic plate with the piezoelectric patch. With the increase of the feedback control gains, the active aeroelastic flutter properties for the lower order modes of the supersonic plate are gradually improved.     

机翼跨音速风洞颤振试验模型的计算分析

以某民机机翼跨音速颤振模型为研究对象,采用N-S方程求解固定边界流场的气动力,简化的跨音速小扰动方程求解运动边界流场的气动力,结合结构动力学的模态分析结果进行颤振特性分析。模型风洞试验前完成所有计算工作,试验后通过比较表明,计算结果与试验结果吻合:(1)颤振频率一致;(2)颤振速度随马赫数的变化趋势一致;(3)跨音速凹坑的底部位置一致;(4)颤振速度的偏差最大不超过10%,且在马赫数0.60和0.70处,偏差1%。由此可见该计算方法的计算精度高,可用于风洞试验结果的预判,提升风洞试验结果的可信度和风洞试验的效率,也可作为民机适航符合性验证的一种手段。     

Structural similitude for flutter of delaminated composite beam-plates

The main objective of this study is to demonstrate the applicability of similitude theory in designing scaled down models to predict the flutter pressure of delaminated composite beam-plate subjected to supersonic airflow. The linear plate theory is used for structural modeling, and linear piston theory is used for aerodynamic modeling. In this study, we consider only the procedure that is based on the direct use of the governing equations. Distorted models with different fiber orientation, delamination size, and axial position than those of prototype are studied. Results show that a set of scaling models can be found which can predict the flutter pressure of delaminated beam-plate accurately.     

指数脉冲强迫激励CFD模型运动的气动参数识别法

计算流体动力学（CFD）模拟是获得桥梁断面颤振导数的主要方法之一。提出了一种基于CFD计算气动力，建立气动模型并经模型仿真快速识别颤振导数的新方法。该方法采用具有连续频谱分布且位移光滑的指数脉冲序列为CFD模型运动的输入，通过数值模拟得到作用在模型上的气动力。利用已知的输入和气动力建立起反映系统气动力特征的离散时间气动模型。然后利用该模型仿真系统在简谐位移输入的气动力响应，再基于该输入和模型仿真输出识别颤振导数。该方法在竖弯和扭转方向各自仅需一次CFD模拟，无需重复进行CFD计算，能显著减小CFD计算颤振导数的工作量。进行了薄平板颤振导数的识别，研究结果与Theodorsen平板理论解、薄平板风洞试验值的一致性，证明了研究方法的可靠性和有效性。     

Buckling analysis of shear deformable plates by boundary element method

In this paper, the derivation and numerical implementation of boundary integral equations for the buckling analysis of shear deformable plates are presented. Plate buckling equations are derived as a standard eigenvalue problem. The formulation is formed by coupling boundary element formulations of shear deformable plate and two dimensional plane stress elasticity. The eigenvalue problem of plate buckling yields the critical load factor and buckling modes. The domain integrals which appear in this formulation are treated in two different ways: initially the integrals are evaluated using constant cells, and next, they are transformed into equivalent boundary integrals using the dual reciprocity method (DRM). Several examples with different geometry, loading and boundary conditions are presented to demonstrate the accuracy of the formulation. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Flutter of delaminated three-phase nano-composite beam-plates

ABSTRACT

In this article the supersonic flutter instability of delaminated carbon nanotube reinforced three-phase composite plate is investigated. The classical laminate plate theory and piston aerodynamic theory are developed to construct the governing equation of delaminated three-phase nano-composite plates. The effective material properties are obtained using Halpin-Tsai relation and rule of mixture. The effects of different parameters including carbon nanotubes (CNTs) weight percentage, fiber volume fraction, CNTs aspect ratio and different fiber orientation on flutter pressure of delaminated reinforced composite plates are considered. According to the results, appending small amount of CNTs (4% wt) into the matrix epoxy can improve the flutter critical pressure by 33% in comparison to the neat matrix epoxy.     

A stable Galerkin reduced order model for coupled fluid–structure interaction problems

A stable reduced order model (ROM) of a linear fluid–structure interaction (FSI) problem involving linearized compressible inviscid flow over a flat linear von Kármán plate is developed. Separate stable ROMs for each of the fluid and the structure equations are derived. Both ROMs are built using the ‘continuous’ Galerkin projection approach, in which the continuous governing equations are projected onto the reduced basis modes in a continuous inner product. The mode shapes for the structure ROM are the eigenmodes of the governing (linear) plate equation. The fluid ROM basis is constructed via the proper orthogonal decomposition. For the linearized compressible Euler fluid equations, a symmetry transformation is required to obtain a stable formulation of the Galerkin projection step in the model reduction procedure. Stability of the Galerkin projection of the structure model in the standard L² inner product is shown. The fluid and structure ROMs are coupled through solid wall boundary conditions at the interface (plate) boundary. An a priori energy linear stability analysis of the coupled fluid/structure system is performed. It is shown that, under some physical assumptions about the flow field, the FSI ROM is linearly stable a priori if a stabilization term is added to the fluid pressure loading on the plate. The stability of the coupled ROM is studied in the context of a test problem of inviscid, supersonic flow past a thin, square, elastic rectangular panel that will undergo flutter once the non‐dimensional pressure parameter exceeds a certain threshold. This a posteriori stability analysis reveals that the FSI ROM can be numerically stable even without the addition of the aforementioned stabilization term. Moreover, the ROM constructed for this problem properly predicts the maintenance of stability below the flutter boundary and gives a reasonable prediction for the instability growth rate above the flutter boundary. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于非定常气动力降阶的AGARD445.6硬机翼不同迎角颤振研究

以AGARD445.6硬机翼为研究对象,发展了基于计算流体力学与模态叠加的并行流固耦合方法,计算该机翼在不同初始迎角、不同来流速度的气动弹性时域响应,结果表明:初始迎角小于7°时,该机翼颤振速度随着初始迎角增加而降低;初始迎角7°~10°,颤振速度随着迎角增大而增加。在10°迎角条件建立了基于径向基神经网络的非定常气动降阶模型,准确预测不同速度、减缩频率的非定常气动力,并使用时域龙格库塔法和频域VG法预测10°迎角的颤振特性;建立考虑初始迎角输入的非定常气动降阶模型,预测机翼不同初始迎角的颤振特性。基于降阶模型的初始迎角对颤振边界影响的机理分析表明:小迎角时,随着迎角的增加广义力系数幅值比增加,导致颤振速度的下降;迎角大于7°后展向涡改变了机翼表面压强分布,导致一扭广义力系数幅值比降低,从而增加该机翼颤振速度。     

Structural optimization of an aeroelastically tailored composite flat plate made of woven fiberglass/epoxy

Summary Effects of aspect ratio, sweep angle, and stacking sequence of laminated composites were studied to find the optimized configuration of an aeroelastically tailored composite wing idealized as a flat plate in terms of flutter speed. The aeroelastic analysis has been carried out in the frequency domain. The modal approach in conjunction with doublet-lattice method (DLM) has been chosen for structural and unsteady aerodynamic analysis, respectively. The interpolation between aerodynamic boxes and structural nodes has been done using surface splines. To study the effect of stacking sequence the classical lamination theory (CLT) has been chosen. The parametric studies showed the effective ply orientation angle to be somewhere between 15 and 30 degrees, while the plates with lower aspect ratio seem to have higher flutter speeds. Forward-swept configurations show higher flutter speed, yet imposed by divergence constraints.