考虑风电频率响应的电力系统低频减载控制策略研究北大核心CSCD

大规模风电机组参与调频会对电力系统的频率稳定产生较大影响。传统低频减载控制策略的研究尚未考虑风电机组频率响应的影响,可能导致低频减载控制策略与传统火电、风电调频资源配置不合理。为此,文章提出一种考虑风电频率响应的电力系统低频减载控制策略。首先,基于风电虚拟惯性和一次调频控制模型,建立考虑风电参与调频的电力系统频率响应简化模型;其次,分析风电参与频率响应的有功响应特性对系统不平衡功率量的影响,进而精细化估算用于指导低频减载的不平衡功率量;最后,利用MATLAB/Simulink仿真平台对所提电力系统低频减载控制策略进行了仿真验证。     

风电场一次调频控制方法及试验研究

目前大量并网的风电机组按最大功率跟踪曲线运行,其功率不能响应电网频率的变化,不具备一次调频功能,这将严重影响电网的安全稳定运行。在分析风电场运行状况基础上,提出在现有风电场机组中加入虚拟惯性控制策略,以提高风电机组输出功率快速响应电网频率变化的能力;通过在风电场集中引入下垂控制策略,获得风电场一次调频总功率,再经过风电场能量管理平台分发给各台风电机组,实现风电场一次调频功能。现场试验结果表明,风电场机组能够像常规发电机组一样进行电网一次调频,其一次调频响应有功功率的速度优于水电机组指标规定的要求。     

含风电虚拟惯性响应的电力系统等效惯性时间常数计算

文章研究了含风电虚拟惯性响应的电力系统等效惯量定量计算方法,探究了风电虚拟惯性响应对电力系统惯性耦合特征的定量影响规律。在计算单个风电场等效虚拟惯性时间常数基础上,考虑不同风电渗透率情况,给出了电力系统等效惯性时间常数解析计算表达式,通过仿真算例对电力系统等效惯性时间常数的解析结果进行验证,并分析了电力系统等效惯量的时变特性。     

基于转矩极限的改进风电机组虚拟惯量控制策略

为解决大规模风电并网带来的系统频率稳定性降低问题,风电机组通过虚拟惯量控制可为系统提供短期频率支撑,然而惯性响应期间风电机组转速收敛缓慢,导致一部分转子动能被无故浪费;转速恢复阶段的有功突变易造成频率二次跌落。为此,提出基于转矩极限的改进风电机组虚拟惯量控制策略,实现在释放较少动能的前提下提供与传统策略相同的频率响应服务;并在频率步入准稳态时,借助时变功率函数开始转速恢复,实现转速快速恢复的同时缓解二次频率跌落。基于EMTP-RV仿真软件搭建包含风电场的电力系统模型,验证了所提策略的有效性。     

考虑频率二次跌落的风电机组调频控制研究

该文首先分析系统经典响应模型和传统火电机组内部的延时过程，并提出一种考虑协同火电机组的一次调频策略改善系统一次调频效果，其中风电机组配合同步发电机组内部惯性延时过程。为有效利用可用的转子动能储备找到最佳调频系数大小，使用粒子群优化算法（PSO）针对稳定风速情况下的风电机组输出进行优化，满足系统条件限制（例如频率最低点、频率变化率ROCOF等），决定调频系数Kc值大小和具体退出时间。并利用分段能量降幅信号作用于变流器控制来提升转子转速恢复，从而减小频率二次跌落深度。最后在Matlab/Simulink仿真软件建立的四机两区电网模型中对所提方案进行验证，为新能源参与系统频率调节提供基础。     

直驱永磁风电机组虚拟惯量控制简化实验方法

根据虚拟惯量控制的物理本质,提出一种简化的直驱永磁风电机组虚拟惯量控制实验系统的设计实现方法。该方法主要基于电力系统一次调频的数学模型,通过运算器的方式对等值电网的惯性响应特性和调频特性进行模拟,使得模拟风电机组在直接并入大电网的条件下即可进行虚拟惯量控制方法的实验验证。该方法避免了构建等值模拟电网的需要,从而进一步降低实验系统的实现成本。通过仿真和实验,验证简化实验方法的有效性和可行性。     

基于功率响应特性的双馈风电场一次调频模型参数全局辨识

随着风电在电力系统中占比提高,其一次调频特性对电力系统频率稳定性的影响增大。为了实现风电场一次调频模型的参数辨识,设计了以实际功率响应数据为依据的辨识方法,基于多工况功率响应数据并采用狼群算法对模型参数进行全局最优辨识。应用所设计的参数辨识方法对某双馈风电场进行了参数辨识,模型仿真值与实测值的对比结果表明：采用该方法辨识得到的模型参数能够较好地反映风电场一次调频功率响应实际特性。     

考虑UFLS响应的大规模风电并网系统频率特性分析

大规模风电并网系统在受到大功率缺额扰动后,电网会出现频率骤降,而低频减载（Under Frequency Load Shedding, UFLS）控制是防止频率失稳的有效手段。首先,基于含UFLS的改进系统频率响应模型（System Frequency Model, SFR）,研究了新型电力系统受到大功率扰动下的频率特征,基于经典频率响应模型建立改进的系统频率响应模型,考虑火电、风电联合调频控制策略,并引入UFLS频率控制;然后,根据所建立的系统频率响应模型对大规模风电并网系统参数进行整定,并建立多资源参与调频下的大规模风电并网系统频率特征表达式;最后,通过Matlab/Simulink仿真平台,验证UFLS控制策略参与调频的可行性及UFLS控制参数对频率调制效果的影响。     

基于VSG的风电机组虚拟惯量控制策略

针对永磁同步风电机组通过全功率变流器并网导致机组功率和电力系统频率解耦,机组不具备惯量响应特性的问题,综合考虑风轮、发电机、变流器特性构建"原动机-直流发电机-网侧变流器"的新型永磁同步风电系统控制模型,提出一种基于虚拟同步发电(VSG)的风电机组功率控制策略以实现机组惯量响应,提高机组电网频率支撑能力。网侧变流器基于VSG模拟传统同步发电机惯量响应特性,将系统频率变化转化为直流母线电压变化,机侧变流器利用机组风轮惯性通过发电机转矩控制实现直流母线电压的稳定。在PSCAD中基于1.5 MW永磁同步风电机组的仿真结果表明,基于VSG虚拟惯量控制策略能有效抑制电力系统频率变化,从而有效提高大规模风电场接入后系统的频率稳定性。     

考虑系统频率稳定需求的风电机组调频参数评估

随着风电渗透率提高，电力系统将面临一次调频能力不足的问题，为降低风电大规模并网对系统频率安全的影响，风电机组通过主动控制方式参与系统一次调频，随着风电渗透率的逐步提高，频率响应模式和调频参数的设置将更加复杂。研究基于风电机组的综合惯性控制，结合传统电力系统刚性集结模型，得出考虑风电机组参与一次调频的系统频率响应模型，并推导系统频率安全指标评价公式，通过仿真验证其有效性，从而在满足风电机组高渗透率系统频率稳定的前提下，确定不同风电渗透率下的风电机组调频参数最小临界值，为实际工程中的参数整定提供依据。     

风电系统的无功功率与电网电压稳定

论述了风电容量在占局部电网相当比例时,风电机组的无功功率调整与电网电压之间的关系,对于定速和变速风电机组的运行特性做了分析,提出了在需要做无功功率调整时风电机组应能满足的特殊要求。     

New energy power generation-wind power generation

This paper introduced the status quo of wind power and wind power generation technology. Focusing on the introduction of wind power generating system ibrational self-consistent field（VSCF）, program implementation included Alternating Current （AC）-Direct Current （DC）-AC conversion system, magnetic field modulation generator system, doubly-fed generator system etc. Among these, doubly-fed generator system is the trend. Where to build the wind farm is very important, so a perfect site is needed. Wind power generation will have a bright future. As long as the wind power can be linked to the grid in large scale.     

风力发电机组功率曲线的验证

风力发电机组的功率曲线是衡量整台机组经济技术水平的最佳尺度.功率曲线验证方法的选取及实际影响因素的修正,决定了所获取的功率曲线是否符合生产实际.文章就功率曲线验证方法、影响风力发电主要影响因素和空气密度计算方法等问题进行了探讨.     

Output power control for large wind power penetration in small power system

Nowadays, wind turbine generator (WTG) is increasingly required to provide control capabilities regarding output power. Under this scenario, this paper proposes an output power control of WTG using pitch angle control connected to small power systems. By means of the proposed method, output power control of WTG considering states of power system becomes possible, and in general both conflicting objectives of output power leveling and acquisition power increase are achieved. In this control approach, WTG is given output power command by fuzzy reasoning which has three inputs for average wind speed, variance of wind speed, and absolute average of frequency deviation. Since fuzzy reasoning is used, it is possible to define output power command corresponding to wind speed condition and changing capacity of power system momentarily. Moreover, high performance pitch angle control based on output power command is achieved by generalized predictive control (GPC). The simulation results by using actual detailed model for wind power system show the effectiveness of the proposed method.     

风电场并网对电力系统的影响分析

风电场输出功事的间歇性和波动性,给系统的电能质量、稳定运行等造成了严重的影响,成为制约风电场发展的重要因素.从风力发电的特点入手,分析了风电场并网对系统正常运行造成的影响,提出了一些相应的改善措施.     

分布式电源与电网同步的研究

在分布式电源并网系统中,通过获取电网侧的瞬时相位信息,使逆变器输出与电网保持同频、同相。文章分析了单同步坐标系软件锁相环算法和双二阶广义积分器锁相环算法的性能特点,根据优势互补的方法,通过检测电路检测三相电路的状态,正确地对锁相环进行切换,以快速精确的检测出正序电压和相位,保证系统中的逆变器正常工作。同时通过利用单纯形法对其锁相环的控制器参数进行优化。研究结果表明,根据电网侧的工作状态,合理地切换锁相环的工作模式,可以快速精确地追踪电网相位和频率信息。     

风-水-火电互补系统中风电穿越功率的研究

针对风电容量与风-水-火电互补系统稳定性的关系问题,研究了风电机组的数学模型,搭建了风-水-火电互补系统的仿真模型.将遗传算法(GA)应用于风电穿越功率的研究,建立了基于遗传算法的风电容量的优化数学模型,构造了适值函数.对实际电网中的风电容量进行了优化编程计算和仿真,优化和仿真结果虽有差异,但很近似,验证了所建优化数学模型的合理性及遗传算法应用于风电穿越功率计算的可行性.     

Output power variations with solar power satellites

The first comprehensive evaluation of output power variations expected from Solar Power Satellites is presented. The various factors are classified in a two tier manner as: deterministic (either periodic or non-periodic) and statistical (either constant with system life or changing with life). The largest variations are due to seasonal periodic factors, namely variations in the solar constant (± 3.3 per cent) and a solar illumination variation with the photovoltaic array held perpendicular to the orbit plane (± 4.2 per cent). Other key factors delineated which are being quantified presently include power reductions due to microwave power tube failure and silicon solar cell radiation damage, while multiple shadowing of adjacent power stations in geosynchronous orbit and rectenna structural factors and combining efficiency variations are representative of areas that need further study.     

Microthermophotovoltaic power generator with high power density

A promising energy source for portable MEMS devices, microthermophotovoltaic (micro-TPV) power generator, is described in this paper. The system mainly consists of a micro SiC combustor, and a GaSb photovoltaic (PV) cell array and a simple nine-layer dielectric filter, with a volume of about 3.1 cm³. When the flow rate of H₂ is 4.2 g/h, and H₂/O₂ ratio is 0.7, the system is able to deliver 3.06 W electrical power, the open-circuit voltage and short-circuit current are 2.31 V and 1.74 A, respectively, the result is a power density of about 1.0 W/cm³ (1 MW/m³). The effect of all kinds of factors on the performance of the micro-TPV system is also discussed in this paper.     

Balance of power

Energy policy in today's world is directed essentially by three main objectives: security of supply, efficiency of supply, and social and environmental sustainability. But given the varied characteristics of the many societies concerned, the emphasis in a particular region may be quite different. In effect, energy policy means very different things to Latin American countries than to the developed economies of Europe and the United States. The countries in Latin America do not yet satisfy the energy needs of much of their people, who must often rely on burning wood for heating and cooking. The additional objective of social justice and social equity becomes relevant. While some countries in the region are still facing low levels of electrification, others are crippled by insufficient investment in energy infrastructure. Finally, the region is resource rich, with a diversity of energy options (coal, gas, hydro, biomass, wind) available but unevenly distributed among the countries. Hence, cross-border supply decisions to foster the development of given technologies are always being discussed. As energy demand increases with economic development, Latin American electricity growth rates have been greater than 5% per year during the last decade. Yearly needs for investment in energy infrastructure in the region are comparable with those of the United States and Canada put together. South America alone will require about US$90 billion of investment in the power sector in the next ten years.