Second order sliding mode control for a quadrotor UAV

A method based on second order sliding mode control (2-SMC) is proposed to design controllers for a small quadrotor UAV. For the switching sliding manifold design, the selection of the coefficients of the switching sliding manifold is in general a sophisticated issue because the coefficients are nonlinear. In this work, in order to perform the position and attitude tracking control of the quadrotor perfectly, the dynamical model of the quadrotor is divided into two subsystems, i.e., a fully actuated subsystem and an underactuated subsystem. For the former, a sliding manifold is defined by combining the position and velocity tracking errors of one state variable, i.e., the sliding manifold has two coefficients. For the latter, a sliding manifold is constructed via a linear combination of position and velocity tracking errors of two state variables, i.e., the sliding manifold has four coefficients. In order to further obtain the nonlinear coefficients of the sliding manifold, Hurwitz stability analysis is used to the solving process. In addition, the flight controllers are derived by using Lyapunov theory, which guarantees that all system state trajectories reach and stay on the sliding surfaces. Extensive simulation results are given to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed control method.     

Position and attitude tracking control for a quadrotor UAV

A synthesis control method is proposed to perform the position and attitude tracking control of the dynamical model of a small quadrotor unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), where the dynamical model is underactuated, highly-coupled and nonlinear. Firstly, the dynamical model is divided into a fully actuated subsystem and an underactuated subsystem. Secondly, a controller of the fully actuated subsystem is designed through a novel robust terminal sliding mode control (TSMC) algorithm, which is utilized to guarantee all state variables converge to their desired values in short time, the convergence time is so small that the state variables are acted as time invariants in the underactuated subsystem, and, a controller of the underactuated subsystem is designed via sliding mode control (SMC), in addition, the stabilities of the subsystems are demonstrated by Lyapunov theory, respectively. Lastly, in order to demonstrate the robustness of the proposed control method, the aerodynamic forces and moments and air drag taken as external disturbances are taken into account, the obtained simulation results show that the synthesis control method has good performance in terms of position and attitude tracking when faced with external disturbances.     

Hybrid finite-time trajectory tracking control of a quadrotor

In this paper, accurate trajectory tracking control problem of a quadrotor with unknown dynamics and disturbances is addressed by devising a hybrid finite-time control (HFTC) approach. An adaptive integral sliding mode (AISM) control law is proposed for altitude subsystem of the quadrotor, whereby underactuated characteristics can decoupled. Backstepping technique is further deployed to control the horizontal position subsystem. To exactly attenuate external disturbances, a finite-time disturbance observer (FDO) combining with nonsingular terminal sliding mode (NTSM) control strategy is constructed for attitude subsystem, and thereby achieve finite-time stability. Using the compounded control scheme, trajectory tracking errors can be stabilized rapidly. Simulation results and comprehensive comparisons show that the proposed HFTC scheme has remarkably superior performance.     

Neural network disturbance observer-based distributed finite-time formation tracking control for multiple unmanned helicopters

The distributed finite-time formation tracking control problem for multiple unmanned helicopters is investigated in this paper. The control object is to maintain the positions of follower helicopters in formation with external interferences. The helicopter model is divided into a second order outer-loop subsystem and a second order inner-loop subsystem based on multiple-time scale features. Using radial basis function neural network (RBFNN) technique, we first propose a novel finite-time multivariable neural network disturbance observer (FMNNDO) to estimate the external disturbance and model uncertainty, where the neural network (NN) approximation errors can be dynamically compensated by adaptive law. Next, based on FMNNDO, a distributed finite-time formation tracking controller and a finite-time attitude tracking controller are designed using the nonsingular fast terminal sliding mode (NFTSM) method. In order to estimate the second derivative of the virtual desired attitude signal, a novel finite-time sliding mode integral filter is designed. Finally, Lyapunov analysis and multiple-time scale principle ensure the realization of control goal in finite-time. The effectiveness of the proposed FMNNDO and controllers are then verified by numerical simulations.     

存在死区的双柔杆空间机器人有限时间控制与抑振

探讨了存在关节力矩输出死区情况下,基于有限时间的漂浮基双柔杆空间机器人系统的轨迹跟踪与柔性抑振问题。采用奇异摄动理论,将系统的动力学方程分解为慢变与快变子系统,分别表示刚性运动与柔性振动。针对模型存在不确定性和死区参数未知的慢变子系统,设计了死区预补偿器和一种基于名义模型的有限时间控制器。引入了具有有限时间收敛特性的积分式滑模面,它与传统渐近收敛控制方法相比,具有更快的收敛速度、更好的鲁棒性和抗干扰特性。对于快变子系统,采用线性二次最优控制方法主动抑制其振动,以保证系统良好的稳定性。结合有限时间稳定性引理,采用李雅普诺夫理论证明了所提控制算法能使跟踪误差在有限时间内收敛到原点。仿真算例验证了所提方法的有效性。     

Disturbance suppression for quadrotor UAV using sliding-mode-observer-based equivalent-input-disturbance approach

This paper presents a new control scheme for quadrotor unmanned aerial vehicle attitude control and disturbance suppression. A quadrotor dynamic model is divided into two subsystems: fully-actuated and under-actuated. While the PID method is used to control the fully-actuated subsystem, a sliding-mode-observer-based equivalent-input-disturbance approach is used to control the under-actuated subsystem. The system design is simple, and it is globally uniformly ultimately bounded. Simulations and comparisons demonstrate the effectiveness of the method.     

Robust finite-time chaos synchronization of uncertain permanent magnet synchronous motors

In this paper, a robust finite-time chaos synchronization scheme is proposed for two uncertain third-order permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMSMs). The whole synchronization error system is divided into two cascaded subsystems: a first-order subsystem and a second-order subsystem. For the first subsystem, we design a finite-time controller based on the finite-time Lyapunov stability theory. Then, according to the backstepping idea and the adding a power integrator technique, a second finite-time controller is constructed recursively for the second subsystem. No exogenous forces are required in the controllers design but only the direct-axis (d-axis) and the quadrature-axis (q-axis) stator voltages are used as manipulated variables. Comparative simulations are provided to show the effectiveness and superior performance of the proposed method.     

区分快慢变子系统的柔性机械臂控制方法

为了提高柔性机械臂控制精度、抑制柔性机械臂末端振动,提出了区分快慢变子系统的组合控制方法。使用拉格朗日方程和假设模态法建立了柔性机械臂动力学方程,利用奇异摄动原理将柔性机械臂系统分解为快变子系统和慢变子系统;鉴于慢变子系统的强非线性和参数不确定性,将反演控制和滑膜变结构相结合,提出了基于反演滑模变结构控制方法的慢变子系统控制;鉴于快变子系统模型不准确问题,而模糊控制对模型精度没有要求,因此设计了快变子系统模糊控制器。经仿真验证可以看出,与传统PID控制相比,机械臂转角最大误差由4.1°下降为0.04°,稳定时间由10s下降为2.5s,末端振动最大值由0.081m下降为0.021m,极大地提高了柔性机械臂控制精度。     

四旋翼飞行器轨迹跟踪控制器的设计与验证

为了解决四旋翼飞行器在外界扰动影响和系统模型参数存在不确定性情况下的精确轨迹跟踪控制问题,设计并验证了一种四旋翼飞行器的非线性轨迹跟踪控制器。首先建立了考虑执行机构特性的四旋翼飞行器数学模型,并将虚拟控制量映射到了实际中对电机的控制;然后通过在反步法轨迹跟踪控制中加入积分项,设计了一种基于积分型反步法的非线性轨迹跟踪控制器,消除模型参数不确定性及外界干扰引起的误差,仿真结果验证了该方法的可行性;最后,利用QBall2四旋翼飞行实验平台,对所设计的非线性轨迹跟踪控制器进行验证,实际飞行实验结果表明了所设计控制器的有效性,提高了实际飞行过程中外界干扰和不确定性下的四旋翼飞行器轨迹跟踪控制的精度。     

Fault tolerant control for modified quadrotor via adaptive type-2 fuzzy backstepping subject to actuator faults

In this paper, a robust attitude and position control of a novel modified quadrotor unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) which has higher drive capability as well as greater robustness against actuator faults than conventional quad-rotor UAV has been developed. A robust backstepping controller with adaptive interval type-2 fuzzy logic is proposed to control the attitude and position of the modified quadrotor under actuator faults. Besides globally stabilizing the system amid other disturbances, the insensitivity to the model errors and parametric uncertainties are the asset of the backstepping approach. The adaptive interval type-2 fuzzy logic as fault observer can effectively estimate the lumped faults without the knowledge of their bounds for the modified quadrotor UAV. Additionally, the type-2 fuzzy systems are utilized to approximate the local nonlinearities of each subsystem under actuator faults, next and in order to achieve the expected tracking performance, we used Lyapunov theory stability and convergence analysis to online adjust adaptive laws. As a result, the uniformly ultimate stability of the modified quadrotor system is proved. Finally, the performances of the proposed control method are evaluated by simulation and the results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed control strategy for the modified quadrotor in vertical flights in presence of actuator faults.     

Implementation of a ball inverted pendulum with omnidirectional moving ability using a robust fuzzy control strategy

A robust fuzzy controller (RFC) is proposed for a ball inverted pendulum (BIP) system control problem. A Mamdani-type fuzzy controller and a compensated control technique are combined in the proposed control system. This controller is used for real-world control of a BIP with unknown system uncertainties. Using this method, the approximation error caused by the trial-and-error fuzzy control design procedure is minimized. Moreover, the decoupled technique provides a simple method for achieving asymptotic stability control for angle and position of a BIP control system. The concept of this approach is to decouple the entire system into two subsystems. Next, the primary subsystem combines the information provided by the secondary subsystem. And then a control force is generated to drive both subsystems toward their targets, respectively. Thus, the platform can move to any position without constraints. The stability of RFC, which is based on the Lyapunov stability theorem, is guaranteed. Furthermore, to verify the effectiveness of the control algorithm, several numerical simulations and dynamic simulation in the automatic dynamic analysis of mechanical systems (ADAMS) environment with MATLAB are implemented. Finally, the efficiency of the RFC is verified with real-time implementation of the BIP.     

漂浮基柔性关节-柔性臂空间机器人运动非线性滑模控制及双重弹性振动主动抑制

讨论了漂浮基柔性关节-柔性臂空间机器人系统的动力学建模过程、运动控制律设计及关节和臂双重弹性振动的抑制问题。利用动量、动量矩守恒关系和拉格朗日-假设模态法对系统进行动力学分析,并建立系统动力学方程。基于奇异摄动法,将系统分解为三个相互独立的子系统：仅表示系统刚性运动的“刚性关节-刚性臂”慢变子系统、仅表示柔性关节引起的系统弹性振动的“柔性关节-刚性臂”快变子系统和仅表示柔性臂引起的系统弹性振动的“刚性关节-柔性臂”快变子系统。分别针对三个子系统设计适当的控制律,其中非线性滑模控制方法用来实现空间机器人期望运动轨迹的渐近跟踪,速度差值反馈控制器用来抑制柔性关节引起的系统弹性振动,线性二次型最优控制器用来抑制柔性臂引起的系统弹性振动。因此,系统的总控制律为三个子系统的控制律组成的混合控制律。仿真实验证明所提出的混合控制律能够保证系统的控制精度,且能够有效地抑制柔性关节和柔性臂引起的系统弹性振动。     

载体位置、姿态均不受控的飘浮基柔性空间机器人的Terminal滑模控制

讨论了载体位置、姿态均不受控的飘浮基柔性空间机器人的Terminal滑模控制问题。为讨论既有柔性关节又有柔性臂的欠驱动系统,以一个具有两个柔性关节和一个柔性臂的飘浮基空间机器人为例,首先利用拉格朗日方程并结合系统总质心定义,得到了系统的动力学方程,然后利用奇异摄动法,将柔性空间机器人系统分解为一个柔性空间机械臂子系统和一个柔性关节快变子系统。以此为基础,提出了一种包含柔性空间机械臂子控制项和柔性关节快变子控制项的组合控制器。其中,柔性空间机械臂Terminal滑模子控制项实现了机械臂关节铰期望轨迹的跟踪,柔性关节快变子控制项使得快变子系统稳定在由柔性空间机械臂子控制项产生的机械臂关节轨迹上。系统的数值仿真结果表明,该方法能在抑制柔性关节的柔性振动的同时跟踪上机械臂关节期望轨迹。该控制方案的显著优点为不需要测量、反馈载体的位置、移动速度、移动加速度,同时可保证机械臂关节铰跟踪误差在任意指定有限时间内收敛到零。     

Distributed adaptive containment control of uncertain QUAV multiagents with time-varying payloads and multiple variable constraints

This paper considers the containment control problem for uncertain QUAV (Quadrotor Unmanned Aerial Vehicle) multiagents with time-varying payloads under a fixed topology graph, and a distributed adaptive containment control protocol with multiple variable constraints is proposed. Generally, the control framework is classified into two layers. In the first layer, the desired trajectories are determined for followers by the communication topology and initial values of leaders. For the second layer, the ith QUAV follower is required to track the desired trajectory by employing the information of itself and neighbors. Under the second layer, the system of the ith agent is decoupled into two subsystems: the translational subsystem and the rotational subsystem. For the translational subsystem, the distributed adaptive containment controller is designed via dynamic surface control method to track the desired position trajectory. With such method, the information requirement of ith agent for its neighbors can be reduced significantly. For the rotational subsystem, the adaptive tracking controller is constructed to track the desired attitudes derived from translational subsystem through commonly used attitudes extraction algorithms. In the end, the resulting closed-loop system is proved to be stable in the sense of uniformly ultimate boundness, and the effectiveness of the proposed approach is illustrated by numerical simulations.     

基于改进扩展状态观测器的四旋翼无人机轨迹鲁棒跟踪控制

针对四旋翼无人机在轨迹跟踪过程中会受到内外部扰动、模型误差等不确定性因素的影响,本文提出了一种基于改进型扩展状态观测器的积分滑模控制方案。具体来讲,首先,将四旋翼无人机系统存在的模型误差以及内外部扰动等不确定性因素视作集总干扰,通过借鉴的改进扩展状态观测器对其进行观测;进而,在此基础上,进一步考虑四旋翼无人机系统控制的连续性,基于四旋翼无人机轨迹误差、速度误差、姿态角误差和姿态角速度误差设计积分滑模控制器,分析了系统的稳定性并分别进行了数值仿真和实机实验。结果表明,采用本文算法时,在数值仿真中,各状态跟踪误差不超过1%,跟踪精度最高;在实机实验中,位置跟踪误差总体上能控制在20%以下。因此,本文方法具备有效性和可行性。     

Robust adaptive tracking control for nonholonomic mobile manipulator with uncertainties

In this paper, mobile manipulator is divided into two subsystems, that is, nonholonomic mobile platform subsystem and holonomic manipulator subsystem. First, the kinematic controller of the mobile platform is derived to obtain a desired velocity. Second, regarding the coupling between the two subsystems as disturbances, Lyapunov functions of the two subsystems are designed respectively. Third, a robust adaptive tracking controller is proposed to deal with the unknown upper bounds of parameter uncertainties and disturbances. According to the Lyapunov stability theory, the derived robust adaptive controller guarantees global stability of the closed-loop system, and the tracking errors and adaptive coefficient errors are all bounded. Finally, simulation results show that the proposed robust adaptive tracking controller for nonholonomic mobile manipulator is effective and has good tracking capacity.     

Relative position finite-time coordinated tracking control of spacecraft formation without velocity measurements

This paper investigates finite-time relative position coordinated tracking problem by output feedback for spacecraft formation flying without velocity measurement. By employing homogeneous system theory, a finite-time relative position coordinated tracking controller by state feedback is firstly developed, where the desired time-varying trajectory given in advance can be tracked by the formation. Then, to address the problem of lack of velocity measurements, a finite-time output feedback controller is proposed by involving a novel filter to recover unknown velocity information in a finite time. Rigorous proof shows that the proposed control law ensures global stability and guarantees the position of spacecraft formation to track a time-varying reference in finite time. Finally, simulation results are presented to illustrate the performance of the proposed controller.     

柔性基、柔性关节空间机械臂的运动混合控制

为解决具有不确定性柔性基、柔性关节空间机械臂的控制问题,提出一种自适应鲁棒终端滑模控制与自适应最优控制相结合的混合控制方案。首先,利用奇异摄动法将系统降阶为慢变子系统及快变子系统;其次,针对慢变系统设计一种由等效控制、鲁棒控制及自适应调节算法组成的轨迹跟踪自适应鲁棒终端滑模控制方案;之后,针对快变系统设计一类基于自适应状态观测的振动最优控制策略。仿真结果表明所提方案在系统刚性、柔性运动控制上的有效性。     

Finite-time decentralized adaptive neural constrained control for interconnected nonlinear time-delay systems with dynamics couplings among subsystems

The problem of finite-time decentralized neural adaptive constrained control is studied for large-scale nonlinear time-delay systems in the non-affine form. The main features of the considered system are that 1) unknown unmatched time-delay interactions are considered, 2) the couplings among the nested subsystems are involved in uncertain nonlinear systems, 3) based on finite-time stability approach, asymmetric saturation actuators and output constraints are studied in large-scale systems. First, the smooth asymmetric saturation nonlinearity and barrier Lyapunov functions are used to achieve the input and output constraints. Second, the appropriately designed Lyapunov-Krasovskii functional and the property of hyperbolic tangent functions are used to deal with the unknown unmatched time-delay interactions, and the neural networks are employed to approximate the unknown nonlinearities. Note that, due to unknown time-delay interactions and the couplings among subsystems, the controller design is more meaningful and challenging. At last, based on finite-time stability theory and Lyapunov stability theory, a decentralized adaptive controller is proposed, which decreases the number of learning parameters. It is shown that the designed controller can ensure that all closed-loop signals are bounded and the tracking error converges to a small neighborhood of the origin. The simulation studies are presented to show the effectiveness of the proposed method.     

Dual-quaternion based fault-tolerant control for spacecraft formation flying with finite-time convergence

Study results of developing control system for spacecraft formation proximity operations between a target and a chaser are presented. In particular, a coupled model using dual quaternion is employed to describe the proximity problem of spacecraft formation, and a nonlinear adaptive fault-tolerant feedback control law is developed to enable the chaser spacecraft to track the position and attitude of the target even though its actuator occurs fault. Multiple-task capability of the proposed control system is further demonstrated in the presence of disturbances and parametric uncertainties as well. In addition, the practical finite-time stability feature of the closed-loop system is guaranteed theoretically under the designed control law. Numerical simulation of the proposed method is presented to demonstrate the advantages with respect to interference suppression, fast tracking, fault tolerant and practical finite-time stability.