低水头、低通量浸没式直接超滤工艺净水效能研究

针对我国农村饮用水处理技术落后、设施管理水平低的现状,研发出基于低水头、低通量原水直接超滤工艺。以水质良好的水库水为处理对象,研究了直接超滤工艺长期运行的稳定性和对污染物的去除效果,探讨了排泥对直接超滤效能的影响,对比了两种材质超滤膜的通量及除污效能。试验结果表明,直接超滤工艺在65 cm过滤水头和5~6 L/(m~2·h)膜通量条件下可保持长期稳定运行,出水浊度低于0.07 NTU,出水细菌总数和总大肠菌群数均满足《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB 5749—2006)的要求。采取排泥措施可以显著提高膜池内溶解氧浓度,同时氨氮和UV_(254)去除率明显增加。     

直接超滤工艺处理微污染水库水的工程实践

通过直接超滤工艺处理微污染水库水的工程案例,从出水水质、长期稳定运行效果和投资运行成本三方面分析了直接超滤工艺在饮水工程中的应用效能。结果表明,针对微污染的水源水,经直接超滤工艺处理后,出水水质可稳定达到《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB 5749—2006)的要求,出水的微生物安全性得到了有效保障;另外,长期在15 L/(m~2·h)以下的低通量工况下运行有利于延缓膜污染;日常物理反冲洗和定期化学清洗,能保证直接超滤净水系统的长效稳定运行;该工艺的制水成本为0.285元/m~3,适宜在农村地区推广应用。     

超滤预处理工艺在反渗透海水淡化系统中的应用

针对海水淡化工程中的原水水质和出水要求,通过比较各种预处理方式,提出在反渗透海水淡化系统中采用超滤预处理工艺。介绍了超滤预处理工艺的运行参数,并与常规工艺进行了对比。     

混凝方式对超滤膜出水水质的影响

采用混凝与浸没式超滤膜组合工艺处理深圳市某水库原水,对比了完全混凝-超滤工艺与在线混凝-超滤工艺出水水质的不同,考察了不同混凝方式对超滤膜出水水质的影响.结果表明,当混凝剂聚合氯化铝（PACl）的投加量为3 mg/L时,两种组合工艺对浊度的去除率均达到99％以上;完全混凝-超滤对CODMn、UV254、DOC的去除率分别为40.5％,63.1％和18.5％,而在线混凝-超滤的去除率分别为41.1％,60.4％和19.2％.在保证出水水质的前提条件下,采用在线混凝-超滤工艺可以简化工艺流程,降低工程建设和运行成本.     

浸没式超滤膜净化西江水中试研究

分析了浸没式超滤膜处理西江水的净水效能及运行稳定性,探讨了超滤膜化学清洗的效果。结果表明,原水分别经过混凝沉淀—超滤和混凝沉淀—砂滤—超滤两种工艺处理后,出水水质均有很大提升,出水平均浊度分别为0.07、0.06 NTU;中试运行过程中,对COD_(Mn)的平均去除率为20%,略优于常规处理工艺;出水中均未检测到剑水蚤、红虫等微型动物。对超滤膜进行化学清洗后跨膜压差恢复显著,清洗后TMP_(20℃)由33 k Pa降至16 k Pa。两种工艺的TMP_(20℃)平均增长速率分别为0.33、0.10 k Pa/d,超滤膜系统的跨膜压差增长缓慢,运行相对稳定。     

电厂中水回用工程的设计与运行

利用集成膜系统（连续超滤／反渗透）处理陕西某电厂废水，以微涡絮凝、纤维过滤和连续超滤作为反渗透系统的预处理，并采用将纤维过滤出水与反渗透出水混合的混水方案，出水作为补给水供给电厂循环冷却系统。运行结果表明，该工艺设计合理，出水各项指标均能满足回用要求；建设和运行费用低，对类似中水回用工程的设计与运行具有一定的指导和借鉴意义。     

接触氧化/超滤除铁除锰组合工艺的净化效能

地下水是农村地区的重要水源,但存在处理设施管理水平低以及出水铁、锰浓度经常超标的现象,水质安全保障性差。研发出了一体化除铁除锰滤罐,并与超滤技术耦合形成接触氧化/超滤除铁除锰组合工艺。近4个月的生产性运行结果表明,滤罐具有良好的除铁除锰效果,出水总铁和总锰的含量分别达到0.20和0.04 mg/L,对氨氮也有较好的去除效果。超滤出水总铁和总锰平均值分别为0.01和0.03 mg/L,浊度平均值达0.10 NTU,显著提高了除铁除锰滤罐出水水质的稳定性和保障率。在恒定膜通量为50 L/(m2·h)、过滤周期为45 min的条件下,超滤膜的跨膜压差平均增长率仅为0.26 kPa/d,膜污染得到了有效控制,实现了长期稳定运行。接触氧化/超滤除铁除锰组合工艺的出水水质完全达到了《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB 5749—2006)的要求,为今后超滤技术在地下水除铁除锰领域的应用提供了有益的参考。     

某市南水北调配套水厂处理工艺介绍

某市南水北调配套水厂采用以超滤为核心单元的短流程组合净水工艺,水厂运行以来出水各项指标满足要求,出水浊度0. 02 NTU,藻含量和大肠菌群数均未检出。该工艺具有结构简单、建设工程量小、施工周期短、管理方便以及运行费用低等优点。     

超滤工艺处理含藻湖库水的中试研究

针对湖库水在夏季藻类含量过高的情况,采用以超滤为核心的组合工艺进行处理,考察了超滤中试系统对藻类的去除效果。结果表明,超滤系统出水的浊度、CODMn、细菌数量等指标均优于GB 5749—2006《生活饮用水卫生标准》,出水浊度为0.1 NTU,CODMn平均去除率为40.0%;前加氯有助于有机物和细菌的去除,CODMn去除率提高了5.8%,膜出水的菌落总数有所减少;超滤系统出水平均藻密度为4.6×104个/L,低于卫生部推荐《饮用水源中藻类卫生标准》警戒限值,也远小于水厂工艺出水藻密度;在超滤之前增加预处理工艺能有效改善超滤过滤性能,膜过滤水厂沉后水的SF比直接过滤原水高出45%左右。超滤膜恒压运行时,0.055 MPa时的膜通量比0.040 MPa时高32%左右,但降低跨膜压差,维持相对低一些的膜通量可以使系统产水更加稳定。因此,采用以超滤为核心的组合工艺能有效地控制湖库水中的藻类,保障饮用水安全。     

集成式单阀重力反洗超滤工艺处理引黄水库原水

通过对单阀重力反洗直接超滤工艺处理引黄水库原水的中试研究,从超滤膜选型、长期稳定运行的膜污染控制、出水水质和运行成本4个方面分析了直接超滤工艺在农村饮用水工程中的应用效能。针对具有引黄水库原水特质的微污染水源,经直接超滤工艺处理后,出水浊度低于0. 1 NTU,水质可稳定达到《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB 5749—2006)的要求,出水微生物安全性可以得到有效保障;采用超滤技术直接过滤引黄水库原水时,可选用截留分子质量较小的内压式PVC合金超滤膜,同时在反冲洗水中添加10 mg/L的NaClO进行化学强化反冲洗,可使跨膜压差增长速率明显降低,延长维护性化学清洗周期,有效缓解膜污染;另外,长期以10 L/(m~2·h)的低通量工况运行有利于延缓膜污染。该工艺流程简单,管理方便,运行成本约为0. 1元/m~3,适宜在农村地区推广应用。     

南郊水厂超滤膜组合工艺运行情况评价

分析并评价了东营市南郊水厂(10×104m3/d)以超滤为核心的水质改善工程一年来的运行情况.生产实践表明,超滤组合工艺出水水质较工程实施前有很大提升,超滤出水浊度保持在0.02 NTU以下,组合工艺对CODMn、UV254和TOC的平均去除率分别为(44.96±3.69)%、(43.22±2.21)%和(20.10±...     

UF膜组件的有机污染及清洗

近年来,超滤（UF）膜组件的污染问题主要集中在有机物污染的范围。利用几种化学药剂对聚砜超滤膜有机污染造成的堵塞的清洗方式进行了试验研究,研究了UF件的有机污染行为及膜组件污染物的去除。实验证明NaClO,H2O2和NaOH对于UF膜的有机污染去除都有一定的效果,其中H2O2的去除效果最好。控制原水的PH值有利于减轻膜污染。同时,以NaOH／NaClO及NaOH／H2O2水溶液相结合的方式对于膜的蛋白质污染的去除也有很好的效果,能够使超滤膜的渗透水通量恢复到初始值。同时还对UF膜的有机污染形成基理进行了分析。     

Studies on the effect of humic acids and phenol on adsorption-ultrafiltration process performance

Application of pressure-driven membrane processes, such as ultrafiltration (UF) and microfiltration (MF) for surface water treatment have become very popular during last decades. Membrane fouling by humic substances (HS) is one of the major limiting factors in these processes. In order to alleviate the unfavorable effects of the presence of HS in the feed on the process performance UF and MF are often combined with adsorption on powdered activated carbon (PAC). The main goal of the present study was to evaluate the effect of humic acid (HA) on membrane fouling during UF. Moreover, the effect of PAC addition to the feed on UF process, especially on flux decline was determined. The applicability of the adsorption-ultrafiltration (PAC/UF) system to purification of water containing low (phenol) and high molecular (HA) was also investigated. Three different polymer UF membranes, prepared from polysulfone (PSF), cellulose acetate (CA) or polyacrylonitrile (PAN) were applied. It was found that the membranes prepared from PSF and CA are very susceptible to fouling caused by HA. The permeate flux decreased for ca. 50% during UF of HA solution through the PSF membrane and for ca. 45%-through the CA membrane. In the case of the PAN membrane, a negligible effect of HA on the flux was observed. On the basis of the FTIR spectra it was found that the drop in the permeate flux through these membranes may result from interactions between the negatively charged functional groups present on the membrane surface, such as carboxyl groups (CA) and sulfone groups (PSF) with HA, which results in coating of the membrane surface with HA. When PAC was added to the feed containing HA, the permeate flux through the CA and PAN membranes was maintained on a practically unchanged level. However, in case of the PSF membrane, a 50% drop in the permeate flux in comparison with the flux value, when process was conducted without PAC addition was observed. That was supposed to be due to attractive forces among hydrophobic PAC particles, HA molecules and PSF membrane surface. The performed studies showed that the application of PAC/UF system was very effective in the removal of organic substances having both, low and high molecular weights. The role of PAC suspended in a feed in the PAC/UF system is the adsorption of low molecular organic compounds, which cannot be removed by UF alone.     

超滤膜处理净水厂沉淀池出水的中试研究

采用中试规模的内压式超滤膜系统处理水厂沉淀池出水,考察超滤膜系统长期运行的出水水质情况。结果表明,超滤膜系统在处理不同水质期沉淀池出水时具有较高的除浊率,平均除浊率达到93.4%,且99.4%的出水浊度<0.1 NTU,去除效果明显优于同期传统的滤池工艺。超滤膜系统对沉淀池出水中有机物的去除效果有限,对CODMn和UV254的平均去除率分别为17.2%和8.2%,出水CODMn≤2.0 mg/L的保证率在98%以上,膜出水CODMn浓度受进水水质和运行条件的影响不大。膜进水中以小分子质量有机物为主,在MW<1 ku区间内的DOC和UV254占到整体有机物含量的57.3%和53.5%。超滤膜系统对微生物的去除效果良好,膜出水水质大部分时间无需经过消毒就能保证卫生要求,可降低后续消毒的加氯量,从而减少消毒副产物的生成量。     

內压式超滤膜组合工艺处理北江水中试研究

以聚合氯化铝作为混凝剂,采用內压式超滤膜组合工艺处理北江水.结果表明,混凝沉淀-投加ClO2-超滤组合工艺出水浊度平均值为0.062 NTU;超滤能有效截留水中有机物和微生物,出水TOC保持在1.0 mg/L以下,菌落总数和大肠菌群均未检出;但超滤不能截留亚氯酸盐和氯酸盐.与常规工艺相比,内压式超滤膜组合工艺显著缩短了...     

大型超滤水厂PVC和PVDF膜运行特性差异与优化

超滤技术已广泛应用于城镇给水处理厂,使得饮用水水质得到显著改善。不同材质超滤膜的运行周期、膜通量、跨膜压差(TMP)等的变化规律会有显著的差异,需要根据各自的特点对超滤系统进行运行参数调控与优化,以保证超滤系统的长期稳定运行。分析了山东某大型超滤水厂超滤系统长期运行的特点,对比了PVC膜和PVDF膜孔结构特征、膜通量、跨膜压差变化趋势及膜过滤阻力特性,调控和优化超滤系统运行参数,并进行了长时间的运行验证。结果表明,膜孔径和膜孔结构不同造成的膜污染是PVC膜与PVDF膜过滤特性差异的主要因素,恒定过滤周期运行模式下PVC膜通量加速衰减时段为82~220 min,造成PVC膜通量衰减了9. 14%,并形成了约5%的永久衰减膜通量,而PVDF膜的通量衰减并不明显,使得水厂超滤系统在恒定过滤周期(180min)运行模式下,出现了PVC膜的污染速率明显高于PVDF膜、系统的运行工况出现显著差异的现象。按照恒定过滤阻力模式运行时,PVC膜和PVDF膜的最佳过滤周期范围分别为82~108 min和96~155 min。水厂超滤系统在恒定过滤阻力运行模式下将PVC膜与PVDF膜在高温期和低温期的过滤周期分别调整为110、90 min和150、120 min,TMP的增长速率和化学维护清洗周期均基本一致,超滤系统实现了长期稳定运行。研究成果为我国超滤水厂中不同材质超滤膜的运行参数优化及协同稳定运行提供了参考。     

Cost factors and chemical pretreatment effects in the membrane filtration of waters containing natural organic matter

This paper compares the membrane processes available for water treatment. Membranes have the advantage of currently decreasing capital cost, a relatively small footprint compared to conventional treatment, generally a reduction in chemicals usage and comparably low maintenance requirements. Three membrane processes applicable to water treatment, micro- (MF), ultra- (UF), and nanofiltration (NF), are compared in terms of intrinsic rejection, variation of rejection due to membrane fouling and increase in rejection by ferric chloride pretreatment. Twelve different membranes are compared on the basis of their membrane pore size which was calculated from their molecular weight cut-off. A pore size of < 6 nm is required to achieve substantial (> 50%) organics removal. For a fouled membrane this pore size is about 11 nm. UV rejection is higher than DOC rejection. Coagulation pretreatment allows a higher rejection of organics by MF and UF and the cut-off criterion due to initial membrane pore size is no longer valid. A water quality parameter (WQP) is introduced which describes the product water quality achieved as a function of colloid, DOC and cation rejection. The relationship between log (pore size) and WQP is linear. Estimation of membrane costs as a function of WQP suggests that open UF is superior to MF (similar cost at higher WQP) and NF is superior to tight UF. Chemical pretreatment could compensate for the difference between MF and UF. However, when considering chemicals and energy costs, it appears that a process operated at a higher energy is cheaper at a guaranteed product quality (less dependent on organic type). This argument is further supported by environmental issues of chemicals usage, as energy may be provided from renewable sources.     

膜生物反应器启动阶段除藻效果研究

以人工配制的含藻原水为处理对象,比较了UF工艺、生物粉末活性炭+UF组合工艺的除藻效能。结果表明,在膜生物反应器启动阶段,生物粉末活性炭+UF组合工艺对藻类、叶绿素a、藻毒素的去除效果高于UF工艺;生物粉末活性炭形成后,组合工艺对MC-RR、MC-LR的平均去除率达到96.0%和85.2%,能去除全部的藻类和叶绿素a,是较为理想的除藻工艺。     

Identification and quantification of major organic foulants in treated domestic wastewater affecting filterability in dead-end ultrafiltration

Ultrafiltration (UF) membranes can be used after conventional wastewater treatment to produce particle free and hygienically safe water for reuse. However, membrane fouling affects the performance of UF to a large extent. Stirred cell tests with UF membrane show high flux decline filtering treated domestic wastewater. Investigation on the impact of size fractioned substances indicates that dissolved substances are major foulants affecting water filterability. Dissolved organic substances in feed and permeate samples of the stirred cell tests are analyzed by liquid chromatography with online organic carbon detection (LC-OCD). The resulting chromatograms displayed a significant difference of feed and permeate samples in the range of large molecules identified as biopolymer peak. The substances detected in this peak (mostly macro polysaccharide-like and protein-like molecules) are almost completely retained by UF membranes. Quantified investigation shows that biopolymer concentration influences filterability of corresponding water sample proportionally. The apparent magnitude of delivered biopolymer to membrane has a striking correlation with fouling resistance. The relationship was verified to be reproducible using different water samples. Mechanism analysis demonstrates that based on the delivered biopolymer load to membrane pore blocking or cake/gel fouling is the main fouling mechanism in the present experiment conditions.     

中桥水厂超滤膜深度处理工艺中试研究

分别以滤后水和沉后水作为进水,考察了超滤膜深度处理工艺的净水效能、膜通量、渗透性及清洗方式.结果表明,超滤膜深度处理工艺对浊度、总铁及色度具有较好的去除效果;以滤后水和沉后水作为超滤膜进水时,适宜的膜通量范围分别为(70 ～80)和(50～60) L/(m2·h);超滤膜-粉末活性炭组合工艺对浊度的去除效果很好,当PAC投加量为15 mg/L时,浊度去除率大于80.7％,TOC、CODMn 、UV254及氨氮去除率基本小于30％.