Stress relaxation in the interface between creep particle and elastic matrix-strengthening mechanism

The effect of a power law creep particle on interface behavior between the particle and elastic matrix is investigated by stress analysis. Using the results obtained through the stress analysis, the forces due to interaction of an applied stress and stress concentration with an edge dislocation are determined. The direct interaction between the edge dislocation and the creeping particle is studied under fully relaxed stress conditions. Through the investigation the following results are derived. Stress relaxation in the interface can be caused by power law creep along or by diffusion, or a combination of both mechanisms. The degree of stress relaxation caused by diffusion can be defined in terms of the relaxation time for both boundary diffusion and volume diffusion. The amount of stress relaxation caused by the power law creep particle is characterized by the quantity ₂ which is a function of Γ₀ = 2(1/√3)^{1 + m} × (σ_∞/2μ)^m(σ₀/σ_∞t^m), where m is strain rate hardening exponent, σ_∞ is applied stress, μ is the shear modulus, σ₀ is the material constant of the power law creep particle, and t is elapsed time. The value ₂ = 1.0 corresponds to the fully relaxed condition and ₂ = −0.6 corresponds to the initial state. The time to reach a fully relaxed condition is very sensitive to the strain rate exponent, with the smaller m values leading to longer times. The stress state of complete relaxation in the elastic matrix is equivalent to the solution of a void in an elastic matrix superposed on the solution of positive surface traction on the void. This result is identical to that obtained by Srolovitz et al. [Acta. Metall.32, 1979 (1984)]. When the stress is completely relaxed in the particle, all stress components (σ_r, σ_θand σ_rθ) are relaxed, while in the matrix relaxations are observed only for σ_rand σ_θ. The critical resolved shear stress and critical stress to climb the dislocation in the neighborhood of the particle exceed the Orowan stress. Also, the particle attracts the dislocation. Therefore the strengthening of a power law creep particle in an elastic matrix is caused by the Orowan mechanism and by attraction of the dislocation.     

Shallow defect states in hydrogenated amorphous silicon oxide

The theoretical cluster-Bethe-lattice method is used in this study to investigate the shallow defect states in hydrogenated amorphous silicon oxide. The electronic density of states (DOS) for the SiO₂ Bethe lattice of various Si–O–Si angles, non-bridging oxygen Si–O^√, peroxyl radical Si–O–O^√, threefold coordinated O₃ and Si–H bonds are calculated. The variation of the Si–O–Si bond angle causes the bandgap fluctuation and induces tail states near the conduction band minimum. The Si–O^√ and Si–O–O^√ bonds introduce shallow defect states in the energy gap near the top of the valence band. The Si–H bond induces a defect state, in the energy gap near the conduction band minimum, in a-SiO_x with high oxygen concentration, but not low oxygen concentration. The O₃ bond itself does not induce defect state in the energy gap. The O₃⁺D⁻ complex, formed by the O₃ and threefold coordinated silicon, induces shallow state in the energy gap near the conduction band minimum. This defect state can explain the energy shift of photoluminescence of a-SiO_x:H under annealing.     

Bioequivalence evaluation of two formulations of doxazosin tablet in healthy thai male volunteers

The bioequivalence of two doxazosin 2 mg tablets was determined in 24 healthy Thai male volunteers after one single dose in a randomized cross-over study with a one week washout period. The study was conducted at Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Health Sciences Research Institute, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand. Reference (Cardura®, Heinrich Mack Nachf. GmbH & Co. GK, Illertissen, Germany) and test (Dozozin-2®, Umeda Co., Ltd., Bangkok Thailand) were administered to volunteers after overnight fasting. Blood samples were collected at specified time intervals and plasma was separated. The validated HPLC method with fluorescence detection was used for quantification of doxazosin in plasma samples. The pharmacokinetic parameters, T_max, C_max, AUC_t, AUC_∞, T_1/2, λ_z, Cl and V_d, were determined from plasma concentration time profile of both formulations by using non-compartment analysis. The calculated pharmacokinetic parameters were compared statistically to evaluate bioequivalence between the two brands. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) using log-transformed C_max, AUC_t, and AUC_∞ did not show any significant difference between two formulations. The point estimates and 90% confidence intervals for C_max, AUC_t and AUC_∞ were within the acceptance range (0.80-1.25), satisfying the bioequivalence criteria of the Thailand Food and Drug Administration Guidelines. These results indicate that Dozozin-2® is bioequivalent to Cardura® and, thus, may be prescribed interchangeably.     

Optical constants of polycrystalline CuGaTe2 films

Thin films of CuGaTe₂ with thicknesses in the range, 0.1–1.0 μm were deposited on Corning 7059 glass substrates by flash evaporation. The substrate temperatures, T_s, were maintained in the range 373–623 K. The transmittance of the films was recorded in the wavelength range 900–2500 nm. The dependence of the optical band gap, E_g, on substrate temperature showed that the value of E_g varied from 1.21 eV to 1.24 eV. The variation of refractive index and extinction coefficient with photon energy was studied from which the material properties such as the limiting value of dielectric constant, ε_∞, plasma frequency, ω_p, and hole effective mass, m_h^*, were evaluated as ε_∞ = 7.59, ω_p = 1.47 × 10¹⁴ and m_h^* = 1.25 m₀.     

Evaluation of bioequivalence of two formulations containing 100 milligrams of aceclofenac

The bioequivalence of two oral formulations containing aceclofenac 100 mg was determined in 24 healthy Indian male volunteers. The study was designed as a single dose, fasting, two-period two-sequence crossover study with a washout period of 1 week. The content of aceclofenac in plasma was determined by a validated HPLC method with UV detection. The preparations were compared using the parameters area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC_0-t), area under the plasma concentration-time curve from zero to infinity (AUC_0-∞), peak plasma concentration (C_max), and time to reach peak plasma concentration (t_max). No statistically significant difference was observed between the logarithmic transformed AUC_0-∞ and C_max values of the two preparations. The 90% confidence interval for the ratio of the logarithmic transformed AUC_0-t, AUC_0-∞, and C_max were within the bioequivalence limit of 0.80-1.25.     

Lead fluoride: An ultra-compact Cherenkov radiator for em calorimetry

We have tested the material PbF₂ and found that it is a Cherenkov radiator suitable for electromagnetic calorimetry. It has a density of 7.77 g/cm³, a radiation length of 0.93 cm, a refractive index of 1.8, and an optical cutoff at about 280 nm. An electromagnetic shower is 15% shorter longitudinally, and its apparent lateral extent has a 1/3 smaller radius in PbF₂ than in BGO. We have measured 1300 photoelectrons per GeV of deposited energy and have set an upper limit on the energy resolution of 5.1%/√E. The first measurements show PbF₂ to be much more radiation resistant than lead glass; also, when damaged, it almost fully recovers after a short exposure to UV light.     

Outer shock structure of shock-waves propagating in partially ionized gases

Structure of a shock wave propagating through a partially ionized gas is divided into an inner heavy particle shock and two surrounding outer regions. The electron and heavy particle properties are calculated at the two edges of the inner shock and are found to vary, for a given free stream Mach number M₁, almost linearly with the degree of ionization. The Mach number that characterizes the inner shock decreases monotonically from M₁ as the degree of ionization increases and reaches a limiting value, for a given M₁, as the gas becomes fully ionized. The width of the outer regions is found to be of the order of length for electron heat conduction when this conduction is equal to the convected internal energy.     

The small-angle scattering correlation function of the hemisphere

The analytical expression of the correlation function of the hemisphere is given. The calculation is based on the chord length distribution of this figure, calculated by the author. It is discussed here, too. Details of these structure functions at certain r-positions are analyzed. An expansion into a Taylor series at r=0 is possible. The first coefficients are given. The asymptotic scattering intensity I_∞(h) is formulated and compared with that of the hemisphere in a Porod plot.     

Polyamide coated glass fabric in polyester resin: interlaminar shear strength versus moisture absorption studies

An experimental investigation was carried out to study the effect of polyamide coatings on the adhesion and moisture absorption behaviour of glass/polyester composites. Glass fabrics (chopped-strand mats) were coated with polyamide 6,6 by interfacial coating and solution dip-coating. Hand lay-up was employed to fabricate polyester-based laminates. Short beam shear tests were performed in order to assess the effect of the coating on the adhesion of the fibre to the matrix. The data show that both coatings have a negative effect on the interlaminar shear strength. Moisture absorption tests were also carried out. Weight gain data versus time of immersion were collected at different immersion temperatures and the water uptake at equilibrium (M_∞) and the diffusion coefficient (D) were calculated. An increase in M_∞ and D, as the amount of polyamide coating on the glass fibres increases, was observed. We also observed that many of the diffusion curves, at lower temperatures, exhibit a two-stage sorption (2SS) form.     

高性能Sm2Fe17N x 粉体制备的研究进展

新能源汽车的高速发展,需要能稳定工作在120℃~200℃温度区间的永磁材料。居里温度为476℃、各向异性场为14.7 T的Sm₂Fe₁₇N₃,具有优良的本征磁性能,可应用在这个温度区间。为了提高Sm₂Fe₁₇N₃粉体的磁性能,必须将颗粒的粒径减小到临界单畴尺寸以实现高各向异性场;同时,还要避免颗粒尺寸减小产生的表面氧化,以保证高剩磁和最大磁能积。粉体破碎、机械合金化、甩带、薄带连铸、还原扩散以及表面镀覆等多种制备工艺,可用于制备高性能Sm₂Fe₁₇N₃。目前,实验室制备的Sm₂Fe₁₇N₃粉体的矫顽力和最大磁能积已经达到28.1 kOe和43.6 MGOe。本文评述近年来Sm₂Fe₁₇N₃粉体制备的研究成果,包括对制备机理的系统总结并提出仍待解决的关键问题：Sm₂Fe₁₇N₃粉体的矫顽力、剩磁等与其颗粒尺寸的量化规律以及与颗粒磁畴结构的关联机制;对NH₃/H₂混合气体中H₂对提高氮化效率的作用机制仍需探索;进一步开发在低氧环境下的颗粒粒径均匀化、控制形貌的二次破碎技术;对于还原扩散法,开发适合规模化应用的新前驱体及其制备方法以及快速去除钙副产物的水洗技术等。     

Griffith's theory of brittle fracture in three dimensions

The Griffith theory of brittle fracture is extended to the three-dimensional problem of a flat elliptical crack in an otherwise uniform field of tensile and shear stresses. A method for finding the correct expressions of the change in strain energy due to the elliptical crack is developed. This is done by expressing the stresses and displacements in terms of the radius R₀ of a large sphere around the crack and by imposing the condition of equilibrium that the stresses or displacements across the spherical surface should agree with the prescribed boundary conditions as R₀ → ∞. The strain energy due to the presence of the elliptical crack is found to be independent of the tension applied parallel to the crack plane at infinity. On the basis of the thermodynamic argument of Griffith, it is also observed that the critical tensile and shear stresses increase rapidly as the ratio of major to minor semi-axes of the ellipse approaches unity.     

Preparation and Dielectric Properties of Sr(Ti, Nb)03 Ceramic from Sol-Gel Route

IR, DSC/TGA and XRD were used to study the formation of Nb₂O₅-doped SrTi0₃ powder. The rates of hydrolysis and polycondensation of titanyl acylate precursors prepared by chelating of titanium isopropoxide with acetic acid were slow. Therefore, the particle size of the powder obtained was finer and the particle size distribution was more uniform. The powder obtained was about 0.1 um of primary particle size, and the powder was readily sintered. The activation energy of grain growth for the ceramics calculated by the Arrhenius' formula is 121 KJ mol^-1. The dielectric constant and dissipation factor of the bulk powders were also determined at 1300 to 1450^°C.     

复合添加剂的共沉淀法制备及ZnO压敏陶瓷研究

采用共沉淀法合成的复合添加剂粉体制备ZnO压敏陶瓷,用TG-DTA热分析沉淀物前驱体, 通过XRD、SEM、EDS和DLS表征复合粉体的物相、形貌、组成元素、粒度及其分布, 测试压敏陶瓷性能、并观察其结构.结果表明, 550℃煅烧前驱体生成各添加剂氧化物的混合物; 650℃煅烧1 h形成组成为(Bi_1.14Co_0.26Mn_0.29)(Sb_1.14Cr_0.57Ni_0.29)O_6.25焦绿石型复合添加剂粉体, 复合粉体平均粒径为0.26μm; 复合粉体制备的ZnO压敏陶瓷的电位梯度为330 V/mm、非线性系数为47、漏电流为5μA/cm², 电性能参数分别优于固相法混合添加剂粉体制备的压敏陶瓷, 这归因于复合粉体制备的压敏陶瓷具有更均匀的显微结构.     

新型奥氏体耐热钢CHDG-A的动态再结晶行为及其动力学模型

进行新型奥氏体耐热钢(CHDG-A)的热压缩实验,研究了在900~1100℃、应变速率为0.01-10 s^-1条件下这种钢的热变形特征。结果表明:随着变形温度的提高或应变速率的降低这种钢的流变应力显著降低。基于Arrhenius模型构建了这种材料的本构方程,得到CHDG-A热变形激活能Q为515.618 kJ/mol。微观组织分析结果表明,动态再结晶(DRX)是该材料在实验热变形条件下最主要的软化方式,DRX形核主要通过晶界弓出,变形温度的升高和应变速率降低均有利于再结晶形核。基于真应力-应变曲线求得动态再结晶用Z参数表示的峰值和临界值(σ_p、ε_p、σ_c和ε_c),并确定了ε_c/ε_p,σ_c/σ_p的比值分别为0.52和0.98。同时,还基于Avrami方程建立了CHDG-A的DRX动力学模型。     

Comparative study on the bioequivalence of two formulations of pioglitazone tablet in healthy Thai male volunteers

The bioequivalence study of two 30 mg pioglitazone formulations was determined in healthy Thai male volunteers after a single dose administration in a randomized cross-over study with a 1-week washout period. Due to the high variability of the rate and extent of absorption of pioglitazone, an add-on subject study was required to assess bioequivalence. Reference product (Actos®, Takeda Chemical Industries, Ltd., Osaka, Japan) and test product (Glubosil®, Silom Medical Co. Ltd., Bangkok, Thailand) were given to 35 volunteers after overnight fasting. Blood samples were collected at specified time intervals. Plasma was analyzed for pioglitazone concentration using a validated HPLC method. Pharmacokinetic parameters were compared between test and reference products from plasma concentration-time profile by using non-compartment analysis. The statistical comparison of C_max and AUC_0-t, AUC_t-∞ clearly indicated that no significant difference in two products of pioglitazone tablets in add-on subject study. The 90% confidence intervals for the mean ratio (test/reference) of C_max and AUC_0-t, AUC_t-∞ were within the Thailand Food and Drug Administration acceptance range. Based on the pharmacokinetic and statistical results of this study, we can conclude that Glubosil® is bioequivalent to Actos®, and that two products can be considered interchangeable in medical practice.     

燃烧合成法制备NdB6超细粉体及反应机理

以B₂O₃、Nd₂O₃和Mg为原料, 采用燃烧合成法制备出NdB₆超细粉体。考察了反应气氛、制样压力和物料配比对反应产物微观形貌和物相的影响。采用XRD、SEM对产物进行了表征, 结果表明: 燃烧产物由NdB₆、MgO以及少量Mg₃B₂O₆和Nd₂B₂O₆组成, 稀硫酸处理去除可溶性成分后, 产物为单一的NdB₆相, 纯度为99.1%。随着制样压力的增大, NdB₆颗粒尺寸逐渐变小。制样压力为20 MPa时, 制备的NdB₆粉末平均粒度小于500 nm。Mg-B₂O₃-Nd₂O₃三相反应历程: 首先Mg还原Nd₂O₃生成单质Nd和MgO, 然后引发Mg还原B₂O₃生成单质B和MgO, 同时生成的Nd和B反应得到NdB₆, 反应的表观活化能为691.59 kJ/mol, 反应级数为3.2。     

Improved electrochemical performance of amorphous MnO2 modified by a novel supermolecular compound

A novel modification treatment to improve the electrochemical performance of amorphous, nano-sized MnO₂ is proposed in this paper. An “in situ polymerization reaction” method was employed to obtain the MPz(dtn)₄ or PMPzS₈–MnO₂ composition material. TG, IR, XRD and TEM methods were adopted for material characterization. The experimental results reveal that the amorphous nature and small particle size (10–20 nm) of the parent MnO₂ material can be preserved after MPz(dtn)₄ or PMPzS₈ modification treatment. Galvanostatic charge and discharge was carried out to test the electrochemical property of the resulting material. It indicates that all modified products show an improved electrochemical performance comparing with their parent MnO₂ phase as being reflected by the higher capacity and enhanced cycle life. To investigate the mechanism for improved electrochemical performance, ac impedance technique was employed. Preliminary results suggest that the capacity and the cycleability of the composition material are improved in some degree which may be ascribed to the increasing of intercalation/deintercalation from inter-granular modified compounds.     

Cyclic and Linear Structures of C13: A Computational Study

Recently, a linear structure of C₁₃ was observed and its infrared spectrum recorded. Computations of the linear and cyclic structures of C₁₃ are thus presented. The computations are performed at ab initio level using the standard 6-31G* basis set. Electron correlation is treated by density functional theory (Becke3LYP) and perturbation treatment (MP2=FC). With the density-functional approach the standard 6-311G* and 6-311G(2d,p) basis sets are applied, too. In all the treatments the cyclic structure (C_2v symmetry) is located about 90 kJ/mol below the linear form (D_∞h symmetry), while a tricyclic structure is considerably higher in energy (about 280 kJ/mol above the monocyclic species). Even at high temperatures the linear form represents less than 10% of the equilibrium isomeric mixture. Computed IR spectra are also reported. The stability evaluation corresponds to the findings of ion chromatography.     

Effect of polymer adsorbed layer on magnetic particle dispersion

Experimental and theoretical investigations of dispersion properties of magnetic particles (acicular γ-Fe₂O₃ ) with an adsorbed epoxy-resin layer are presented. The adsorbed polymer amount was 20-110 mg/g and the adsorbed layer thickness was 6-22 nm, depending on the preparation conditions. Dispersion of γ-Fe ₂O₃ particles was evaluated by the sedimentation rate and surface roughness of the coated film. It was clarified that dispersion was improved with increasing adsorption, increasing solvent/epoxy-resin solubility, and decreasing γ-Fe₂O ₃ particle size. Interaction energy, consisting of magnetic attraction, van der Waals attraction, and steric repulsion of the adsorbed layer between two cylindrical magnetic particles, was calculated. The interaction energy curves, which vary with the distance between two particles, had primary minimum, maximum, and secondary minimum. The maximum energy and the secondary minimum energy were strongly related to dispersion stability. Experimental results are explained by the energy curve shapes     

Validation and calibration of a lateral confinement model for long-rod penetration at ordnance and high velocities

In designing targets for laboratory long-rod penetration tests, the question of lateral confinement often arises, “How wide should the target be to exert enough confinement?” For ceramic targets, the problem is enhanced as ceramics are usually weak in tension and therefore have less self-confinement capability. At high velocities the problem is enhanced even more as the crater radius and the extent of the plastic zone around it are larger. Recently we used the quasistatic cavity expansion model to estimate the resistance of ceramic targets and its dependence on impact velocity [1]. We validated the model by comparing it to computer simulations in which we used the same strength model. Here we use the same approach to address the problem of lateral confinement.

We solved the quasistatic cavity expansion problem in a cylinder with a finite outside radius “b” at which σ_r (b) = 0 (σ_r = radial stress component). We did this for three cases: ceramic targets, metal targets, and ceramic targets confined in a metal casing. Generally, σ_r (a) is a decreasing function of “a” (“a” = expanding cavity radius, and σ_r (a) = the stress needed to continue opening the cavity). In the usual cavity expansion problem b → ∞, σ_r (a) = const., R =−σ_r (a) (R = resistance to penetration). For finite “b” we estimate R by averaging σ_r (a) over a range o ≤ a ≤ a_r, (where a_r, the upper bound of the range, is calibrated from computer simulations).

We ran 14 computer simulations with the CTH wavecode and used the results to calibrate a_r for the different cases and to establish the overall validity of our approach.

We show that generally for D_t/D_p > 30, the degree of confinement is higher than 95% (D_t = target diameter; D_p = projectile diameter; and degree of CONFINEMENT = R/R_∞; R∞ = resistance of a laterally infinite target). We also show the tensile strength of ceramic targets (represented by the spall strength P_min) has a significant effect on the degree of confinement, while other material parameters have only a minor effect.