High-frequency link symmetrical active edge resonant snubbers-assisted ZCS-PWM DC?DC converter

A novel symmetrical zero current switching (ZCS)-pulse width modulation (PWM) cells-assisted high-frequency transformer link DC-DC converter using insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) modules is presented. The proposed soft switching scheme is based on the switched-capacitor and inductive snubber in the high-voltage side inverter, assisted by active switching of MOSFET synchronous rectifier in the secondary-side low-voltage converter stage. By introducing the ZCS-PWM snubber cells, soft switching commutation which is less sensitive to the current level through the IGBTs can be achieved under the wide output power ranges. The converter circuit topology and the ZCS snubber cell operation are examined and evaluated with simulation results, and the feasibility of the converter topology is verified by experiments using a 1.0 kW-25 kHz prototype system.     

Analysis and implementation of soft switching converter with series-connected transformers

The system analysis and design consideration of a zero voltage switching (ZVS) converter with series-connected transformers are presested. Based on the operational behaviour, each transformer in the adopted converter can be operated as an inductor or a transformer. Therefore no output filter inductor is needed in the adopted converter. To reduce the voltage stress of the switching device in the conventional forward converter, an active snubber based on a clamp switch and a clamp capacitor is used to recycle the energy stored in the transformer leakage. During the transition interval, the resonance based on the junction capacitance of switches and transformer leakage inductance can achieve ZVS operation of switches. The centre-tapped rectifier is used at the secondary side to achieve full-wave rectification. The operating principles, steady-state analysis and design equations of the proposed converter are provided. Finally, experimental results for a 100 W (5 V/20 A) prototype circuit are provided to verify the converter performance.     

Charge equalization circuit for discharging series‐connected batteries with regulated output

Abstract

Charge equalization during the charging process has been extensively discussed for series‐connected batteries. However, charge inequality may also happen to batteries during discharging. The imbalance among batteries may result in over‐discharging and consequently damage to the batteries. To solve the problem, a balanced discharging method for a series‐connected battery bank is proposed. A flyback conversion circuit is designed with a pulse‐width‐modulation controller to achieve output voltage regulation as well as balanced discharging. The applicability of the proposed method is confirmed by experiments.     

混合动力汽车电池管理系统的研究

研制了用于混合动力汽车的镍氢动力电池管理系统。该系统采用分布式测量方案,具有安装简单、抗干扰能力强等优点;剩余电量的估算结合了库仑计法和开路电压法,具有较高的精度;采用了电池均衡充电方法,对电池的不一致性进行了补偿,从而延长了电池组的使用寿命。     

High-efficiency single-stage bidirectional converter with multi-input power sources

A multiple-input, single-stage bidirectional converter is proposed. It takes a three-winding coupled inductor as the main component of energy transmission, and utilises only two switches to accomplish the multi-input mechanism. Depending on the switching conditions, the circuit can be operated at discharge, charge and alone states. The winding voltage in the high-voltage side of the coupled inductor is manipulated to further increase the corresponding voltage gain, a strategy that is superior to one in the conventional coupled-inductor. This topology is useful for low-power applications. In addition, all switches and diodes have favourable voltage-clamping effects so that the voltage spikes caused by the leakage-inductor energy can be alleviated effectively, and reverse-recovery currents within diodes can be reduced, because the leakage inductor has limited capability to handle quick current changes. There is also a low-voltage-type charge circuit with no increase in additional circuit elements. This helps -to avoid power losses that arise from multistage conversions in traditional auxiliary power systems. This strategy also utilises the synchronous rectification technique to further decrease conduction losses. Numerical simulations and experimental results via examples of a proton exchange membrane fuel cell power source and a traditional battery module are given to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed power conversion strategy.     

Soft-switching DC-DC converter with parallel-connected full-wave rectifiers

A soft-switching converter with parallel-connected full-wave rectifiers is presented. In the proposed converter, the primary windings of two transformers are connected in series. Two full-wave rectifiers with ripple current cancellation are connected in parallel at the output side to reduce the current stress of the secondary winding of the transformer. The clamp circuit, based on an auxiliary switch and a clamp capacitor, is connected in parallel with the primary side of the transformer to recycle the energy stored in the leakage inductance. The leakage inductance of transformers, the magnetising inductance and the clamp capacitance are resonant to achieve zero-voltage switching (ZVS) of the auxiliary switch. The resonance between the leakage inductance of the transformer and the output capacitance of the switch will achieve ZVS operation for the main switch in the proposed converter. The pulse-width modulation technique is adopted to regulate the output voltage. The operation principle and system analysis of the proposed converter are provided. Some experimental results for a 200 W (5V/40 A) prototype are given to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed converter.     

High-frequency operation of a planar-type microtransformer and itsapplication to multilayered switching regulators

The operation of a multilayered microtransformer composed of planar zig-zag coils and amorphous magnetic film is described. The transformer has a maximum efficiency of 77.5%. Its equivalent circuit is approximated by the parallel connection of the winding inductance and of the stray capacitance. Variable magnetic coupling is obtained between the primary and secondary windings by shifting the relative position of the two coils. The microtransformer is used in a magnetically controlled multilayered switching regulator. The regulator has an output of 1.4 W and an efficiency of 24%. The magnetization loss in the circuit is the same as that of the semiconductors. A two-output-type multilayered switching regulator is also proposed that has an acceptably good output characteristic at each port even though a common magnetic film is used     

Improved estimation of residual capacity of batteries for electric vehicles

Abstract

This paper proposes an improved means of estimation for the residual capacity of lead‐acid batteries used in electric vehicles. The residual capacity of batteries in commercial products is usually indicated by the state of charge (SOC) of the battery set, in terms of the measurement of amp‐hours, or roughly an instant voltage. More practical and accurate SOC in the operation of electric vehicles must consider the original capacity when the battery is first installed, capacity deficiency due to high discharge rate, capacity dissipated in internal resistance, and correcting parameters for the battery aging process. The proposed estimation techniques include the amp‐hours measurement weighted by a correction function of various discharge rates, the transient open‐circuit voltage measurement to compensate for the energy dissipation from internal resistance, and the reset of parameters in the linear function of SOC and open‐circuit voltage for the aging effect. A monitoring circuit with a programmable logic chip is implemented, and the experimental results show that a more accurate indication of SOC is achieved using the modified estimation techniques, namely a weighted ampere‐hour measurement with transient open‐circuit voltage combined with the aging effect.     

Zero voltage switching active clamp buck-boost stage Cuk converter

The paper presents an active clamp buck-boost stage Cuk converter to achieve soft switching commutation. An auxiliary switch and a clamp capacitor are connected in parallel with the primary side of the transformer to absorb all the energy stored in the transformer leakage inductance. The resonant inductance and the clamp capacitance are resonant to achieve zero-voltage switching (ZVS) of the auxiliary switch. On the other hand, the resonance between the resonant inductance and output capacitance of the main switch will achieve ZVS of the main switch in the proposed converter. The principle of operation and system analysis are presented. Design considerations of the proposed converter are also provided. Experimental results for a 170 W prototype circuit operating at 70 kHz are given to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed converter     

Electrochemical properties of LiCoO2 thin film electrode prepared by ink-jet printing technique

LiCoO₂ thin film electrodes with a thickness of about 1.2 μm were fabricated by an improved ink-jet printing method. LiCoO₂ powder was synthesized via a modified sol-gel method. The LiCoO₂ ink could be easily prepared by an ultrasonic dispersion technique using a commercially available surfactant. The jet printing LiCoO₂ thin films were characterized by X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, cyclic voltammetry, charge/discharge cycling and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Experimental results showed that the LiCoO₂ thin film electrodes present excellent cycling performance at high discharge rate. At discharge current density of 180 μA/cm² (at this current density, the battery can be fully discharged in 12 min), the initial discharge capacity was 120 mAh/g, and after 100 charge-discharge cycles, the capacity loss was only 5%. It can be even charge-discharged at the current density as high as 384 μA/cm².     

一种电感式位移传感器的电路系统设计

介绍了一种电感式位移传感器的电路系统.该系统以一片AD698芯片为信号调整电路的核心,将位移量输出信号转换为相应的直流电压值,并结合其它一系列电路模块实现了测头位移量测量.通过对测头的标定试验证明该系统精度高、线性测量范围大.     

Neutron imaging of a commercial Li-ion battery during discharge: Application of monochromatic imaging and polychromatic dynamic tomography

A commercial lithium-ion polymer battery of prismatic construction was imaged in 2D by monochromatic neutron radiography at wavelengths around a LiC₆ spectral feature. Over the range of 3-4 Å, the neutron attenuation spectra for charged and discharged batteries are distinctly different. In a real-time experiment, a battery was observed during discharge at wavelengths spanning the LiC₆ spectral feature and its disappearance monitored. No evidence of “staging” was detected in this preliminary experiment. A similar battery was imaged in 3D with a new tomographic data acquisition scheme based on the Greek golden ratio; the scheme allows convenient post-processing to establish “time windows” for 3D image reconstruction. The 3D images at 5% state of charge intervals are compromised by beam hardening, but still show some asymmetric battery volume change with discharge. Finally comments on the future of neutron imaging for battery experiments, whether at continuous sources at nuclear reactors or at pulsed spallation sources, are discussed.     

Bending impact on the performance of a flexible Li4Ti5O12-based all-solid-state thin-film battery

The growing demand of flexible electronic devices is increasing the requirements of their power sources. The effect of bending in thin-film batteries is still not well understood. Here, we successfully developed a high active area flexible all-solid-state battery as a model system that consists of thin-film layers of Li₄Ti₅O₁₂, LiPON, and Lithium deposited on a novel flexible ceramic substrate. A systematic study on the bending state and performance of the battery is presented. The battery withstands bending radii of at least 14 mm achieving 70% of the theoretical capacity. Here, we reveal that convex bending has a positive effect on battery capacity showing an average increase of 5.5%, whereas concave bending decreases the capacity by 4% in contrast with recent studies. We show that the change in capacity upon bending may well be associated to the Li-ion diffusion kinetic change through the electrode when different external forces are applied. Finally, an encapsulation scheme is presented allowing sufficient bending of the device and operation for at least 500 cycles in air. The results are meant to improve the understanding of the phenomena present in thin-film batteries while undergoing bending rather than showing improvements in battery performance and lifetime.     

In situ synthesis of SnO2/graphene nanocomposite and their application as anode material for lithium ion battery

SnO₂/graphene nanocomposite was prepared via an in situ chemical synthesis method. The nanocomposite was characterized by X-ray diffraction, filed emission scanning electron microscope and transmission electron microscope, which revealed that tiny SnO₂ nanoparticles could be homogeneously distributed on the graphene matrix. The electrochemical performance of the SnO₂/graphene nanocomposite as anode material was measured by galvanostatic charge/discharge cycling. The SnO₂/graphene nanocomposite showed a reversible capacity of 665 mAh/g after 50 cycles and an excellent cycling performance for lithium ion battery, which was ascribed to the three-dimensional architecture of SnO₂/graphene nanocomposite. These results suggest that SnO₂/graphene nanocomposite would be a promising anode material for lithium ion battery.     

稀疏多径信道自适应均衡算法研究

针对传统自适应均衡算法在稀疏多径信道中性能较差的问题,提出了一种基于l₂-范数的自适应均衡算法。该算法利用稀疏多径信道下均衡器权值的稀疏性,将自适应均衡器的训练过程看作压缩感知理论中稀疏信号对字典的加权求和,以解决迭代参数的设置及收敛速度慢的问题。该算法将l₂-范数和压缩感知相结合,不仅提高了权值的精度,而且降低了计算复杂度。仿真结果表明,该算法计算量小,训练序列少,具有较好的性能,对提高系统的通信性能具有参考价值。     

25kV/2A谐振式恒流充电电源

为 1MJ 电容器储能系统研制了一台输出电压 25kV,输出电流2A的恒流充电电源。该电源采用零电流切换非连续全波谐振原理。串联 LC 谐振电路由接成全桥形式的4只大功率 IGBT 驱动,谐振频率固定为 80kHz,开关工作频率 30-65kHz 可调。谐振产生的非连续正弦形电流经匝比为 1:50 的高压变压器升压至 25kV,经快恢复高压二极管串组成的全桥电路整形为一系列非连续的半正弦状电流脉冲,给 10000μF 高压电容器组充电。最终充电电压和充电电流的大小由微处理器控制,前者正比于充电电流脉冲的总个数,后者则正比于开关工作频率。     

Analysis and implementation of an active snubber dc/dc converter with series?parallel connection in primary and secondary sides

An active snubber dc/dc converter to achieve zero voltage switching (ZVS) on power switch is presented. In the proposed converter, the primary windings of two transformers are connected in series so that the primary currents of the two transformers are equal. The secondary sides of the isolated zeta converters are connected in the parallel to share the load current and reduce the current stresses on the secondary windings of the two transformers. A boost type of active snubber is connected in parallel with the main switch to recycle the energy stored in transformer leakage and magnetizing inductors and to limit voltage stress of the main switch. During the transition interval between the active switch and the auxiliary switch, the resonance based on the resonant inductor and the output capacitor of the power switch will allow the switch to turn on at ZVS. The principle of operation, steady-state analysis and design consideration of the proposed converter are provided. Finally, experimental results for a 360 W (12 V/30 A) prototype circuit with 150 kHz switching frequency were given to demonstrate the circuit performance and verify the feasibility of the proposed converter.     

High-performance light emitting diode backlight driving system for large-screen liquid crystal display

A high-performance light emitting diode backlight driving system is proposed for large-screen liquid crystal display. The proposed system consists of a boost converter for power factor correction (PFC) and an active-clamp converter for dc-dc power conversion. With coupled inductors and simple passive components, the proposed PFC circuit minimises the switching losses by reducing the reverse-recovery current. The active-clamp converter operates under zero-voltage switching for the power switches and its output rectifier is composed of a current doubler and a synchronous rectifier for reducing conduction loss. The proposed backlight driving system is analysed and its design consideration is discussed in detail. Experimental results for a 300 W (3.3 V/90 A) prototype at a constant switching frequency of 100 kHz are presented to verify the analysis and the performance of the proposed system.     

Analysis and implementation of a soft switching interleaved forward converter with current doubler rectifier

A soft switching interleaved forward converter with current doubler rectifier is presented. Active clamp circuit is used in the primary winding of transformers to recycle the energy stored in the leakage inductor and the magnetising inductor so that the voltage stresses of switches are reduced. The leakage inductance of transformers, the magnetising inductance and the clamp capacitance are resonant to achieve zero-voltage switching (ZVS) of clamp switches. The resonance between the leakage inductance of transformers and output capacitance of switch will achieve ZVS operation for the main switches in the proposed converter. The interleaved operation can reduce the current ripple on the output capacitor. Two current doubler rectifiers with ripple current cancellation are connected in parallel at the output side to reduce the current stress of the secondary winding of the transformer. All these features make the proposed converter suitable for the DC-DC converter with high output current. The operation principle and system analysis of the proposed converter are provided in detail. Finally, experimental results, taken from a laboratory prototype rated at 125 W, are presented to verify the feasibility of the proposed converter.     

Novel zero voltage switching dual-switch forward converter with ripple current cancellation

A zero voltage switching (ZVS) dual-switch forward converter with ripple current cancellation is presented. In the proposed converter, active clamp circuit is used to clamp the voltage stresses and to realise ZVS of all switching devices. Active clamp boost converter with power factor correction is used in the front stage of the proposed converter to draw a sinusoidal line current from the AC source and to maintain a constant voltage at the DC bus. The second stage of the proposed converter is a dual-switch forward converter with current doubler rectifier to obtain the isolated low output voltage. Active clamp circuit used in the DC/DC converter can recycle the energy stored in the leakage inductor and magnetising inductor so that the voltage stresses on the switches are limited and the ZVS feature is realised. The current doubler rectifier offers the ripple current cancellation at the output capacitor and reduces the current stress of the transformer secondary winding. The circuit configuration and principle of operation are analysed and discussed in detail. Experimental results with a laboratory prototype based on a 90-260 V_rms input and 12 V/30 A output were provided to verify the effectiveness of the proposed converter.