改性稻壳为碳源和生物膜载体的反硝化脱氮研究

为探索稻壳作为载体和碳源的脱氮性能以及对水处理工艺的适应性,以质量分数6%的NaOH处理的改性稻壳为反硝化碳源和生物膜载体,对模拟养殖排放水进行了脱氮处理研究。结果表明,改性稻壳的性能优于蔗糖及淀粉,可实现NO3--N和高含量NO2--N的有效去除。其作为缺氧反应器载体时,挂膜容易、有机碳释放稳定,反应器启动后可高效去除NO3--N。在硝化-反硝化系统中,对NH4+-N去除率达90%以上,且无NO2--N、NO3--N和有机物残留,说明此改性稻壳具备较好的供碳能力和微生物吸附能力,适于作为反硝化碳源及载体。     

适用于地表水反硝化的淀粉碳源选择

以江南大学校内湖水为接种物,采用不同淀粉质有机物作为反硝化细菌碳源进行摇瓶反硝化降解试验.有机质释放试验结果显示,在蒸馏水组有机质释放量木薯＞小麦＞玉米≈马铃薯,湖水组NO3--N的存在可刺激合成碳源材料有机质的释放.马铃薯和小麦释碳性质相似,均呈波动性;硝酸盐降解实验表明马铃薯和小麦均具有较高的脱氮效果,脱氮率在90％以上,前7d脱氮过程符合零级反硝化动力学方程,两种碳源的脱氮周期为7d.综合而言,选择马铃薯合成材料用于地表水反硝化的淀粉碳源.     

甲醇为碳源时C/N对反硝化过程中亚硝酸盐积累的影响

如何获得稳定的NO2--N作为厌氧氨氧化细菌的电子受体是城镇污水通过厌氧氨氧化途径脱氮的瓶颈问题。为此考虑利用反硝化途径获取稳定的NO2--N。以甲醇为碳源,采用小试装置的SBR反应器,通过控制进水C/N(COD与NO3--N质量浓度比)的策略,研究了反硝化过程中的NO2--N积累的状况。试验结果表明以甲醇为碳源且投加量不足时(C/N3.2),反硝化过程中和反硝化结束后会产生稳定的NO2--N积累;在C/N不足的前提下,NO2--N积累量随甲醇投加量的增加而增加;进水C/N为2.4～3.2时,可获得约25%的NO2--N积累率;进水C/N为0.8时,NO2--N积累率仅为5.6%;C/N1时,NO2--N与NO3--N的还原速率随着COD浓度的增加而增加;C/N≥1时,COD浓度不再影响NO2--N与NO3--N的还原速率。     

碳源补充促进人工湿地脱氮研究进展

介绍了人工湿地的脱氮机制和影响因素,以及常用的反硝化外加碳源。人工湿地的脱氮机制主要包括基质吸附、植物吸收和微生物硝化反硝化等。但进入人工湿地的污水往往碳氮比较低,限制了脱氮效率,往往需要添加外源碳来提高人工湿地的脱氮效果;结合微藻可同化吸收利用氮磷,并在死亡分解过程中会释放有机物的规律。认为可构建藻类-人工湿地耦合系统,利用藻类作为人工湿地反硝化过程的外加碳源,以提高人工湿地脱氮效率。     

不同电子受体对生物除磷效果的影响

试验对不同电子受体对生物除磷的影响和各自优势进行了研究。在3个SBR反应器中,分别考察了以NO3--N和NO2--N为电子受体的反硝化除磷现象,以及传统以O2为电子受体的生物聚磷现象。试验结果表明传统生物聚磷在吸磷效果上要优于两种反硝化除磷方式,但后两者的耗氧量和碳源需求减少。以NO3--N为电子受体的反硝化除磷在除磷效果上要优于以NO2--N为电子受体的反硝化除磷,但脱氮效果差。     

铁-碳缓释碳源基质强化尾水脱氮除磷

投加缓释碳源是降低低碳氮比废水总氮(TN)的有效途径。使用聚己内酯(PCL)、玉米芯(CC)和二价铁盐(FeSO₄、FeCl₂)为电子供体，以聚乙烯醇和海藻酸钠为骨架，经过化学交联制备了PCL-CC基质(PC)、PCL-CC-FeSO₄基质(PCF-S)和PCL-CC-FeCl₂基质(PCF-C) 3种固体缓释碳源，构建了铁-碳协同脱氮除磷的反硝化滤池，并将其用于处理模拟废水，比较了PC、PCF-S和PCF-C在连续流反硝化滤池中的有机物释放特性与其强化脱氮除磷的性能。结果表明：PC、PCF-S和PCF-C 3种基质均可长期稳定释碳达48 d以上；在PCF-C与PCF-S缓释碳源滤池中，铁自养反硝化和异养反硝化之间存在明显的协同作用，2种反硝化作用的结合可显著增强滤池对氮磷的去除效果，3种碳源基质中PC反硝化潜能最好；相较于中低浓度阶段，高浓度进水阶段3种碳源滤池对氮素的去除率均有所下降，脱氮效果变差，这是由于高浓度进水阶段2种PCF基质出现铁壳积累现象，其积累程度由有机物释放速率和脱氮负荷共同决定...     

曝气生物滤池处理含硝态氮废水的研究

将优选后的好氧反硝化菌用于曝气生物滤池处理含硝态氮工业废水,研究了曝气生物滤池挂膜与启动阶段的脱氮效率,并对运行参数进行优化。结果表明,系统启动16 d后,达到稳定阶段,脱氮效率达到92.3%以上,且基本无NO2--N积累,此时可认为挂膜成功;当pH为7、水力负荷低于0.671 m3.m-2.h-1、NO3--N负荷低于1.93 kg.m-3.d-1、气水体积比为8:1时,系统获得最好的脱氮效果,NO3--N的去除率最高达到96.1%,且出水中基本无NO2--N积累。     

脱氮与除碳协同的电化学生物流化床构建与运行工况分析

针对电极生物膜法自养反硝化能力有限以及电化学氧化有机物所需的金属氧化物修饰电极制备复杂的问题,以同步脱氮和除碳为目的,在A/O生物流化床硝化反硝化基础上,联合电解产氢构建自养反硝化和异养反硝化协同作用的体系,脱氮的同时将有机污染物作为异养反硝化碳源加以降解。以模拟焦化废水为研究对象,分别考察反应器脱氮和除碳的运行效果,分析环境温度、电流强度、特定电解质工况条件对脱氮与除碳协同作用的影响。结果表明,与常规生物流化床相比,(22±1)℃,电流强度10 mA时,NO3--N去除率从24%提高到69%,去除速率为9.16mg/(L.h),COD去除速率从31.5 mg/(L.h)提高到66 mg/(L.h);Cu2+本身对反硝化存在促进作用;电流强度10 mA,添加Cu2+使反硝化效果进一步提高,NO3--N去除率达到90%以上,此时苯酚、喹啉与芘的去除速率分别达到15.0、3.1、0.25 mg/(L.h),和NO3--N去除规律呈现一致性。研究过程证明了在微电流和Cu2+强化作用下,电化学生物流化床具备同步脱氮和除碳的功能。     

前置和后置玉米芯强化A/O反应器处理低碳氮比生活污水的试验研究

低碳氮比生活污水因碳源不足严重影响了异养反硝化的生物脱氮效果,这使得玉米芯作为缓释碳源受到广泛关注,采用前置和后置玉米芯强化A/O反应器处理低碳氮比生活污水,对比分析2组反应器的生物脱氮效果,结果表明后置玉米芯反应器的脱氮性能优于前置玉米芯。在常温（20～25℃）条件下,后置玉米芯反应器的TN去除率比前置高出约27.6%;而在低温（10～15℃）情况下,后置玉米芯反应器的TN去除率仍高于前置14.3%,且后置对NH4+-N的去除效果更为稳定。三维荧光光谱分析结果表明,后置玉米芯反应器中有机物含量更高,有利于微生物的异养反硝化脱氮过程。     

分段进水强化城市生活污水脱氮除磷效果研究

采用序批式活性污泥反应器,分别在厌氧-好氧、厌氧-缺氧-好氧运行方式下,研究了分段进水强化城市生活污水同步脱氮除磷的效果。结果表明,水总体积的30%进入厌氧段即可满足磷酸盐的去除对碳源的要求;SBR以厌氧-缺氧-好氧方式运行时,缺氧段NO3--N的质量浓度为20 mg·L-1时,可完全去除磷酸盐,并且随着二次分配的碳源增加,反硝化脱氮的效果明显提高,出水时硝酸盐氮含量大幅减少,获得了同步脱氮除磷的效果。     

COMPARISON OF METHODS OF ANALYSIS OF GYPSUM1

The different analytical methods proposed for the evaluation of gypsum have been subjected to an experimental test. A combination method, consisting of a fusion with KHCO₃ and determination of CaO by KMnO₄ titration, the SO₃ by Andrews method of titration of BaCrO₄ has been found to give very reliable results with the least consumption of time.     

氢气纯度分析方法准确性的探讨

ONACCURACYOFANALYSISOFOFHYDROGEN1前言我公司目前应用的氢气纯度分析方法有两种,一种是爆炸反应法,另一种是焦性没食子酸吸收法。几年来,人们对两种分析方法的准确性曾有过褒贬不一的评论。这里我们也谈谈自己粗浅的观点。2爆炸法测定氢气纯度一定量的氢气样品与适量的空气之均匀混合物因反应后生成液体水而引起气体体积减少,减少的体积等于参加反应气体体积之和。其中l／3为氧气,2／3为氢气。根据氢气取样量和反应前后混气体体积之差,以及氢气在反应中的体积比例关系,可计算出样品的氢气纯度。计算公式式中：A一混…     

HEASUREHENT OF INSTANTANEOUS RATES OF LOSS OF VOIATILE COMPOUNDS DURING DRYING OF DROPS

A novel technique serves to monitor instantaneous rates of loss of a volatile solute from a suspended drop during drying. A highly sensitive electron capture detector is used to monitor concentrations of SF6 released into a flowing gas stream from a suspended, drying drop. Simultaneously, the appearance and morphological development of the drop are monitored with a video camera. This provides the wherewithal of relating instantaneous rates of loss of the volatile solute to particular events during the development of particle morphology.

Initial experiments have been carried out with drops of aqueous solutions of glucose, sucrose, maltodextrin and coffee extract. The results clearly display the onset of the volatiles-retentive selective diffusion phenomenon. There is also substantial loss of the volatile component later in the drying process, when the drops undergo repeated ex ansion, bursting and cratering due to the formation of internaf bubbles. These experiments appear to be the first quantitative demonstration of major losses accompanying changes in drop morphology.     

SEDIMENTATION OF BINARY MIXTURES OF PARTICLES OF UNEQUAL DENSITIES AND OF DIFFERENT SIZES

A model is developed for the sedimentation from a suspension of two particle species of unequal densities and of different sizes. The composition and the thickness of various layers in the sediments are predicted using graphical and analytical methods. The model predictions were in excellent agreement with experimental results, when the particle size ratio was ≥ 108. When size ratio of the particles was 2.60 and 4.31 the agreement occurred in about 50 percent of the cases.     

茶多酚提取方法进展

本文综述了国内外现有茶多酚提取方法的现状以及近期的研究进展，并对其优缺点进行了评价。这将有助于中低档茶的综合利用和茶多酚的进一步开发应用。     

ANALYSIS OF RECENT MEASUREMENTS OF THE VISCOSITY OF GLASSES

Viscosity of Simple Soda-Silicate 500° to 1400°C Comparison of the results given by English with those of Washburn, Shelton and Libman, indicates a discrepancy in the absolute values of log₁₀ viscosity amounting to 0.6, those of Washburn et al., being relatively too high. If correction for this is made, the isothermal curves of log₁₀ viscosity as a function of soda content are smooth up to 50% Na₂O, showing no inflection. The observations as a function of temperature T are all represented within accidental error by an equation of the type where all three constants vary regularly with the composition. Change of Viscosity of Glass (6SiO₂, 2Na₂O) due to Molecular Substitution of CaO, MgO and Al₂O₃ for Na₂O The effect is clearly brought out by plotting (from the results of English) the change of log₁₀η due to the substitution as a function of temperature. The curves each show a sharp bend at a temperature between 840° and 1050°C, which is designated the aggregation temperature T_a. If we divide these curves by the corresponding percentage substituted, we get curves for each oxide which are straight and parallel below the aggregation temperatures, the slopes (increase of change of log₁₀η per 100°C) being −0.056 (CaO), −0.055 (MgO), −0.018 (A1₂O₃) per per cent oxide substituted. For substitution of 1/2 molecule the slopes are −0.325 (CaO), −0.23 (MgO) and −0.18 (Al₂O₃) per 100°. At the aggregation temperature the change of log₁₀η per per cent is a minimum, 0.03 to 0.06 for CaO, 0.12 for MgO, 0.07 for Al₂O₃. Evidence of Aggregation in Glasses, from viscosity Measurements The sharp bends in the plots of change of log₁₀η due to substitution of an oxide for Na₂O, suggest the beginning of molecular aggregation at these temperatures. These aggregation temperatures are close to the devitrification temperatures, but the effect on the viscosity curves cannot be due to actual devitrification since it does not change with time. Taking the aggregation temperatures as equal to devitrification temperatures, additional isotherms are roughly sketched into the equilibrium triangle of the system Na₂O-CaO-SiO₂. Change of Viscosity of Glass (4SiO₂, 2Na₂O) due to of Substitution of B₂O₃ for SiO₂ The change of log₁₀η (from the results of English) is plotted as a function of temperature, and also the change of log₁₀η per per cent B₂O₃. The curves are more complex than for the substitution for Na₂O.     

环氧树脂羟基值测定方法的研究

利用乙酸酐、吡啶和浓硫酸混合的乙酰化试剂测定环氧树脂中羟基值含量的方法具有操作简便、滴定终点明显和分析结果误差小等优点。     

骑式摩托车油箱喷涂工艺的改进

面对日益激烈的市场竞争,摩托车油箱外观质量越来越成为影响销售的因素之一。文章介绍了改进工艺后的油箱涂装,该涂装体系提高了油箱外观的丰满度,降低了油箱涂装的生产成本。     

用两个形状指数表征粉煤灰颗粒形貌的研究

引用两个形状指数表征颗粒形状的概念,即先将颗粒形状近似为椭圆,再将椭圆图像分离:以圆为基准的颗粒宏观形状指数δ;以光滑椭圆为基准的颗粒轮廓凹凸度,即微观形状指数ζ。分析和发展了近似椭圆模型。并运用图像分析仪对粉煤灰、水泥样品进行实验。结果表明,粉煤灰颗粒的两个形状指数δ和ζ都大于水泥颗粒。证明粉煤灰颗粒的球形度、表面光滑度优于水泥,而且,随着粒径增大,δ和ζ呈下降趋势,表明磨制颗粒越粗。(?)粒形状越不规则。文中还运用近似椭圆模型再现了颗粒的模拟图像。     

典型煤碳燃烧特性研究和数值模拟

本文以三种典型煤的碳燃烧为研究对象，分别采用简单一维沉降燃烧方式和等温加热燃烧方式，实验研究了煤在快速加热条件下，其碳的初期和中，后期燃烧过程。以实验为基础，建立了煤的碳燃烧模型，变工况数值模拟了煤的碳燃烧过程，揭示了煤不同条件下的单颗粒碳燃烧特性。