超低频主动隔振系统的传感器应用技术

介绍了超低频主动隔振控制中常用的位移传感器的类型、工作原理、结构特点及适用范围。对影响静电悬浮加速度计测量精度的振源进行了详细分析,并对静电悬浮加速度计测量频段范围内的振动幅值作出了理论计算。对设计研制的线变量差动位移传感器进行了测试,结果表明:该传感器对振动频率在10-4~100Hz范围内的低频振动信号具有非常理想的拾振效果。     

磁流体动力学角速度传感器低频误差分析及校正方法研究

为了改善磁流体动力学（MHD）角速度传感器的低频性能,建立了传感器理论误差模型并设计了一种自适应卡尔曼算法。该方法根据被测角速度频率变化自动调整滤波器过程噪声和量测噪声参数,实现对传感器低频误差的动态补偿。对校正前后的传感器性能进行了对比实验,实验结果表明校正后传感器在低频区（<1Hz）的误差较之前降低了约90%,证明所设计的方法可用于提高MHD角速度传感器的低频性能     

基于二次谐波脉冲幅值法的磁通门传感器

简述了磁通门现象的数学模型和工作原理。针对磁通门传感器在提高带宽时噪声也会随之增大的问题,应用二次谐波选择法设计了磁通门信号处理电路,试制了一种宽带低噪声磁通门传感器,很好地解决了提高带宽和降低噪声之间的矛盾。经测试,样机带宽可以达到700 Hz以上,10 Hz处的噪声小于10 pT/Hz,线性度为0.2%。     

磁阻型弱磁传感器特性自动测试系统

随着磁阻型弱磁传感器的深入研究和广泛应用,方便、快速的测量传感器低频噪声、灵敏度、非线性等特性已成为研究其低频弱磁场测量能力的基础。设计开发了一套弱磁传感器特性自动测试系统,其自身的噪声平方根谱密度小于槡5 nV/Hz(在10kHz)。它包括亥姆霍兹线圈、惠斯登电桥和低噪声放大器、磁屏蔽桶、高精度数据采集卡和PC等硬件模块,采用互相关功率谱分析方法得到传感器低频噪声,通过传感器输入输出特性曲线得到其灵敏度和非线性等参数。利用该系统对商业化巨磁阻传感器AA002进行了测试,得到其在6 V供电时噪声平方根普密度约为槡10 nV/Hz(在10 kHz),线性范围内的灵敏度为3.35 mV/(G.V-1)。结果表明该系统为研究和分析磁阻型弱磁传感器的特性提供了一种有效的检测手段。     

异径管电磁流量传感器励磁系统研究

为优化具有异径测量管的电磁流量传感器的设计方案,对传感器励磁线圈匝数和采样电极的形状尺寸与传感器特性的关系进行了实验研究。根据实验结果给出了异径管电磁流量传感器励磁部分设计的一般性指导原则。设计制作了电池供电的电磁流量计原型样机并对样机进行了测试.测试结果表明样机测量精度在全量程范围内优于±0.5%,采用高能锂电池组供电可连续工作三年以上,验证了本文所提设计方案的可行性。     

自动电子安平仪控制系统的设计

以硅光电池作为安平仪敏感元件的光电式角度传感器的工作原理,设计了自动电子安平仪的硬件电路,介绍了软件系统的主要设计任务和总体思路,采取数字滤波滤除了干扰信号,采取PID控制算法提高了系统的性能指标,通过实验对自动电子安平仪传感器的性能进行了测试,最后对样机进行了测试,结果表明自动电子安平仪两个主要指标,即安平精度和安平时间基本达到设计要求.     

飞行器用高精度小量程石英微加速度计研究

为满足对振动环境下10 Hz以下低频小量程加速度信号的高精度测量需求,提出了一种基于石英微工艺的新型窄带宽MEMS加速度计,其敏感元件采用变间距式差分电容梳齿结构。采用有限元分析手段,对敏感元件质量块尺寸、梳齿长度、U型梁刚度、盖板结构、阻尼和带宽等参数进行了综合优化设计。敏感元件采用石英晶片经湿法腐蚀体工艺制作,加速度计样机经过了实际性能测试和环境适应性试验,带宽为8.9 Hz,非线性度约为0.7%,可以满足飞行器小量程低频加速度参数的测量需求。     

双圈同轴式光纤涡轮流量计的智能化设计

为了克服现有电磁式涡轮流量计的量程小,易受电磁干扰的缺点,本文设计了一种双圈同轴式光纤的涡轮流量智能检测系统。该测试系统由三大模块组成,双圈同轴式的光纤传感器作为信号拾取工具,硬件电路对信号进行预处理,TMS320F2812 DSP对信号进一步软件处理。经过实验验证,该测试系统在5-300Hz的测量范围内,测量误差小于0.5%。因此,该测试系统具有较高的测量精度和可靠性,这为光纤涡轮流量计的样机制作提供了重要依据。     

一种小型光电式力传感器的研制

以扑翼飞行机器人飞行动力性能测试应用为目标,研究了一种高灵敏度小型(满量程50N)力传感器的设计方法.基于红外光电二极管具有响应速度快、线性范围宽、安装方便、接口电路简单等特点,设计了一种光电式力传感器.对设计的弹性体进行了力-应变有限元分析,试制了传感器样机并进行了传感器静态性能测试.测试结果表明,设计制造的光电式力传感器的非线性度小于0.3％,具有较高的综合性能.     

超低频振动传感器的研究

提出了利用磁电式速度计实现超低频振动传感器的实用方法 ,通过串联式校正电路 ,在保持最佳阻尼的同时 ,使可测最低频率降至 0 .6Hz以下。对该超低频振动传感器的校正电路、工作原理、传递函数以及校正前、后输出特性的差异进行了系统的分析与阐述。     

大型电力设备用光纤振动传感器

报导了一种建立在弹片受迫振动基础上,利用光学三角技术制成的光纤振动传感器。该传感器线性工作范围0.8mm峰峰值,分辨率为10μm,可测的振动频率范围为几百Hz。该传感器体积小,绝缘性好,可用于大型电力设备测量其交流振动。     

Mechanisms of vibration-induced interference with manual control performance

Abstract

An experiment is described in which eight subjects performed three simple tasks (A, B and C) in static conditions and during exposure to whole-body vertical (z-axis) vibration at 0-5 and 40 Hz, at an acceleration magnitude of 2-1 ms^-2 r.m.s. All subjects performed all conditions with and without an arm support. The objective was to explore the mechanisms that may cause disruption of manual control performance during vibration exposure. With task A subjects simply held a control with no visual feedback of activity at the control. With task B, subjects used the control to hold a controlled element stationary on a display. Task C was the same as task B, except that subjects had improved visual feedback of movement of the controlled element. Results showed that both 0-5 and 40 Hz vibration caused significant increases in control activity at frequencies of up to about 1 Hz compared with the condition without vibration. With visual feedback in task C, subjects were able to detect drifting of the controlled element on the display and introduced compensatory control activity at frequencies above about 0 2 Hz. The arm support reduced the magnitude of vibration transmitted to the control at 4-0 Hz, but did not otherwise change the results.     

Simulation and characterization of dynamic contact in a MEMS passive vibration threshold sensor

A micro-machined passive vibration threshold sensor with a compliant stationary electrode has been designed, simulated and characterized. Bridge-type elastic beams as the compliant stationary electrode is adopted to improve the contact effect of the vibration threshold sensor and prolong its contact time. The dynamic contact between the two electrodes of the micro-machined vibration threshold sensor is simulated and analyzed by finite-element method (FEM). It’s indicated that a ‘skip contact’ phenomenon occurred during the switching on, which has been described and successfully explained in this paper. Deformations and stress distributions of the compliant electrode during contact under 55 g half-sine applied shock acceleration is also simulated. An all-metal cap that can undergo 6.08 × 10⁵ Pa has been designed and fabricated by UV-LIGA process for package of the vibration threshold sensor. A drop hammer test of the fabricated vibration threshold sensor has been done, which is in accordance with the FEM simulation of dynamic contact process. The measured response time of the threshold sensor is about 0.3 ms under 55 g applied acceleration and two contact times in the skip contact are 16 and 4 µs, respectively, which are in agreement with simulated results. The obtained natural frequency of the vibration threshold sensor by a vibration test is about 810 Hz in the first model, which also agrees with the model.     

基于FBG传感器的变压器振动信号检测与分析

为了早期发现电力变压器的振动故障问题,需要选择有效位置对变压器的振动状态进行检测.针对电力变压器铁芯-绕组振动特性,通过有限元分析,仿真得到铁芯-绕组测点位置.以型号为S13-12500/35型油浸式无励磁调压35 kV电力变压器为试验对象,将光纤Bragg光栅(FBG)振动传感器安装于铁芯-绕组的测点位置,对不同负载下变压器振动信号进行检测与频谱分析,结果表明:变压器振动信号频率集中在100 Hz及其倍频处;在80％,90％,100％负载下,幅频信号100 Hz处的振动幅值随着变压器负载的增大而增大.     

测振传感器的低频特性补偿研究

现有的大多数测振传感器不能满足超低频振动测量的需要,有必要扩展其工作频带以满足需要。研究了零极点配置法在941B型测振传感器的应用。通过此方法,拓展了测振传感器的工作频带,尤其是其低频特性得到了拓展,其工作频带由补偿前的0.7~105Hz拓展为补偿后的0.08~109 Hz。在此基础上,利用MATLAB进行了数值仿真,输入不同持续时间的单个半正弦波以及正弦叠加信号,系统在补偿前后的响应表明:低频特性得到明显改善。     

3-Dimensional pose sensor algorithm for humanoid robot

In this paper, a 3D pose attitude estimation system using inertial sensors was developed to provide feedback motion and attitude information for a humanoid robot. It has a very effective switching structure and composed of three modules, a motion acceleration detector, a pseudo-accelerometer output estimator, and a linear acceleration estimator. The switching structure based on probability enables a tactful feedback loop for the extended Kalman filter inside the sensor system. Specially designed linear-rotation test equipment was built, and the experimental results showed its fast convergence to actual values in addition to its excellent responses. The output of the proposed 3D sensor can be transmitted to a humanoid at a frequency of 200 Hz.     

Effects of power tool vibration on peripheral nerve endings

Exposure to high frequency (kHz) vibration from impact power tools is overlooked in the ISO 5349-1 risk prediction for acquiring Hand Arm Vibration Syndrome. The biological effects of high frequency, power tool vibration have not been adequately studied. We characterized the magnitude and transmissibility of riveting hammer vibration in a rat tail model using a light weight piezoelectric sensor. The performance of the newly-introduced piezoelectric sensor was validated by showing its similarities to the previously published laser vibrometer. ISO 5349-1 frequency weighting revealed major risk from the 35 Hz component of the riveting hammer vibration, whereas the weighted values of the kHz components were not calculated to reach exposure action value in 24 h– However, the unweighted acceleration magnitudes at 12.4 and 16.3 kHz were about 10 and 50 times larger than the unweighted acceleration peak observed at 35 Hz. A transmissibility of <1 was calculated for 12.4 and 16.3 kHz, indicating tissue absorbance, while 35 Hz exhibited a transmissibility of 9.05, suggesting tissue resonance. The largest absolute change in acceleration was at 12.4 and 16.3 kHz, implicating that a considerable amount of high frequency vibration energy was absorbed by the tissue. A progressive reduction in intact sensory nerve endings was observed in the tissue when increasing vibration exposure from 1 min to 12 min.     

Effects of stretch reflex on back muscle response during sinusoidal whole body vibration in sitting posture: A model study

This study seeks to examine human vibration response using a musculoskeletal model that appropriately considers stretch reflex. The stretch reflex is modeled with a feedback control approach, and integrated into a generic musculoskeletal model to study the active muscle forces during seated whole body vibration. The model is used to investigate the effects of stretch reflex gain, vibration frequency and vibration magnitude on transmissibility from the seat to upper body and lower body and on muscle activations.The overall model is validated by comparison with thoracic and lumbar muscle activities measured in human participants during whole body vibration. The simulation results were consistent with the experimental results that the peak transmissibility occurred at resonance frequency of 5–6 Hz, and were in line with other experimental studies that found a primary resonance of 4–6 Hz. Furthermore, the peak normalized Electromyography (EMG) level accorded with the activation level for both thoracic and lumbar regions. What's more, an increase of primary resonance frequency was observed with increasing gains of stretch reflex. In contrary, the peak seat transmissibility of the upper body and lower body had a significant reduction.The major contribution of this model is that the proposed stretch reflex model provides a useful method to consider muscle active response in whole body vibration simulation. This may be used in future studies to better understand how stretch reflex affects spinal loading in a variety of conditions.     

公路桥梁桥墩振动测量分析仪的设计

为了精确测量公路桥墩的振动幅度,消除行车隐患,采用超低频绝对振动位移传感器作桥墩振动特性检测器件,设计了公路桥墩振动测量分析仪。用动态特性补偿原理,经过低频扩展电路和积分电路,解决了普通电磁式传感器不能直接用于超低频测量的问题。该仪器频带范围为0.35～30Hz,线性度为0.5%,灵敏度为0.001V/mm,误差范围为-3%～3%。