FeCoV合金ECAP变形和回火组织

在室温下成功实现了FeCoV合金A方式的等径弯曲通道变形(equal channel angular pressing,简称ECAP),并研究了变形后的显微组织以及回火处理对FeCoV合金ECAP变形显微组织的影响.结果显示,FeCoV合金经ECAP变形后,形成细小的板条状组织,且尺寸明显减小,由0.40μm减小至90 nm.板条内有位错缠结现象.随着ECAP变形道次的增加,细板条发生断裂.4道次ECAP变形FeCoV合金回火后的组织仍为板条组织,板条内有碳化物颗粒和纳米尺度析出相存在.     

工业纯钛ECAP温变形的力学性能及热稳定性

采用两通道夹角φ=90°,外圆角ψ=20°的模具,成功实现了工业纯钛BC方式6道次ECAP温变形,累积等效真应变达到约6.3,制得ECAP温变形试样后,对各道次ECAP温变形后的工业纯钛进行压下量为55％的冷轧变形.同时,观察分析了变形试样的显微组织及性能,并对各道次ECAP温变形试样的热稳定性进行研究.结果表明,经过6道次ECAP变形后,工业纯钛的抗拉强度达到760MPa,伸长率为40％.当退火温度低于400℃时,ECAP变形试样的组织变化不大,显微硬度下降缓慢;当退火温度高于400℃时,由于发生了再结晶,显微硬度显著下降.     

Al-Zn-Mg-Cu铝合金ECAP变形后的组织和性能

通过对退火态的Al-Zn-Mg-Cu系铝合金在523 K加热进行不同道次等径通道挤压(ECAP),采用120°模具在Bc路径下经10次ECAP变形后等效真应变达到6.2.试验结果表明,退火态合金试样ECAP挤压后晶粒明显细化,8道次之后晶粒细化趋于缓和,10道次后获得晶粒尺寸为0.8 μm左右的等轴状组织.性能测试结果表明:合金的显微硬度、抗拉强度及伸长率随着ECAP变形道次的增加而增大,ECAP提高了合金的综合力学性能,显著地改善了合金的塑性.     

等通道转角挤压变形Mg-1.5Mn-0.3Ce镁合金的组织、织构与力学性能

采用等通道转角挤压(ECAP)工艺以Bc路径在623K温度下对Mg-1.5Mn-0.3Ce镁合金进行变形,观察显微组织与织构,测试了力学性能。显微组织分析表明,镁合金经ECAP变形晶粒尺寸明显得到细化,经6道次ECAP变形后晶粒尺寸由原轧制态的约26.1μm细化至约1.2μm,且细小的第二相粒子Mg12Ce弥散分布于晶内及晶界处;同时经ECAP变形后,原始轧制织构随变形道次的增加不断减小,并开始转变为ECAP织构,织构强度不断增强;力学性能结果表明,由于晶粒细化作用大于织构软化作用,前3道次ECAP变形镁合金强度随道次的增加不断提高,与Hall?Petch关系相符,在第3道次时其抗拉强度和屈服强度达到最大值,分别为272.2和263.7MPa;在4道次之后形成较强的非基面织构,镁合金强度下降,与Hall?Petch呈相悖关系。断口分析表明,轧制态与ECAP变形镁合金的断裂方式都是沿晶断裂,由于6道次变形镁合金晶粒细化,存在更多的韧窝并获得16.8%最大室温伸长率。     

前处理T艺对Al-Zn-Mg-Cu合金ECAP的影响

研究了退火、固溶、双级时效以及回归(RRA)热处理4种前处理工艺对Al-Zn-Mg-Cu系铝合金多道次等径通道挤压(ECAP)变形过程的影响.试验结果表明,退火态试样在常温下只能进行2道次ECAP变形,而其余3种状态常温下经1次ECAP变形后便发生严重的开裂现象.退火处理后的试样采用523 K温度加热可进行多次ECAP变形,挤压后晶粒明显细化且逐渐向等轴状演化.8道次之后晶粒细化趋于缓和,10道次后等效真应变达到了6.2,晶粒为O.8 μm左右的等轴状.随着挤压道次的增加,试样显微硬度不断增大,且存在定量关系.     

Mg-9Al-1Si-1SiC复合材料ECAP变形组织及力学性能研究

利用半固态搅拌辅助超声处理复合法成功制备了Mg-9Al-1Si-1SiC(wt%)复合材料,并在350℃以Bc路径对其进行等通道转角挤压(ECAP),研究了ECAP变形道次对复合材料显微组织和力学性能的影响。结果表明:1道次ECAP变形能够显著细化复合材料的基体晶粒,但是第二相未明显碎化。随变形道次增加到2和3次,第二相碎化程度增加,但仍然聚集,基体局部区域晶粒长大,出现粗晶和细晶两个区域;变形达到4道次后,复合材料的基体晶粒又变得均匀,β-Mg_(17)Al_(12)和Mg_2Si相均得到有效的碎化并且在基体中的分布趋于均匀。复合材料的抗拉强度随变形道次增加逐渐增加,伸长率先减小后增加。变形4道次后,复合材料力学性能最大:抗拉强度和伸长率分别达到283 MPa和14.79%,与铸态相比,抗拉强度和伸长率分别提高66.5%和127.5%。     

ECAP纯铝L2的力学性能及微观组织研究

等通道转角挤压(ECAP)是一种超细晶制备技术,可细化合金组织,改善材料性能.本文研究发现,ECAP纯铝L2,抗拉强度随挤压次数的增加而增加,8道次左右达到饱和.伸长率经1次挤压后大幅度下降,由40%下降至15%,4或5道次时伸长率有所增加.硬度随挤压次数的增加而增加,在3～4道次达到饱和.纯铝L2原始晶粒大小为1 mm的近等轴状晶,ECAP后,随挤压道次的增加,向细小等轴晶转变.至8道次后,晶粒大小约为1 μm.     

ECAP挤压道次对AZ81镁合金组织及性能的影响

AZ81镁合金在汽车行业应用广泛,但存在组织粗大,力学性能差等缺点。等通道转角挤压(ECAP)法是细化晶粒,提高镁合金性能的有效途径。在300℃下对AZ81镁合金进行了1~6道次ECAP挤压,并分析了AZ81镁合金在ECAP挤压变形过程中微观组织与力学性能随挤压道次的变化规律。结果表明,随着挤压道次的增加,基体晶粒尺寸先减小后增加,4道次时细化程度最高;合金硬度先增大后减小,4道次时合金硬度最高,达到142HL;合金的抗拉强度﹑伸长率逐渐增强后减小,再增大,6道次时合金的综合拉伸性能达到最高,抗拉强度210 MPa,伸长率15.8%。     

等通道转角挤压对Mg-6Zn合金显微组织和力学性能的影响

利用等通道转角挤压(ECAP)技术,在200℃对Mg-6Zn合金进行了不同道次的挤压。结果表明,经ECAP挤压后合金显微组织明显细化、均匀化,平均晶粒尺寸由15μm减小到3μm;ECAP过程中粗大的块状共晶相变形破碎、细化,并在周围诱发新相析出。通过XRD分析发现析出相主要是Mg_4Zn_7和MgZn_2。经过2道次ECAP挤压后,Mg-6Zn合金的抗拉强度可达275 MPa,屈服强度达到245 MPa,伸长率为24%。当ECAP道次增加到4道次和6道次后,强度反而下降。     

等通道转角挤压镁合金的微观组织和力学性能

采用自制的90°模具,分析不同的ECAP挤压路径对AZ31镁合金变形后的微观组织和力学性能的影响;对挤压后的试样进行显微组织观察、硬度测试,研究等通道挤压工艺(ECAP)对AZ31镁合金的晶粒细化效果.结果表明:Bc路径晶粒细化效果较好,随着挤压道次增加,晶粒发生细化,7道次后晶粒尺寸由原来的70μm细化到4.8μm左右;硬度值随道次增加显著提高,3道次后达到最大值90.81MPa,之后随道次增加,硬度略有下降,趋于稳定.     

Structure and mechanical behaviour of interstitial-free steel processed by equal-channel angular pressing

The influence of the number of passes in equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) following route B_C on microstructure and mechanical properties of interstitial-free steel was investigated by means of tensile tests and X-ray texture and diffraction profile analysis. A significant improvement of the mechanical properties was found with increasing the number of ECAP passes. After 8 passes, beside the high strength considerable ductility was observed and at 300 °C the ductility was the same as for the initial sample but with a two-times larger strength. The high strength measured at room temperature was only slightly reduced during annealing at temperatures up to 500 °C.     

Mechanical Properties of Ultrafine Grained Steel Produced by Repetitive Cold Side Extrusion

Ultrafine grained microstructure was produced by repetitive deformation using the cold side-extrusion method from carbon steels. The side-extrusions with lateral pressure were repeated up to 10 passes without rotation. Each sample was uniformly deformed by the side-extrusion, and the equivalent strain was 1.15 after a single pass of the side-extrusion. After 10 passes of side-extrusion an ultrafine grained steel with a tensile strength of over 1000MPa a grain size of 0.5μm × 0.2 μm was developed for the ultra low carbon steel. The uniform elongation in tensile test for the steels after repetitive side extrusions was very small, but the cold formability was very good. By the heat treatment, the uniform elongation became larger.     

等通道转角挤压Al-Mg2Si合金的组织与性能研究

研究Al-Mg2Si合金经250℃等通道转角挤压后的微观组织与力学性能。维氏硬度及拉伸力学性能测试结果表明:经4道次ECAP挤压后,Al-Mg2Si合金的硬度、抗拉强度和延伸率均显著提高;8道次挤压后合金的塑性进一步提高,但其硬度和抗拉强度却有所下降。扫描电子显微镜和透射电子显微镜分析表明:经ECAP挤压后,原汉字状或骨骼状Mg2Si相显著碎化,且挤压道次越多,Mg2Si相的破碎效果越明显,合金组织也不断细化。对合金经较多道次挤压后硬度及抗拉强度反而有所下降的原因进行了分析。     

超细晶粒高碳钢微复相组织及性能

在650℃采用等通道角挤压变形(ECAP)方法对原始组织为层片状珠光体的T8钢进行了Bc方式(每道次挤压后,试样按同一方向旋转90°进行下一道次挤压)的4道次变形,获得了晶粒尺寸在亚微米量级的超微细复相(α+θ)组织,其中等轴铁素体晶粒尺寸约为400 nm,球化完全的渗碳体颗粒粒径约为150 nm。微拉伸实验和SEM断口观察表明,经过4道次ECAP变形后,超微细复相组织的抗拉强度相对于原始珠光体组织而言有所下降,从867 MPa降至819 MPa,但屈服强度显著提高,由479MPa增加到664 MPa,相应的整体伸长率和断面收缩率分别从4.5%、5.2%增加到18%、31%,硬度值变化不明显;超微细复相组织的断口形貌由大量细小的韧窝构成,为典型的韧性断裂,而原始珠光体组织断口形貌则由河流花样组成,呈脆性解理断裂特征。     

Fe基非晶合金增强1060铝基多层复合材料的组织与性能

采用累积叠轧焊+中间退火法复合轧制1060Al/Fe基非晶多层铝合金复合板材。利用光学显微镜、扫描电镜、X-衍射分析仪以及拉伸试验机分析Al基复合材料的微观组织结构变化、断口形貌、物相组成以及力学性能。结果表明:Fe基非晶复合材料的增强体在300 ℃中间退火过程中发生部分晶化,在累积变形轧制过程中发生破碎,并随着变形道次的增加,破碎程度随之增大;复合板前6道次的累积轧制变形出现了明显的加工软化现象,并且随着变形道次的增加,其加工软化的效果愈明显;随着累积轧制变形道次增加,Al基复合材料的力学性能发生了明显的变化,第2道次轧制变形后屈服强度与抗拉强度达到了最大值为140 MPa和156 MPa,伸长率为5.53%,达到最佳综合性能。     

奥氏体不锈钢316L在ECAP过程中的组织演化及力学性能

对奥氏体不锈钢316L进行等效应变为1.02的6道次室温等通道挤压(ECAP)试验。结果表明,在ECAP挤压过程中316L发生了剪切滑移变形和孪生变形及晶粒碎化,经过4和6道次挤压后分别得到平均晶粒尺寸约80 nm和约61 nm的均匀分布的等轴晶粒。在1道次ECAP挤压后316L的抗拉强度由674 MPa增加到984 MPa, 规定塑性延伸强度则由594 MPa增加到922 MPa,维氏显微硬度由116.33 HV增加到328.31 HV,但是塑性下降严重,可以通过600 ℃后续退火处理进行改善。     

Ein nichtrostender Vergütungsstahl mit hohen Festigkeits- und Zähigkeitswerten für den Maschinen- und Apparatebau

A martensitic stainless steel with high strength and impact properties for chemical and mechanical engineering purposes Within the last few years the low carbon martensitic stainless steel X4CrNiMo 165, WNr. 1.4418, is increasingly used due to it's excellent technological properties. The steel can he offered with tensile strength up to 850 N/mm² and yield strength up to 1000 N/mm² together with superior impact properties at room temperature and sub-zero-temperature. So this steel has special significance concerning chemical engineering, where corrosion resistance as well as high tensile and impact values are demanded. There is no selective corrosion attack in boiling sulfuric acid (Strauß-Test), if the material is quenched and tempered correctly. Welding operations may be done without preheating the material.     

等通道转角挤压Al-10Mg-4Si合金的组织与性能研究

在250℃下以Bc路径对Al-10Mg-4Si合金进行4道次和8道次的等通道转角挤压,以求达到改善合金组织和提高合金力学性能的目的.扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和透射电子显微镜(TEM)对挤压前后的微观组织分析表明:铸态合金基体晶粒比较粗大,第二相Mg_2Si以粗大的汉字状或骨骼状分布于基体晶界处;经ECAP挤压后,基体晶粒得到细化,原粗大的汉字状Mg_2Si被碎化为短棒状或多边形状颗粒,并呈一定的弥散分布.室温拉伸测试结果表明:ECAP4道次挤压后,合金的抗拉强度和伸长率由铸态的166MPa、1.64%提高为322MPa、21.7%;ECAP8道次挤压后,合金的伸长率继续提高为24.7%.但抗拉强度下降到293MPa.     

等通道转角挤压制备超细晶Mg15Al双相合金组织与性能

对高铝双相合金Mg15Al在553K以Bc路线进行了不同道次的等通道挤压(ECAP),获得了超细晶高铝镁合金。通过OM,SEM,TEM分析了ECAP前后合金的微观组织结构及断口形貌,并测试了不同挤压道次后合金的硬度和室温拉伸性能,分析了ECAP细化晶粒机理及其性能改善原因。结果表明,随挤压道次增加,累计形变增强,网状硬脆相β-Mg17Al12破碎,合金晶粒显著细化,但对单相区和两相混合区细化效果不同。在α、β两相共存区内,4道次ECAP后形成100nm～200nm的细晶粒;在α单相区,4道次ECAP后晶粒为1μm以下,且在初晶α-Mg内析出弥散细小的β相,起到细晶强化和弥散强化作用。8道次ECAP后,晶粒略有长大。ECAP使合金的硬度、抗拉强度和延伸率同时得到提高,尤其是4道次ECAP后,硬度提高了32.04%,抗拉强度σb从150MPa提高到269.3MPa,延伸率δ由0.05%提高到7.4%;8道次ECAP后,硬度、抗拉强度略有下降,延伸率略有上升。SEM断口观察显示ECAP使合金拉伸断口形貌由铸态的解理断裂特征转变为延性韧窝断裂特征。     

The effect of grain refinement by multi-pass continuous hybrid process on mechanical properties of low-carbon steel wires

In this work, a multi-pass continuous hybrid (CH) process simulated by finite element analyses is investigated for producing grain-refined low-carbon steel wires in a continuous manner. The effect of grain-refined microstructure on mechanical properties such as tensile strength, ductility, micro-hardness, and fatigue limit is studied. For this purpose, the multi-pass CH process was experimentally set up and applied up to five passes with route A at room temperature. The experimental findings were compared with those for the multi-pass conventional wire drawing (WD) process. According to the present observation, the five-pass CH process refined the grains in the wires with many well-defined high angle grain boundaries, resulting in enhanced ultimate tensile strength and comparable ductility compared to the WD process. In addition, the fatigue limit of the specimen produced by the CH process was enhanced due to the grain-refined microstructure of the specimen compared to the one of the WD process. Based on the present investigation, it was found that the multi-pass CH process will be more efficient in manufacturing the fine-grained wires with enhanced mechanical properties compared to the WD process.