EFFECTS OF VASCULAR ZERO STRESS STATE ON PULSATILE BLOOD FOLW

~~EFFECTS OF VASCULAR ZERO STRESS STATE ON PULSATILE BLOOD FOLW~~TheProjectsupportedbytheNationalNaturalScienceFoundationofChina .(No :19732 0 0 3;;1970 2 0 0 2 )     

Numerical Simulation and Analysis on the Hemodynamics of An Elastic Aneurysm

Intracranial aneurysms are pathological dilatations which endanger people＇s health. Hemodynamics is thought to be an important factor in the pathogenesis and treatment of aneurysms. To date, the bulk of investigations into hemodynamics have been conducted by making use of mathematically idealized models for rigid aneurysms and associated arteries. However the walls of aneurysms and associated arteries are elastic in vivo. This study shows the differences of the simulation between elastic and rigid wall models. The numerical simulation of elastic aneurysm model is made fi＇om a representative Digital Subtraction Angiography （DSA） image and calculated with CFD software to get the wall deformation and the velocity field. Then the results are analyzed. By comparing the simulation results of the two models from their velocity vectors and shear stress distribution, many differences can be noted. The main difference exists in the distribution of velocity magnitude at some sections, with one outlet having obviously off-center distribution for the elastic wall model. The currents of the distribution of wall shear stress along the wall of aneurysm simulated in rigid and elastic wall models were similar. But there were apparent differences between the two models on the values of wall shear stress especially at the neck of aneurysm. The off-center distribution of velocity magnitude affects the distribution of wall shear stress and the exchange of substance through the wall. The analysis demonstrated clearly that the results of 2-D elastic numerical simulation were in good agreement with the clinical and pathological practice. The results of this study play an important role in the formation, growth, rupture and prognosis of an aneurysm on clinic application.     

血管局部扩张对血液流动的影响

本文利用Fung的应力－生长定律，导得血管局部扩张发展规律的基本关系。接着，通过求解局部扩张血管段内的血液流动方程；导得血液流速、压力和血管壁切应力的分析表达式。详细讨论局部扩张对流速、压力和切应力的可能影响。指出局部扩张将引起局部扩张段内管壁切应力的非均匀分布，并可能因此促使血管壁的进一步扩张。本文结果对于分析血管局部扩张与所处的血液动力学环境之间的定量关系有重要的帮助。     

ANALYSIS OF OSCILLATORY BLOOD FLOW IN VARYING-AREA ELASTIC VESSEL

In this paper, by solving the fundamental e-quations of periodically oscillatory blood flow, the distributions of pressure gradient and blood velocity in varying-area e-lastic vessel were obtained, and then the wall shear stress and its gradient were calculated. As an example, the pulsatile blood flow in human carotid was analyzed and the effects of vessel taper angle on the distribution of wall shear stress and its gradient were discussed in detail. Numercial results show that the wall shear stress will enlarge when the taper angle increases. Meantime, no matter whether the vessel is converging or diverging, with the increase of the absolute value of taper angle, the amplitude of wall shear stress gradient will enlarge significantly.     

改进纤维模型单元在剪力墙非线性分析中的应用

目前的纤维模型只能模拟构件的弯曲和轴向变形,不能模拟构件的剪切变形,为了精确地对剪力墙进行非线性分析,应建立考虑弯矩、轴向和剪切变形共同影响的纤维模型。从材料的应力、应变关系出发,在纤维模型研究的基础上,对剪切模量与弹性模量之间的关系进行分析研究,并进行数值模拟及试验对比分析。提出了一种考虑弹塑性剪切变形的纤维墙单元模型,数值模拟与试验结果吻合。结果表明,在荷载变形曲线的上升段直到极限荷载乃至软化段都有较好的模拟,改进的纤维模型模拟能较好地反应钢筋混凝土剪力墙的滞回性能。     

ANALYSIS OF PULSATILE FLOW IN THE PARALLEL-PLATE FLOW CHAMBER WITH SPATIAL SHEAR STRESS GRADIENT

The Parallel-Plate Flow Chamber (PPFC), of which the height is far smaller than its own length and width, is one of the main apparatus for the in-vitro study of the mechanical behavior of cultured vascular Endothelical Cells (ECs) exposed to fluid shear stress. The steady flow in different kinds of PPFC has been extensively investigated, whereas, the pulsatile flow in the PPFC has received little attention. In consideration of the characteristics of geometrical size and pulsatile flow in the PPFC, the 3-D pulsatile flow was decomposed into a 2-D pulsatile flow in the vertical plane, and an incompressible plane potential flow in the horizontal plane. A simple method was then proposed to analyze the pulsatile flow in the PPFC with spatial shear stress gradient. On the basis of the method, the pulsatile fluid shear stresses in several reported PPFCs with spatial shear stress gradients were calculated. The results were theoretically meaningful for applying the PPFCs in-vitro, to simulate the pulsatile fluid shear stress environment, to which cultured ECs were exposed.     

Comparison of blood rheological models in patient specific cardiovascular system simulations

Newtonian, Quemada and Casson blood viscosity models are implemented in order to simulate the rheological behavior of blood under pulsating flow conditions in a patient specific iliac bifurcation. The influence of the applied blood constitutive equations is monitored via the wall shear stress(WSS) distribution, magnitude and oscillations, non-Newtonian importance factors, and viscosity values according to the shear rate. The distribution of WSS on the vascular wall follows a pattern which is independent of the rheological model chosen. On the other hand, the WSS magnitude and oscillations are directly related to the blood constitutive equations applied and the shear rate. It is concluded that the Newtonian approximation is satisfactory only in high shear and flow rates. Moreover, the Newtonian model seems to overestimate the possibility for the formation of atherosclerotic lesions or aneurysms at sites of the vascular wall where the WSS are oscillating.     

血浆层对小血管中脉动流的影响

本文研究了血浆层的存在对小血管中脉动流的影响。分析表明,在小血管中血浆层的存在可以明显改变脉动血流量的峰值,但几乎不改变血流量的相位。也就是说,在一定的压力梯度下,由于血浆层的存在,血管中血流量的脉动幅度可大大增加,这对人体血液循环有特殊的生理意义。     

渐缩（扩）直圆管中的发展流动

本文采用摄动方法推导了渐缩和渐扩直圆管中定常发展流动的速度，壁面剪应力和阻力系数的分布公式，讨论了这两种管道入口长度。结果表明，渐变管中发展流动较安全发展流动有很大的不同，对均匀来流的情形，在发展流动区域同，速度分布较均匀，轴心速度降低，壁面剪应力和阻力系数增大。和直圆管相比，入口长度亦有所不同。     

ON WALL SHEAR STRESS OF ARTERY

1 .　INTRODUCTIONTheendothelialcellslininginabloodvesselareexposedtotangentialstress (i.e .wallshearstress)offlowingviscousbloodonthearterialwall.Theyappeartoadapttheirmorphologyandfunctiontotheinvivohemodynamicenvironmentinwhichtheyreside .Oneofthemajoradvancesinvascularbiologyoverthelasttwodecadeshasshownthatamongvariousfactorsthatleadtovas cularremodelingandlocalizationofatherosclerosisinarteries ,theshearstressonthearterialwallisofgreatimportance .Certain patternsofthewallshearstressb…     

NUMERICAL ANALYSIS OF THE NON-NEWTONIAN BLOOD FLOW IN THE NON-PLANAR ARTERY WITH BIFURCATION

A numerical analysis of non-Newtonian fluid flow in non-planar artery with bifurcation was performed by using a finite element method to solve the three-dimensional Navier-Stokes equations coupled with the non-Newtonian constitutive models, including Carreau, Cross and Bingham models. The objective of this study is to investigate the effects of the non-Newtonian properties of blood as well as curvature and out-of-plane geometry in the non-planar daughter vessels on the velocity distribution and wall shear stress. The results of this study support the view that the non-planarity of blood vessels and the non-Newtonian properties of blood are of important in hemodynamics and play a significant role in vascular biology and pathophysiology.     

尾矿砂的动力变形及动强度特性研究

通过对某钼矿尾矿砂在不同固结应力状态下进行的动三轴试验，研究了该尾矿砂的动力变形和动强度特性。试验结果表明：该尾矿砂的动应力应变关系可用Hardin等效黏弹性模型描述，模型中的起始动剪切模量和最大动剪应力皆随固结应力比和有效固结围压的增大而增大，这两个参数与有效固结轴压成幂函数关系，且其受固结应力的影响较小。同时，该尾矿砂的阻尼比随动剪应变的增大而增大，有效固结围压和固结应力比的变化对阻尼比与动剪应变关系的影响较小；在不同固结应力条件下，阻尼比与最大阻尼比之比与动剪切弹性模量比的减小量之间在双对数坐标系中呈较好的线性关系。在振动条件下，该尾矿砂达到破坏时对应的动剪应力随有效固结围压和固结应力比的增大而增大，其动剪应力比受固结围压的影响较小，并随固结应力比的增大而减小。     

Hemodynamic effects of the spiral flow guider on small-diameter vascular graft

Small-diameter vascular grafts are in large demand for coronary and peripheral bypass procedures, but present products still fail in long-term clinical application. Hence, A new type of small-diameter vascular graft(SDVG) is designed with a spiral flow guider to induce spiral blood flow and thus improve the local hemodynamic performance. In present article, to investigated how the spiral flow guider influenced the hemodynam ic performance of this new SDVG, via computational fluid dynamics(CFD). The numerical results demonstrate that: 1) the spiral flow guider could indeed make the blood flow rotate; 2) the blood velocity near the vessel wall and wall shear rate(WSR) w ere greatly enhanced; 3) the number of the helical turns had obvious non-positive correlation with the hemodynamic performan ce of the new graft. It is believed that the increased blood velocity near the wall and the WSR are conductive to anti-throm bosis and anti-hyperplasia, hence the graft patency rate for long-term clinical use can be improved. Present study may also h elp better understand the optimal design of the spiral flow guider for the purpose of prolonging the long-term patency rate of th e SDVG.     

泄水建筑物下游冲刷坑二维数值模拟

对巨亭水电站泄水建筑物下游局部冲刷过程进行了二维数值模拟。采用RNG k-ε湍流模型封闭N-S方程、有限体积法在计算网格上离散求解、VOF方法追踪自由水面;采用C语言编写用户自定义函数,以泥沙起动切应力作为床面泥沙起动判别标准,通过分析比较水流剪切力与泥沙起动切应力大小,用以控制冲刷坑底部边界变化;采用局部重构模型和弹簧光顺模型更新计算区域和网格质量,藉以模拟和追踪局部冲刷坑边界变化。研究表明,模拟结果与实测资料符合良好。在冲刷坑的冲刷过程中,床面剪切应力随着冲刷的进程急剧减小,湍动能随着冲刷的进程减小缓慢;床面剪切应力和湍动能沿程变化均较为剧烈,床面剪切应力沿程先增大后减小,床面湍动能则沿程减小。冲刷坑的纵向平衡形态或床面泥沙起动主要决定于床面剪切应力,床面湍动能对泥沙起动也具有重要影响。     

砂卵石填料加筋土挡墙筋土荷载传递规律研究

为了研究砂卵石填料加筋土挡墙筋土间荷载传递规律,将加筋土视作以土体为基体,筋带为增强的复合材料,在轴向受力情况下,将拉筋周围土体分为界面层和加筋有效影响层。基于加筋有效影响层内由筋带产生的附加剪应力沿法向呈线性衰减的假设,修正了传统剪力滞后模型,建立起加筋带平衡微分方程,解得加筋土挡墙筋带轴向应力分布规律解析解。通过与拉拔试验数据对比,发现理论推导与试验结果比较吻合。研究结果表明:砂卵石填料加筋土挡墙拉筋应力沿长度l方向呈先增大后减小的类抛物线形状,且峰值出现在相似文献   

三排管非均质冻结壁弹塑性分析

为了分析深厚冲积层三排管冻结壁的力学特性,根据冻土弹性模量E、黏聚力c与冻结温度之间的函数关系以及三排管冻结壁的梯形-抛物弓等效温度场模型,将冻结壁视为材料性质沿着径向呈分段函数变化规律的厚壁圆筒,推导出了三排管非均质冻结壁的弹性区与塑性区应力的解析表达式,并给出了冻结壁承载力与塑性区相对半径之间的关系。根据淮南某矿区冻土的力学参数,利用提出的三排管非均质冻结壁计算方法对该矿区进风井冻结壁进行了力学特性分析,计算结果表明:三排管非均质冻结壁的径向应力随着相对半径r的增大而增加,而环向应力在冻结区间Ⅰ,Ⅱ,Ⅲ呈现不同的变化规律。对比分析三排管均质与非均质冻结壁的承载力计算结果可知,利用均质冻结壁计算方法得出的弹性极限承载力计算结果偏大,因此基于该结果的冻结壁设计方法存在一定的风险性,而非均质冻结壁的计算结果更加符合冻结壁实际的受力情况。研究成果可为深厚冲积层多排管冻结壁的设计提供一定的理论参考。     

斜置单层折板钢板剪力墙的屈曲分析

通过对以往钢板剪力墙资料的研究,在竖直折板钢板剪力墙的基础上提出一种将整片折板斜置的钢板剪力墙,并对其进行了有限元弹性屈曲分析。通过改变截面几何形状,以期望改善薄钢板剪力墙的出平面弹性失稳问题,这样就可以更好的发挥钢板材料的强度和延性。本文为这种新型钢板剪力墙的研究奠定了基础,并对实际工程中钢板剪力墙的设计与应用提出建...     

立波作用下的底泥起动

在介绍立波作用下底泥起动特点的基础上，将上层水体作为粘性流体、底泥作为粘弹性体、推导了立波作用下泥床面剪应力的表达式。并根据试验结果，给出了立波作用下底泥起动时的床面剪应力和底泥流变参数的关系。     

The simulation of multiphase flow field in implantable blood pump and analysis of hemolytic capability

The numerical simulation of the axial flow impeller blood pump NIVADIII is carried out by using a CFD multiphase flow model. The hydrodynamic performance of the pump and the flow field in the pump are analyzed, and the shear stress distribution is obtained. A hemolytic prediction model based on the shear stress is built based on the calculation results, and it can be used for quantitative predictions of the hemolytic behavior of a blood pump. Hemolysis tests in vitro were performed 6 times with fresh bovine blood. At each time, the flow of the pump NIVADIII is 5 L/min and the outflow tract pressure is 100 mmHg. According to the tests, the plasma free hemoglobin (FHB) content and the hematocrit (HCT) are measured after 0 s, 0.5 s, 1 s, 1.5 s, …4 s. At the end of each experiment Normal Index of Hemolysis (NIH) of NIVADIII is calculated. The average of NIH is 0.0055 g/100L, almost identical with that obtained from the hemolytic prediction model. This method can be applied in the selection stage of a blood pump.     

Analytical approach to entropy generation and heat transfer in CNT-nanofluid dynamics through a ciliated porous medium

The transportation of biological and industrial nanofluids by natural propulsion like cilia movement and self-generated contraction-relaxation of flexible walls has significant applications in numerous emerging technologies. Inspired by multi-disciplinary progress and innovation in this direction, a thermo-fluid mechanical model is proposed to study the entropy generation and convective heat transfer of nanofluids fabricated by the dispersion of single-wall carbon nanotubes(SWCNT) nanoparticles in water as the base fluid. The regime studied comprises heat transfer and steady, viscous, incompressible flow, induced by metachronal wave propulsion due to beating cilia, through a cylindrical tube containing a sparse(i.e., high permeability) homogenous porous medium. The flow is of the creeping type and is restricted under the low Reynolds number and long wavelength approximations. Slip effects at the wall are incorporated and the generalized Darcy drag-force model is utilized to mimic porous media effects. Cilia boundary conditions for velocity components are employed to determine analytical solutions to the resulting non-dimensionalized boundary value problem. The influence of pertinent physical parameters on temperature, axial velocity, pressure rise and pressure gradient, entropy generation function, Bejan number and stream-line distributions are computed numerically. A comparative study between SWCNT-nanofluids and pure water is also computed. The computations demonstrate that axial flow is accelerated with increasing slip parameter and Darcy number and is greater for SWCNT-nanofluids than for pure water. Furthermore the size of the bolus for SWCNT-nanofluids is larger than that of the pure water. The study is applicable in designing and fabricating nanoscale and microfluidics devices, artificial cilia and biomimetic micro-pumps.