尺寸精度约束下再制造产品零部件选配优化方法研究

合理选配再利用件、再制造件、新件等不同来源形式的零部件,是保障再制造产品质量与成本的关键环节。针对待选配零部件尺寸公差对再制造产品质量损失、成本的双重影响特征,通过设计零部件尺寸公差的精度分级机制,实现再制造产品各零部件尺寸精度不低于原新品,获取可行选配方案集;进一步以产品尺寸链精度不低于原新品为约束,建立关于零部件尺寸公差的再制造产品尺寸链精度损失函数、再制造产品总成本函数,构建面向再制造产品成本与质量协同优化的多目标选配优化模型,采用协同进化算法获取最终的选配优化方案,实现在全面提升再制造产品及其零部件尺寸精度的同时,降低产品成本。最后以某机床的再制造进给箱零部件优化选配为例,验证了所提出方法能够有效解决零部件来源形式多、尺寸精度与成本差异性大环境下,以不低于新产品尺寸精度为约束的再制造零部件选配优化问题。     

基于信噪比多元质量损失和制造成本的并行公差设计

质量损失是由于产品的功能波动所造成的,损失大小可由质量函数确定。在无量纲“标准化”多元质量损失函数的基础上,采用信噪比衡量各质量指标的波动,建立一般情形下的基于信噪比的多元质量损失模型,并把它表示成多个相关装配尺寸产品的工序公差函数。利用成本-公差函数和产品质量损失函数,给出基于产品最低制造成本和多个相关装配尺寸产品质量损失的并行公差设计优化模型,实现公差的并行设计,最后通过工程实例验证所提出的方法。     

基于制造成本与质量损失的并行公差设计

研究产品质量损失与产品尺寸公差的关系 ,提出具有多个相关装配尺寸产品的质量损失 ,并把它表示成工序公差的函数。利用成本 -公差函数和产品的质量损失函数 ,给出基于产品最低制造成本和多个相关装配尺寸产品质量损失的并行公差设计优化模型 ,实现公差的并行设计 ,最后通过工程实例验证所提出的方法     

面向质量目标的再制造复杂机械产品装配分组优化配置方法

为提高再制造机械装配精度和装配质量稳定性,提出一种面向再制造质量目标的复杂机械产品装配分组优化配置方法。分析复杂机械再制造装配生产的特点,建立面向再制造质量目标的复杂机械产品分组优化配置方法总体架构;在质量公差精度分级和极值法尺寸链约束的基础上,结合质量损失-公差函数和装配成本函数,在保证质量和成本最小化的目标下,构建面向再制造质量目标的复杂机械产品装配分组优化约束函数,并给出基于模拟退火遗传算法的模型运算过程,求解出动态规划优化配置方案,规范化标准化装配过程,减少再制造装配过程不确定性,确保再制造产品质量;通过某再制造发动机装配过程实例验证该方法的可行性和有效性,为提高复杂机械产品再制造装配质量提供一种切实可行的解决方案。     

基于制造公差的复杂机械产品精准选配方法

针对复杂机械产品多质量要求下的选配问题,提出一种基于遗传算法的选择装配方法。以装配精度和装配成功率作为质量要求的评价指标,建立了综合考虑形位公差与尺寸公差的装配质量综合优化模型,能够在保证尺寸公差装配精度的前提下,有效降低产品的形位公差。同时提出了基于影响度的选配优先级评价模型,有效地提高了遗传算法的收敛速度。根据复杂机械产品尺寸链的特点,提出一种以零部件为单元的编码方式,并建立了映射关联矩阵描述多个公差项间的关联关系,综合Pareto支配强度及密集度生成适应度函数作为个体评价规则,以某发动机曲柄连杆机构的装配为例验证了该方法的可行性和有效性。     

考虑质量、成本与资源利用率的再制造机床优化选配方法

针对再制造机床装配过程中存在的装配精度低,再制造资源利用率低以及生产成本高等问题,提出一种新的再制造机床综合优化选配方法,综合考虑装配精度、再制造资源利用率与成本,采用田口质量损失函数与剩余件成本函数,以封闭环尺寸链为约束条件,在保证装配精度及最小成本的目标下,建立综合选配模型,并给出基于粒子群遗传算法的模型求解过程,求解出再制造装配过程的最优选配方案,减少了再制造装配过程中的不确定因素,降低因选配方案不合理而带来的资源浪费,保证了装配产品的质量。最后,以废旧CAK6150机床主轴箱为例,对其主轴装配过程进行优化选配,最终验证了该方法不仅解决了再制造零件选配过程中精度低的问题,而且大大提高了选配过程的再制造资源利用率,降低企业成本。     

基于密度的进化算法的机械产品选配方法

针对机械产品多目标多质量要求下的选择装配问题,提出一种基于密度的多目标进化算法(DMOEA)的选择装配方法。考虑零件尺寸链与尺寸的关联关系,以选配成功率和装配精度为优化目标构建多目标多质量要求下的选配模型。使用自然数编码,以一个零件尺寸值序号的随机序列作为配对编码的基因,并采用个体聚集密度定义适应度函数,利用DMOEA对多目标选配问题进行求解,实现了多目标多质量要求下的选配优化。开发出基于DMOEA的零件选配系统,应用于某公司产品,验证了所提方法的可行性与有效性。     

基于混合粒子群算法的复杂机械产品装配质量控制阈优化方法

为提高复杂机械产品的装配精度和服役安全性,提出一种多载荷作用下的基于混合粒子群算法的复杂机械产品装配过程质量控制点控制阈优化方法。分析复杂机械产品装配及服役的特点,定义关键质量控制点的多载荷影响因子;综合考虑装配质量损失成本和装配时间调整成本,建立基于多载荷影响因子的关键质量控制点装配损失-控制阈函数,揭示了质量控制点总损失与控制阈的关系;在保证装配精度的情况下,以总成本最小化为目标,构建多载荷影响因子的装配质量控制阈优化模型,并给出了基于混合粒子群算法的模型求解过程。最后以某型发动机的缸盖拧紧过程为例,将基于多载荷影响因子的模型求解出的产品装配方案结果与应用该方法之前装配结果做了对比分析,结果表明该方法能够显著提高装配质量及服役安全性能,为复杂机械产品装配质量控制阈优化提供了一种方法。     

基于多元质量损失函数的增量式模型研究

科研人员在20世纪70年代提出了质量损失函数的概念,但由于它存在只是针对单一的质量特性进行研究的弊端,许多学者对其进行改进,提出了多种多元质量损失模型,虽然该种模型能够对产品的多种质量特性进行研究,但它存在不能根据顾客不断变化的需求做出及时调整的弊端。从该角度出发,对多元质量损失函数进行了改进,形成了多元质量损失函数的增量式模型,并结合例子分析了此种改进方法的可行性,通过分析发现,该改进方法是可行的,它能通过多元质量损失函数部分参数的变化对顾客的需求做出及时的响应。     

基于多重相关特征质量损失函数的并行公差设计

基于多变量质量损失函数,推导了多重相关特征产品的质量损失与有关零件工序公差的函数关系,建立了基于制造成本-质量损失的并行公差设计的优化综合模型,其目的是寻求制造成本和质量损失之间的平衡,以实现相关特征产品的设计公差与工序公差并行优化分配,达到提高产品质量和降低成本的目的。圆锥齿轮装配的并行公差设计实例验证了所提方法的有效性。     

Optimization of clearance variation in selective assembly for components with multiple characteristics

Quality is an important aspect of any manufacturing process. Only high quality products can survive in the market. The consumer not only wants quality, precision and trouble-free products, but also wants them at attractive prices. When a product consists of two or more components, the quality of that product depends upon the quality of the mating parts. The mating parts may be manufactured using different machines and processes with different standard deviations. Therefore, the dimensional distributions of the mating parts are not similar. This results in clearance or interference between the mating parts. In some high precision assemblies, it may not be possible to have closer assembly clearance variation with interchangeable system. Selective assembly meets the above requisite and gives an enhanced solution. Selective assembly is a method of obtaining high precision assemblies from relatively low precision components. In this paper, a new selective assembly method is proposed to minimize the clearance variation and surplus parts for a complex assembly which consists of the components viz. piston, piston ring. In this assembly, each component will have more than one quality characteristic contributing for the assembly, for e.g., piston diameter will assemble with cylinder inner diameter; piston groove diameter will assemble with piston ring inner diameter, etc. In selective assembly each quality characteristic will fall in different groups. Non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm (NSGA) is used to find the best combination to obtain the minimum clearance variation in this assembly.     

Minimum-Loss Assembly Tolerance Allocation by Considering Product Degradation and Time Value of Money

In the optimisation of tolerance allocation for a mechanical assembly, much work has concentrated on the minimum cost– tolerance allocation without considering the quality of the final assembly. Cheng and Maghsoodloo combined the cost– tolerance function and quality loss function, to determine the optimal tolerances for individual components, so that the total assembly cost (including both tolerance cost and quality loss) might be minimised. The objective of this paper is to propose a model for optimal tolerance allocation by considering both tolerance cost and the present worth of quality loss such that the total assembly cost/loss is minimised. The proposed model takes into account the time value of money for quality loss and product degradation over time, and includes two new parameters: the planning horizon and the product user’s discount rate. From the result of this study, a longer planning horizon results in an increase in both tolerance cost and quality loss; however, a larger value of discount rate yields a decrease in both tolerance cost and quality loss.     

基于局部搜索NSGA-Ⅱ算法的机械产品分组选择装配方法

针对批量机械产品多目标要求下的分组选择装配问题,提出一种基于局部搜索的第二代非支配排序遗传算法(NSGA-Ⅱ)的分组选择装配方法.以装配精度和装配成功率为优化目标,构建基于质量损失函数和尺寸偏差的综合选择装配模型.采用浮点数和整数相结合的编码方式来描述分组选择装配方案,为获得分组选择装配方案中每个产品的封闭环实际尺寸,...     

面向再制造复杂机械产品装配过程的质量控制点公差带在线优化方法

为提高再制造零部件利用率并提升再制造复杂机械产品的装配精度,提出了一种面向再制造复杂机械产品装配过程的质量控制点公差带在线优化方法。在分析再制造复杂机械产品装配特点的基础上,对关键工序的质量控制点公差带进行细粒度划分;从装配精度角度出发,综合考虑装配过程中的质量损失和成本差异,以尺寸链为约束,构建了公差带优化模型,并研究了基于遗传算法的模型求解过程;在此基础上,提出了基于历史数据的正向推理模式,以及基于装配实时信息的逆向推理模式,推导出装配优化方案集并对车间异常情况作出及时响应;最后,开发出再制造发动机装配过程在线质量控制系统原型,验证了该方法的可行性和有效性。     

多工位装配过程夹具系统公差和维护综合优化设计

提出一种面向二维多工位装配过程、综合考虑装配夹具系统全寿命周期成本、产品零件孔制造成本和产品质量损失成本的公差和维护综合优化方法。分析多工位装配尺寸偏差传递关系,建立多工位装配过程产品质量损失模型。然后根据4-2-1夹具定位原则,构建考虑夹具磨损过程损失的夹具定位销副偏差统计数字特征模型。继而发展了以夹具系统全寿命周期成本、零件孔制造成本和和产品质量损失成本为装配总成本最小化的定位销公差、零件孔公差与更换周期优化模型。以汽车侧围装配过程为例,分别研究定位销公差、零件孔公差、定位销更换周期、配合间隙、平均磨损率和磨损率方差对装配总成本的影响,并优化设计定位销公差、零件孔公差和定位销更换周期。所提出的综合优化设计方法比采用定位销等公差设计、零件孔等公差设计、定位销与零件孔等公差设计和定周期更换设计的装配总成本分别减少了16.25%、11.31%、39.93%和13.54%。该方法为产品装配夹具系统高质量低成本设计提供了一种新的途径。     

Optimal tolerance design for products with correlated characteristics by considering the present worth of quality loss

The quality loss function proposed by Taguchi provides a quantitative measurement of product quality when product’s quality characteristic value deviates from the ideal target at an arbitrary time. However, product use causes degradation on its quality characteristic, and since such a deviation can be changing over time, so can its quality loss. The quality loss caused by degradation on quality characteristic has not been considered in most research. In this paper, the time value of money for quality loss and product degradation over time is integrated into the total cost model, and a new optimization model for the tolerance design of products with correlated characteristics is established. The discussions focus on the multivariate quality loss function as an extension of the Taguchi loss function, which is used to model quality loss due to product degradation as a continuous cash flow function under continuous compounding. The optimal tolerance design is achieved by minimizing the total cost, which is the sum of manufacturing cost and the present worth of expected quality loss. An illustrative example is presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed model.     

Tolerance evolutionary model and algorithm in product growth design

To guarantee the successful transformation from product functional requirement to geometry constraints and finally to dimension constraints between components in a product, an evolutionary tolerance design strategy is proposed on the basis of automation technology in product structure design. In the first part of this paper, the theory of the growth design and the process of tolerance evolutionary design are introduced. Following the evolution of product structure, product tolerance grows from its initial state, defined by accuracy requirements, to its final state, defined as dimension tolerance and geometric tolerance. In this growing process, the basic units in the product growth design, known as functional surfaces and their nominal features, are used as evolutionary carriers. With the help of these basic units, the method for the construction of a two-layer correlation network is proposed. In the second part, the tolerance assertions to assist tolerance evolutionary design are given, based on which the basic process for an evolutionary design of dimensions chain and geometric tolerance are presented. In order to optimize the allocation of the dimension tolerance, a mathematical model is developed in which a correlated sensitivity function between the cost and the tolerance is created. In the model, the design cost, the manufacturing cost, the usage cost, and the depreciation cost of the product are used as constraints to the tolerance allocation. Considering these costs, a multifactor cost function to express quality loss of the product is developed and is applied into the model. The minimum cost is used as the objective function, and the depreciation cost in the objective function is expressed by the discount rate—terminology in economics. The aim was to achieve a final and ideal balance around assembly, manufacturing, and usage through the control of product precision. In the last part, the successful usage of the proposed tolerance evolutionary strategy in the incremental growth product design is demonstrated through a design example.     

Concurrent tolerancing for design and manufacturing based on the present worth of quality loss

The quality loss function developed by Taguchi provides a monetary measure for the deviation of the product quality characteristic from the target value. Product use causes degradation on its quality characteristic, and since such a deviation can be changing over time, so can the quality loss. However, most studies on concurrent tolerancing theory do not consider the quality loss caused by the degradation. In this paper, the present worth of expected quality loss expressed as the function of the pertinent process tolerances in a concurrent tolerancing environment is derived to capture the quality loss due to product degradation over time as a continuous cash flow function under continuous compounding. A new tolerance optimization model, which is to minimize the summation of manufacturing cost and the present worth of expected quality loss, is established to realize the concurrent tolerance allocation for products with multiple quality characteristics. An example of the bevel gear assembly involving concurrent allocation of design and process tolerances is given, demonstrating that the proposed model is feasible in practice.     

公差稳健优化设计的研究

为了解决产品加工成本与质量稳健的协调性问题,提出了一种新的公差稳健优化设计数学模型.依据公差稳健设计的思想,考虑产品质量的模糊性,以封闭环误差分布概率密度函数的方差和优质品概率之比为设计目标,建立了公差优化设计产品质量稳健性损失成本目标函数,并研究了优质品率和封闭环误差分布方差的确定方法.以加工成本和产品质量稳健性损失成本为目标,以模糊装配可靠度、可取公差极限范围为约束条件,建立了公差多目标优化数学模型.举例说明了文中所述的公差稳健优化设计方法的应用,采用遗传算法实现了公差的多目标优化设计.实例表明,该方法能够协调零件的加工成本和产品质量的稳健性损失成本,使优化指标的综合性能最佳.