秦山核电二期工程失水事故分析

失水事故是核电站设计的基准事故之一,是压水堆事故分析关注的重点.本文概括介绍了秦山核电二期工程的失水事故分析及分析计算所使用的计算程序;简要地描述了MEFRA-1等计算程序的特点.重点介绍了大破口失水事故分析,给出了分析计算的主要假设条件和分析计算结果.分析计算表明,大破口失水事故工况下,燃料元件最大峰值包壳表面温度为1092.56℃,秦山核电二期工程的安全注射系统能保证该核电站在发生失水事故时的安全.     

“华龙一号”SGTR事故最大蒸汽排放量计算分析的独立验证

采用合理的方法和假设对"华龙一号"蒸汽发生器传热管破裂事故时最大蒸汽排放量进行计算分析,并将最大蒸汽排放量独立验证计算结果与初步安全分析的计算结果进行了对比分析,二者的相对误差为2%,计算结果基本一致。结果表明蒸汽发生器传热管破裂事故最大蒸汽排放量的安全分析计算结果是合理的,用于蒸汽发生器传热管破裂事故放射性分析是可行的。     

田湾核电站长周期换料冷却剂流量丧失事故分析

田湾核电站采用长周期燃料循环策略后,堆芯热工物理参数发生变化,最终安全分析报告的结论已不适用,需要对事故工况进行重新分析。本文给出了失流事故分析的主要假设和分析方法,采用瞬态计算程序DINAMIKA-97计算分析了失流事故。分析结果表明,所有失流事故均满足安全准则的要求,核电站的安全是能够保障的。     

轻水堆核电站堆芯熔化分析

本文阐述了开展轻水堆核电站堆芯熔化事故分析的必要性,介绍了堆芯熔化事故计算程序MARCH,并针对轻水堆核电站三种不同工况利用 MARCH 程序进行了计算,结合计算结果讨论了堆芯熔化事故的物理过程。     

截短型燃料组件堆内贮存临界安全分析

基于小型压水堆特有的截短型燃料组件,建立乏燃料贮存水池几何模型,分析正常贮存及事故工况下的临界安全。选取合理的保守假设,建立适当的计算模型,分别计算了一区和二区正常贮存工况、地震事故工况、组件跌落事故工况、新组件误插入事故工况的反应性。计算得到事故工况下有效增值因子最大值为0.932 83。小型压水堆乏燃料贮存水池临界安全分析中,正常工况及事故工况下计算结果均小于0.95。该设计模型可确保燃料堆内贮存区域处于次临界状态,且安全可控。     

秦山核电厂调试后失水事故计算分析

秦山核电厂调试后失水事故计算分析中采用了高压安注系统和安注箱试验的测量结果,重新分析了大、小破口失水事故。为使分析计算与FSAR有一个可比性,模拟计算采用的初始条件、计算模型及分析程序都与FSAR相同。计算分析的结果进一步确认了秦山核电厂大、小破口失水事故后的安全性,并为FSAR中大、小破口失水事故分析提供了修改的依据。另外,依据秦山核电厂ECCS设计特点和运行方式,并参照LWR失水事故安全准则,评述了秦山核电厂ECCS的设计能力、可靠性和冗余度。     

秦山核电厂调试后失水事故计算分析

秦山核电厂调试后失水事故计算分析中采用了高压安注系统和安注箱试验的测量结 果,重新分析了大、小破口失水事故。为使分析计算与FSAR有一个可比性,模拟计算采用的初始条件、计算模型及分析程序都与FSAR相同。计算分析的结果进一步确认了秦山核电厂大、小破口失水事故后的安全性,并为FSAR中大、小破口失水事故分析提供了修改的依据。另外,依据秦山核电厂ECCS设计特点和运行方式,并参照LWR失水事故安全准则,评述了秦山核电厂ECCS的设计能力、可靠性和冗余度。     

压水堆核电厂蒸汽发生器传热管道破裂事故源项的计算分析

当压水堆核电厂发生事故后,带有放射性的核素会通过破损处释放到环境中,从而危害核电厂周边环境及相关人员的安全,因此对事故后释放到环境中的放射性源项分析,对于核电厂的辐射防护具有重要意义。本文根据事故发生的频率以及后果严重程度,选取蒸汽发生器传热管破裂事故(Steam Generator Tube Rupture,SGTR)进行分析。事故分为事故前碘尖峰释放和事故并发碘尖峰释放两种事故工况,建立事故后放射性核素迁移和扩散计算模型,同时使用先进压水堆AP1000参数进行计算验证,并重点关注惰性气体和挥发性核素碘在环境中的放射性活度。计算结果显示:使用文中计算模型计算的放射性源项与设计源项比较一致,在两种工况下,惰性气体的释放活度与设计源项吻合较好,但碘的释放活度有明显差别。     

RASCAL及其在核事故后果评价中的应用

介绍了美国核管会用于核与辐射事故后果分析的辐射评价系统(RASCAL)的主要功能和特性,重点分析了RASCAL的源项计算剂量模块、场外监测数据计算剂量模块、气象数据处理模块,以及源项计算模式、大气输运扩散模式和剂量计算模式。最后,将RASCAL应用于我国某核电厂事故应急演习中,评价分析事故情景下的放射性影响,并将其结果通过Google Earth进行三维展示。     

钠冷快堆钠雾火事故三维数值模拟

针对钠冷快堆可能发生的钠雾火事故,开发和研制了一套用于钠火事故分析,能求解发生钠雾火事故后,事故空间3维的气体温度分布和化学成份分布的程序。本文详细介绍了分析求解钠雾火的燃烧模型和热传输模型,以及计算空间流场采用的计算方法和步骤,并将计算结果与试验值进行了比较：结果表明,二者符合较好。     

事故运行与事故分析的关系

事故运行规程是核电厂纵深防御原则的重要内容。事故运行的确定与事故分析密切相关。本文基于事故分析的特点和事故运行的内容进行分析,探讨了事故运行与事故分析的关系,提出了基于事故分析延伸事故运行的内容的原则。本文认为事故运行规程的制定需以事故分析为基础,同时依赖于全面、详尽的基于最佳估算方法的扩展事故分析。     

基于多分类SVM的船用核动力装置主回路系统破口特征诊断技术研究

失水事故发生时,在事故初期判断出事故类型对操纵员安全操作意义重大,为此提出一种基于监控参数的失水事故类型判断方法。该方法根据事故发生后13 s内监控参数的变化速率与破口类型的对应关系,提取故障征兆,建立事故判断模型,并根据建立的模型使用支持向量机分类的方法进行破口事故类型判断。试验结果表明,该方法在事故发生初期可准确、有效地判断出典型失水事故的破口尺寸和相对位置。     

Development of severe accident management advisory and training simulator (SAMAT)

The most operator support systems including the training simulator have been developed to assist the operator and they cover from normal operation to emergency operation. For the severe accident, the overall architecture for severe accident management is being developed in some developed countries according to the development of severe accident management guidelines which are the skeleton of severe accident management architecture. In Korea, the severe accident management guideline for KSNP was recently developed and it is expected to be a central axis of logical flow for severe accident management. There are a lot of uncertainties in the severe accident phenomena and scenarios and one of the major issues for developing a operator support system for a severe accident is the reduction of these uncertainties. In this paper, the severe accident management advisory system with training simulator, SAMAT, is developed as all available information for a severe accident are re-organized and provided to the management staff in order to reduce the uncertainties. The developed system includes the graphical display for plant and equipment status, the previous research results by knowledge-base technique, and the expected plant behavior using the severe accident training simulator. The plant model used in this paper is oriented to severe accident phenomena and thus can simulate the plant behavior for a severe accident. Therefore, the developed system may make a central role of the information source for decision-making for a severe accident management, and will be used as the training simulator for severe accident management.     

Effects of accident management strategy on the severe accident environmental conditions

This paper presents a methodology utilizing an accident management strategy in order to determine accident environmental conditions to be used as inputs to equipment survivability assessments. In the case that there is a well-established accident management strategy for a specific nuclear power plant (NPP), an application of this tool can provide a technical rationale on equipment survivability assessment so that plant-specific and time-dependent accident environmental conditions could be practically and realistically defined in accordance with the equipment and instrumentation required for the accident management strategy or appropriate actions. For this work, three different tools are introduced; probabilistic safety assessment (PSA) outcomes, major accident management strategy actions, and accident environmental stages (AESs). In order to quantitatively investigate an applicability of accident management strategy on equipment survivability, the accident simulation for most likely scenario in Korean standard nuclear power plants (KSNPs) is performed with the MAAP4 code. The accident management guideline (AMG) actions such as the reactor coolant system (RCS) depressurization, water injection into the RCS, the containment pressure and temperature control, and hydrogen concentration control in containment are applied. The effects of these AMG actions on the accident environmental conditions are investigated by comparison to actions from previous normal accident simulation, especially focusing on equipment survivability assessment. As a result, the AMG-involved case shows the higher accident consequences along the accident environmental stages. This implies that plant-specific AMG actions need to be considered in order to determine accident environmental conditions in equipment survivability assessments.     

运行核电厂事故管理若干问题的探讨

本文就运行核电厂事故管理的必要性、实施原则及事故管理大纲等问题进行了探讨。本文认为，为了在超设计基准事故发展过程中进行事故管理，应制定和实施核电厂事故管理大纲，使事故管理所需要的所有物项都处在备用状态，以便需要时进行有效地事故管理。     

MAAP5 simulation of the PWR severe accident induced by pressurizer safety valve stuck-open accident

The Modular Accident Analysis Program version 5 (MAAP5) is a computer code that can simulate the response of light water reactor power plants during severe accident sequences. The present work aims to simulate the severe accident of a typical Chinese pressure water reactor (PWR) with MAAP5. The pressurizer safety valve stuck-open accident is essentially a small break loss-of-coolant accident (SBLOCA), which becomes one of the major concerns on core melt initiating events of the PWR. Six cases with different assumptions in the pressurizer (PZR) safety valves (SVs) stuck-open accident stuck open accident were analyzed for comparison. The results of first three cases show that the severe accident sequence is correlated with the number of the stuck open valve. The primary system depressurized faster in a more SVs stuck open case, and the consequences in which is hence slighter. The remaining 3 cases along with the case 2 were then analyzed to study the effect of operator intervention to the accident. The results show that the auxiliary feed water (AFW) is effective to delay the core degradation and hence delayed the finally system recovery. The high pressure injection (HPI) operation and manually opening the steam generator (SG) SVs are effective to mitigate this kind of severe accident. The results are meaningful and significant for comprehending the detailed process of PWR severe accident, which is the basic standard for establishing the severe accident management guidelines.     

核事故应急介绍

核事故应急是指为了控制或者缓解核事故、减轻事故后果而采取的不同于正常秩序和正常工作程序的紧急行动,它是纵深防御的最后一个环节。本文介绍了我国核事故应急管理和核事故应急演习实例。     

核临界事故报警系统布置分析方法研究

本文阐述了布置核临界事故报警系统的意义和原则,分析了核临界事故可能发生的机理,初步建立了一套核临界事故情景假设分析方法。研究了最小临界事故源项计算方法以及三维剂量场分布计数的方法,采用各设备最小临界事故剂量场分布最小值等高线图的方法来从众多剂量场分布图中优化选取合适的核临界事故报警系统布置点位,以确保其可以覆盖到每个具有核临界事故风险的设备,并对核临界事故报警系统探头类型选择的原则和方法进行了分析。     

船用堆中破口失水加全部电源丧失事故分析

针对船用堆的运行特点,制定了船用堆发生中破口失水叠加全部电源丧失事故时的事故序列,运用RELAP5/MOD3.2程序对某船用堆30%额定功率运行时,一回路主管道上发生30 mm不可隔离的中破口失水叠加全部电源丧失事故进行了分析,并讨论了事故下燃料元件的完整性。结果表明：在发生该类叠加事故后,热阱丧失,反应堆的剩余热将无法导出,堆芯燃料元件会发生大面积破损。研究结果可为运行人员的事故处理和操作提供参考。     

压水堆核电厂蒸汽发生器传热管破裂事故后果分析中若干问题的讨论

压水堆核电厂蒸汽发生器传热管破裂事故是核电厂安全分析报告需要评价的一个重要的设计基准事故,随着该事故的工况分类由极限事故变更为稀有事故,其放射性后果不能满足我国放射性后果验收准则的要求.本文从SGTR事故放射性后果评价的计算假设、事故源项、验收准则及国内外的实践情况等几方面进行讨论,认为应对SGTR事故作进一步的研究,...