黄铁矿活化不同类型氧化剂降解活性红X-3B效能比较

以活性红X-3B为目标污染物，探究黄铁矿活化H₂O₂、KHSO₅、Na₂S₂O₈、CaO₂和KMnO₄等5种氧化剂处理模拟染色废水效能，研究了氧化剂投加量、反应时间及黄铁矿重复利用对含活性红X-3B模拟染色废水脱色率、COD去除率和TOC去除率的影响；测定了反应体系中铁离子浓度和pH变化，并通过自由基淬灭实验与电子顺磁共振实验研究产生的活性物种。结果表明，在黄铁矿活化作用下，5种氧化剂对活性红X-3B的脱色率均能达到95%以上，而黄铁矿二次回用时，KMnO₄、CaO₂和Na₂S₂O₈对活性红X-3B氧化去除效果不佳；但以H₂O₂和KHSO₅为氧化剂，黄铁矿重复利用十次，活性红X-3B脱色率均大于99%,COD去除率为42.45%和30.88...     

臭氧氧化结合硫代硫酸钠溶液喷淋同时脱硫脱硝

采用臭氧氧化结合湿法喷淋硫代硫酸钠溶液的方法开展模拟烟气同时脱硫脱硝实验研究。结果表明,采用臭氧氧化结合Na₂S₂O₃-NaOH溶液湿法喷淋可以实现NO_x和SO₂协同脱除:在O₃/NO摩尔比为1.1～1.2时,溶液中Na₂S₂O₃浓度的增加会提高系统的NO_x脱除效率,烟气中SO₂的存在会促进NO_x的脱除,当SO₂浓度为1030 mg·m^-3、2.0%Na₂S₂O₃溶液作为喷淋液时可实现较高的SO₂脱除效率,同时NO_x脱除效率可达70%以上;喷淋液pH在2.5～9范围内变化时提高浆液pH有利于NO_x的脱除,当pH 9时脱硝效率可达75%。180 min连续同时脱硫脱硝实验结果表明,硫代硫酸钠可有效促进NO_x的脱除,并实现SO₂较高的脱除效率,同时可实现系统同时脱硫脱硝连续稳定运行,喷淋吸收后烟气中NO_x的主要转化产物为NO₂^-, 该方法作为一种有效的同时脱硫脱硝技术,具有一定的工业应用推广前景。     

钒铬还原渣酸浸液中钒铬初步分离工艺

钒铬还原渣是钠化提钒过程的典型危险固体废弃物,其资源化利用需求迫切。中国科学院过程工程研究所提出钒铬还原渣硫酸酸解-钒铬初步分离-铬/钒/铁络合深度分离技术路线,并在攀钢集团建成万吨级示范工程。本文重点考察钒铬还原渣酸解液中钒铬初步分离原理及工艺,研究了H₂O₂和Na₂S₂O₈两种氧化剂对沉钒效果的影响,并通过实验确定了最佳工艺条件。结果表明：以H₂O₂为氧化剂时,H₂O₂与钒摩尔比为0.75、氧化温度为60℃、初始溶液pH为2.0、氧化时间为60min、水解温度为95℃、水解时间为2.5h的条件下可得到84.2%的沉钒率;以Na₂S₂O₈为氧化剂时,Na₂S₂O₈与钒摩尔比为0.65、氧化温度为90℃、氧化时间为45min、沉钒初始溶液pH为2.5、沉钒温度为90℃、沉钒时间为2.5h的条件下可获得93.1%的沉钒率。过硫酸钠氧化过程温和,沉钒率高,铬损失小,更适合工业推广应用。采用SEM获得了沉淀产物的微观形貌,煅烧后得到V₂O₅产品,采用XRF获得了产品组成,通过X射线衍射确定得到的V₂O₅产品为正交晶型。     

黄金湿法冶炼含氰废水深度处理工艺比选

针对某黄金冶炼公司冶炼厂含氰废水,采用Na₂SO₃/空气法、Na₂S₂O₅/空气法、H₂O₂氧化法、NaClO氧化法四种工艺进行深度净化。试验确定Na₂SO₃/空气法处理的最佳工艺参数为：反应p H=9、反应时间25 min、Na₂SO₃药剂用量0.1 g/L;Na₂S₂O₅/空气法处理的最佳工艺参数为：反应pH=10、反应时间30 min、Na₂S₂O₅药剂用量0.1 g/L;H₂O₂氧化法处理,H₂O₂药剂用量0.15 g/L;NaClO氧化法处理,NaClO药剂用量0.2 g/L。通过对比分析以上4种处理工艺的成本及优缺点,确...     

四元相变材料的制备及改性研究

为探究与制备更加适用于太阳能储能应用的四元相变材料,以Na₂HPO₄·12H₂O为主储热剂,Na₂SO₄·10H₂O,Na₂CO₃·10H₂O,Na₂S₂O₃·5H₂O与CH₃COONa·3H₂O为辅储热剂,在四种辅储热剂中任取三种与主储热剂按照设计的配比进行混合,制备四元相变储能材料,并选取纳米TiO₂,ZnO,Al₂O₃以及Na₂SiO₃和Na₂B₄O₇·10H₂O作为成核剂分别对其进行改性,通过步冷曲线、DSC、SEM、IR、XRD对样品进行数据分析。结果表明,Na₂HPO₄·12H₂O/Na₂CO₃·10H₂O/Na₂SO₄·10H₂O/Na₂S₂O₃·5H₂O为四元PCMs的最佳组合,其最佳配比(质量分数)分别为60%、10%、20%、10%(60/10/20/10)。在多种成核剂中掺加氧化锌的效果最好,当掺量10%(质量分数)时,四元PCMs的过冷度由3.0 ℃降低到0.2 ℃,相变焓由95.11 J/g升至472.39 J/g,相变温度区间从15.44~39.90 ℃改变至50.79~129.64 ℃,且无相分离。     

采用响应面法降低湿法氧化脱硫中Na2S2O3生成量

Na₂S₂O₃是湿法脱硫过程外排废液中最主要的副盐，降低Na₂S₂O₃的生成量对绿色生产具有重要意义。首先采用Plackett-Burman实验筛选出影响Na₂S₂O₃生成量的关键因素，即pH、单质硫浓度、温度。在此基础上运用响应曲面法，以Na₂S₂O₃生成量为目标函数，进行三因素三水平的优化设计分析。研究结果表明，pH对Na₂S₂O₃的影响最大，其次是温度和单质硫浓度，因子间交互作用的影响很小。得到最优的操作条件为pH 8.25，单质硫浓度0.47 g/L，温度31.80℃，PDS浓度90 mg/L，氧硫比1.2 mmol/mmol，此时Na₂S₂O₃生成量为1.838 mmol/L。从Na₂S₂O₃反应动力学和多硫离子的平衡反应两方面对各因素的影响规律进行了解释。最后对实际生产过程进行分析，发现实验得出的pH过低，不利于吸收过程的稳定，现有单质硫熔融分离方法不利于降低脱硫液中的单质硫含量，加速了副盐的生成等问题，对此提出了改进意见，并取得了显著效果。     

基于α-FeOOH催化H2O2蒸气的低温烟气脱硝实验

针铁矿是分布广泛、储量丰富的铁氧化物，其主要成分为α-羟基氧化铁（α-FeOOH）。为了探究针铁矿在催化H₂O₂烟气脱硝反应中的性能，本文通过沉淀-水解法制备了α-FeOOH，并在自行搭建的实验台上开展了α-FeOOH催化H₂O₂的低温烟气脱硝实验研究，深入分析了H₂O₂流量、H₂O₂浓度、汽化温度、反应温度和共存气体浓度等工况参数对脱硝性能的影响。采用离子色谱（IC）分析了单独脱硝反应和同时脱硫脱硝反应后的含氧酸成分，结合各项表征分析技术考察了催化剂反应前后的理化特性和稳定性。实验结果显示，随着汽化温度和反应温度的升高，NO的脱除效率先增加后降低；增加H₂O₂浓度对脱硝效率有明显的促进作用。当汽化温度为140℃、反应温度为160℃时，以2.5mL/h注入10mol/L的H₂O₂脱硝效率达到80%。当SO₂浓度为1000μL/L时，脱硝效率提高至86.4%。离子色谱分析结果显示，单独脱硝反应和同时脱硫脱硝反应后含氧酸产物为HNO₃和H₂SO₄。反应前后催化剂的表征结果显示，α-FeOOH在脱硝反应后依然具有良好的稳定性，显示出针铁矿在低温烟气脱硝工艺中的潜在应用前景。     

系列催化剂同时脱硫脱硝性能

FCC烟气中的SO₂和NO是主要的大气污染物,选择性催化还原是一种很好的脱除方法。采用浸渍法制备了CuO不同负载量的CuO/γ-Al₂O₃系列催化剂,通过XRD和H₂-TPR对催化剂进行表征,使用常压固定床流动法微型催化反应装置考察催化剂在以CO为还原气时,同时脱硫脱硝的催化活性。结果表明,CuO作为活性组分很好地分散在γ-Al₂O₃载体上,不破坏其结构;不同CuO负载量的CuO/γ-Al₂O₃催化剂具有良好的脱硫脱硝活性,脱硝率超过95.00%,脱硫率最低也能达到80.00%,CuO负载质量分数为10%的CuO/γ-Al₂O₃催化剂有最佳的脱硫脱硝活性;以CO作还原剂,CuO/γ-Al₂O₃系列催化剂的活性温度较高,脱硝率在700 ℃达到最大,为97.90%,脱硫率在760 ℃达到最大,为93.34%。CuO负载质量分数为10%的CuO/γ-Al₂O₃催化剂可作为一种较好的高温脱硫脱硝催化剂。     

Na2S2O3·5H2O复合材料的制备及循环稳定性能

为了解决Na₂S₂O₃·5H₂O存在的过冷度过大导致不结晶的问题,提高复合相变材料的循环稳定性并抑制相分离现象,以CaSO₄和1-萘酚（C₁₀H₈O）为成核剂;聚丙烯酸钠（PAAS）和羧甲基纤维素钠（CMC）为增稠剂进行改良,通过步冷曲线和差示扫描量热法（DSC）对复合相变材料进行了研究。实验结果表明：加入质量分数为1%和5%的CaSO₄、0.5%和3%的C₁₀H₈O对Na₂S₂O₃·5H₂O有较好的成核作用。萘酚体系在加入增稠剂后降温冷却时不出现结晶现象。对于CaSO₄体系,增稠剂PAAS效果优于CMC,Na₂S₂O₃·5H₂O+1%CaSO₄+2%PAAS复合材料相变温度47.7℃,相变潜热为200.4J/g;Na₂S₂O₃·5H₂O+5%CaSO₄+2%PAAS复合材料相变温度48.2℃,相变潜热为213.4J/g;经过100次高低温循环后,1%CaSO₄的复合材料相变温度47.6℃,相变潜热为192.4J/g,相较循环前相变潜热降低了3.99%。5%CaSO₄的复合材料相变温度47.8℃,相变潜热211.2J/g,相比循环前下降1.03%。5% CaSO₄体系较优于1% CaSO₄体系,循环前后潜热值、相变温度变化不大,循环稳定性良好。     

不同尺寸反应器内H2O2热分解氧化NO特性与氧化产物分析

采用实验方法研究了不同尺寸滴管炉反应器内H₂O₂热分解氧化NO特性。对比了不同H₂O₂蒸发条件对NO氧化率的影响规律。分析了气体温度、H₂O₂溶液浓度、H₂O₂：NO摩尔比、NO初始浓度及气体流量对NO氧化率的影响。检测了氧化产物并分析了产物的生成路径。结果表明：H₂O₂的快速蒸发是其热分解氧化NO的前提。减小H₂O₂液滴尺寸或液膜厚度可加速H₂O₂蒸发与分解,提高NO氧化率,扩宽NO氧化的温度范围。保证蒸发速率可削弱H₂O₂浓度对NO氧化率的影响。当H₂O₂：NO < 10时,NO氧化率随H₂O₂：NO的增加而增加;当H₂O₂：NO>10时,NO氧化率几乎不随H₂O₂：NO变化。H₂O₂热分解对于较高浓度的NO具有更高的氧化效率。H₂O₂热分解氧化NO的主要产物为NO₂。HO₂·直接将NO氧化为NO₂,·OH则先将NO转化为HONO,然后进一步氧化为NO₂。     

Simultaneous desulfurization and denitrification of flue gas by pre-ozonation combined with ammonia absorption

A process of simultaneous desulfurization and denitrification of flue gas was conducted in this study. The flue gas containing 200 mg·m^-3 NO, 1000-4000 mg·m^-3 SO₂, 3%-9% O₂, and 10%-20% CO₂ was first oxidized by O₃ and then absorbed by ammonia in a bubbling reactor. Increasing the ammonia concentration or the SO₂ content in flue gas can promote the absorption of NO_X and extend the effective absorption time. On the contrary, both increasing the absorbent temperature or the O₂ content shorten the effective absorption time of NO_X. The change of solution pH had substantial influence on NO_X absorption. In the presence of CO₂, the NO_X removal efficiency reached 89.2% when the absorbent temperature was raised to 60 °C, and the effective absorption time can be maintained for 8 h, which attribute to the buffering effect in the absorbent. Besides, both the addition of Na₂S₂O₃ and urea can promote the NO_X removal efficiency when the absorbent temperature is 25 °C, and the addition of Na₂S₂O₃ had achieved better results. The advantage of adding Na₂S₂O₃ became less evident at higher absorbent temperature and coexistence of CO₂. In all experiments, SO₂ removal efficiency was always above 99%, and it was basically not affected by the above factors.     

Degradation of pesticides in water using solar advanced oxidation processes

Alachlor, atrazine and diuron dissolved in water at 50, 25 and 30 mg/L, respectively were photodegraded by Fe²⁺/H₂O₂, Fe³⁺/H₂O₂, TiO₂ and TiO₂/Na₂S₂O₈ treatments driven by solar energy at pilot-plant scale using a compound parabolic collector (CPC) photoreactor. All the advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) employed mainly compared the TOC mineralisation rate to evaluate treatment effectiveness. Parent compound disappearance, anion release and oxidant consumption are discussed as a function of treatment time. The use of Fe²⁺ or Fe³⁺ showed no influence on the reaction rate under illumination and the reaction using 10 or 55 mg/L of iron was quite similar. TiO₂/Na₂S₂O₈ showed a quicker reaction rate than TiO₂ and a similar rate compared to photo-Fenton. The main difference found was between TiO₂/Na₂S₂O₈ and photo-Fenton, detected during atrazine degradation, where pesticide transformation into cyanuric acid was confirmed only for TiO₂/Na₂S₂O₈.     

THE DEHYDRATION OF GARLIC 2. THE EFFECTS OF PRETREATMENTS ON DRYING KINETICS

The kinetics of drying of pretreated garlic slices of thickness 1.5 - 5.0 mm were determined at between 40 and 60°C using an air flow rate of 2.5 m/s. Pretreatmenl consisted in immersion of the slices in water or solutions of K₂CO₃, K₂CO₃ with olive oil, Na₂S₂O₅ or NaOH, at 25°C for 60 or ISO s. The effects of each pretreatmenl on the drying kinetics and the quality of the dried product were evaluated, in the latter case by determining its rehydration ratio. Pretreatment with water or the Na₂S₂O₅ solution gave good results regardless of the thickness of the garlic slices, whereas pretreatment with a dilute NaOH solution gave good resuhs for thin slices (≤2.5 mm). The experimental kinetic data were satisfactorily fitted by a difiusional kinetic model developed in Part 1 of this work.     

A novel method for extracting vanadium by low temperature sodium roasting from converter vanadium slag

Long-term high temperature in conventional vanadium extraction process would cause particles to be sintered and wrapped, thus reducing extraction efficiency of vanadium. Based on the purpose of directional conversion and process intensification, this work proposed a combination of low temperature sodium roasting and high efficiency selective oxidation leaching in vanadium extraction. The investigation of the reaction mechanism suggested that the structure of vanadium slag was changed by roasting, which also caused the fracture of spinel. The addition of MnO₂ promoted the directional oxidation of low-valent vanadium into high valence. It also found that Na₂S₂O₈ could oxidize low-valent vanadium effectively in leaching. The leaching efficiency of vanadium reached 87.74% under the optimum conditions, including a roasting temperature of 650 ℃, a roasting time of 2.0 h, a molar ratio of sodium-to-vanadium of 0.6, a MnO₂ (roasting additive) dosage of 5 wt% and a Na₂S₂O₈ (leaching oxidant) dosage of 5 wt%. This percentage is 7.18% higher than that of direct roasting-andleaching under the same conditions.